Maaen Journal for Medical Sciences

Journal search link (https://majms.alkafeel.edu.iq/journal/vol1/iss1/4/)
A drug that is administered through a catheter into the bladder is referred to as an intravesical drug delivery system.
The aim of this work is to improvise intravesical drug delivery of Tacrolimus loaded lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticles
thermosensitive gel for bladder wall to provide control release, increase intravesical residence time and avoid fast
removal by urination. The Tacrolimus loaded lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticles mimic cell membrane and enhance
cellular uptakes. Our data reveals nanocarrier formation with a mean particle size, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency of optimal formula was found to be 124 ± 0.01 nm,-27.5 ± 0.102mv and 72% ± 0.15% respectively. In situ gelling
formulations containing TACeCSeLPHNs can adhere to the mucosal layer of the bladder and help in the diffusion of
therapeutic agent across the bladder wall. To impart mechanical strength and mucoadhesive properties, the chitosan
concentration was adjusted to 0.5% and 0.25%.The image of field emission scanning electron microscope shows an
irregular surface with filled pores with nanoparticles. The gel was syringeable and had reasonable viscosity within room
temperature. A Tissue uptake study reveals that Tacrolimus loaded lipid polymer hybrid nanoparticles have been
penetrating bladder tissues and accumulated inside the cytoplasm and nucleus of urothelium epithelial cells. In addition, the bioimaging study shows that the gel resided inside the bladder for up to 2 h and completely urinated out of the
bladder with negligible distribution to other tissues.

Journal search link (https://majms.alkafeel.edu.iq/journal/vol1/iss1/5/)
Aim of study: To ascertain and compare final-year dental students\' self-confidence in conducting a number of necessary
dental procedures.
Method: Dentistry college issued questionnaires to 288 final two-years dental students. It included 42 sheets, each of
which contained a number of dental procedures. Information was asked about their level of trust in conducting such
procedures on a three-point scale: 1 (lack of or no confidence), 2 (neutral), and 3 (extreme confidence) (self-assured). We
used paired t-tests to assess the statistically important variations in the means of trust between the two groups while
different variables were included.
Results: Diagnose interceptive cases with low trust have personalized treatment options that provide both veneer and
non-vital and handicapped treatments, as well as treating mentally impaired patients. Slight variations in trust levels
found between the two institutions. These three procedures are confidence-inspiring for students with above-average
grade point average (GPAs): basic posterior restoration, complex posterior restoration, and the more challenging complex
retentive technique.
Conclusion: It was clear that students in their final two years of dental school had a strong belief in the procedures they
were expected to have mastered by the end of their undergraduate careers. Changing and revising the undergraduate
program, transitioning to a competencyebased system, and promoting other learning systems that have been shown to
have a positive impact on students\' learning outcomes should be welcomed.

Journal search link (https://majms.alkafeel.edu.iq/journal/vol1/iss1/7/)
Based on the World Health Organization definitions, the term quality control refers to the sum of all steps and procedures undertaken by a drug manufacturer to ensure the identity, safety, efficacy and purity of a particular pharmaceutical product. Quality control is an essential operation within the field of pharmaceutical industry and it is a vital part
of current Good Manufacture Practice. It ensures that the pharmacokinetic and the pharmacodynamics properties are
predictable and reproducible for the same active pharmaceutical ingredient when manufactured by different companies.
The quality assurance of oral solid dosage form especially tablets is a priority for drug manufacturing companies. In
addition to the apparent features of tablets, tablets must meet other physical specifications and quality standards. These
include criteria for weight, weight variation, thickness, hardness, disintegration, and dissolution. In addition the content
uniformity was investigated by HPLC technique. Thus, in this project, paracetamol tablets from five different companies
which are widely used by Iraqi population were subjected to different quality control tests to indicate whether these
products are fit to the standard criteria of the United States Pharmacopeia or not. The data indicated that all tested brands
succeeded to pass most tests and failed in others.

Journal search link (https://majms.alkafeel.edu.iq/journal/vol1/iss1/8/)
Background: Azoospermia is a very severe form infertility in males. Today, clinicians depend on semen analyses for the
prediction of the reproductive potential of males, and testicular biopsies are the only reliable methods for diagnosing
various subtypes of azoospermia. In the recent times, advances in proteomics contributed to look for new infertility biomarkers in males whose seminal plasma proteins are rich with proteins of various genital tract origins. Therefore, the fields
of proteomics helped to develop new infertility biomarkers in males. Extracellular Matrix Protein 1 and Seminal plasma
proteins Testis Expressed Protein 101 assays currently existing of are under the last development for the purpose of clinical
uses. Therefore, this study aimed to assesses the capability of Testis Expressed Protein 101 and Extracellular Matrix Protein
1, Seminal Plasma proteins, for differential diagnosing between Obstructive azoospermia from non-obstructive azoospermia by noninvasive methods. A case control study was conducted on 40 infertile azoospermia males who were clinically
examined, having their seminal fluid analyzed and hormonally investigated and SP proteins Testis Expressed Protein 101
and Extracellular Matrix Protein 1 were assessed. Other fifty healthy fertile men were included as control group.
Results: The studied biomarkers were significantly lower in non-obstructive azoospermia then Obstructive azoospermia were had higher level, and the control group participants were higher than the others.
Conclusion: Extracellular Matrix Protein 1 and Testis-expressed 101 protein should combined and could make a differences between non-obstructive azoospermia and obstructive azoospermia thus eliminating most of the diagnostic
testicular biopsies. Seminal plasma needs for pre-treatment before processing for diagnose any biomarker specially to
differentiate between obstructive azoospermia and non-obstructive azoospermia. By the cutoff value of 2.3 mg/ml for
Extracellular Matrix Protein 1 obstructive azoospermia and normal spermatogenesis are distinguished with 100%
specificities, and obstructive azoospermia from non-obstructive azoospermia with 73% specificities, 100% sensitivities.
Yet Testis Expressed Protein 101 lack could help distinguishing the non-obstructive azoospermia in specifics.

Journal search link (https://majms.alkafeel.edu.iq/journal/vol1/iss1/10/)
Background: The Iraqi health system has had various obstacles while the United States health system is within the top
world health systems.
Aim: To compare the health systems of Iraq and the United States between 2009 and 2019.
Method: This retrospective observational study. It covered five-yearly demographic health data. Indeed, the author
gathered the data for the Iraqi ministry of health's Annual Health Reports and WHO documents (2009e2019) on the
internet on 21/9/2020 and gathered the data for the health-united states (2009e2019). The authors applied Microsoft Excel;
software 2010 for analysis.
Results: The childbearing age women in Iraq were 7,716,120 (23.8%) in 2009 increased to 9,552,799 (24.4%) in 2019, while
in the United States Were 73, 153, 460 (22.3%) in 2009 increased to 75, 078, 840 (22.8%) in 2019. There were 22,396
physicians and 4864 dentists in Iraq in 2009, increased to 29,217 physicians and 12,796 dentists in 2019, while in the
United States were 972,376 physicians and 181,388 dentists in 2009 increased to 1,119,420 physicians and 200,419 dentists
in 2019. Iraqi health system lacks eHealth, cancer screening, Telemedicine, and; Robotic surgery.
Conclusions: The Iraqi health leaders can follow valid actions alike the United States health system for improvements.

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Conventional dosage forms could not manage release of active substances resulting in reduced bioavailability and
side reactions. Being retained in a certain site in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) could achieve further bioavailability
particularly regarding drugs having low gastric absorption and low solubilization or less stability at elevated pH.
Therefore, Gastroretentive drug delivery systems (GDDS) are unique approaches with gastric retention and controlling
the release rate for maximizing the efficacy. The polymers broadly applied in GDDS are mainly of two sorts, natural and
synthetic, according to their nature. Synthetic polymers such as Hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), Eudragit and
Ethylcellulose while natural polymers such as natural gums, sodium alginate and Chitosan.

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The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) spread rapidly across all continents. However, data on all COVID-19 signs
and symptoms are inadequate, Patients with COVID-19 may be more susceptible to fungal infections. Mucormycosis is
an uncommon and often fatal fungal disease characterized via vascular invasion by hyphae leading to thrombosis and
necrosis. Covid recovered patients with co morbidities like as diabetes or kidney disease, heart failure, or cancer are
more likely to get black fungal infection. The signs of this infection are similar to those of Covid-19 and common flu, If
the infection is neglected or mistreated, it can spread from the nose to the eyes and brain, resulting in life-threatening
complications. Prompt diagnosis, therapy initiation, as well as considering the limitations of quick development
COVID-19 therapeutic recommendations were already essential to increasing survival of patients. This study aimed to
explain the correlation between Covid 19 & Mucormycosis.

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Ionic liquids (ILs) defined as organic salts that produced from combination of organic cation with various types of
organic/inorganic anions whose melting point less than 100 C. Because of their ionic character, most of ionic liquids
exhibit useful properties such as no volatility, recyclability, good thermal stability, high conductivity and chemical
stability. Ionic liquid cationeanion combinations permits the solvents to be prepared such as N, N-dialkylimidazolium
as cation and acetate as anion. Ionic liquid was utilized as solvents or preparation components in various areas of drug
delivery systems, also as novel liquid forms of APIs in various stages of design drug delivery systems. Also their
incorporation with polymers has enabled the development of drug delivery systems for new therapeutic routes of
administration. Recently ionic liquid can be used as solubility and permeability enhancer to deliver drugs with poor
aqueous solubility and low lipophilicity by designing topical drug delivery of nano system.

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Eutectic systems, including eutectic salts, deep eutectic solvents, and eutectic molecular mixtures, have recently been
shown to have enormous potential in a number of technological and scientific endeavors. Eutectic mixtures, along with
other binary systems including solid dispersion, cocrystals, and inclusion complexes, could be used simultaneously to
improve a number of drugs, including stability, permeability, and dissolution. Over the past few years, their usefulness
in the pharmaceutical field has expanded. On a laboratory scale and an industrial scale, eutectics could be produced quite
readily (and occasionally spontaneously). In order to fully utilize eutectics in the pharmaceutical industry, it is essential
to understand their preparation process, characteristics, and evaluation criteria as well as how they affect drug dissolution.

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The world health organization (WHO) give a definition for the premature baby as the birth occur before 37 weeks of
gestation or if the birth weight is below 2500 g. Our case subjected for both criteria of the preterm definition [1,2].
The case was born before 31st week with 1300 g birth weight with stormy beginning of life in the first three months in
the hospital according to the history taken from general practitioner (GP) for that reason their parents take care about his
general health and specifically oral health and development. Throughout his life he developed healthy with no medical
problem.
Since the primary dentition erupt his parents periodically check his teeth twice time a year. He did not show any
dental abnormality or disturbance in sequence of eruption of primary teeth. When he hit the school age around 6 years
old the primary teeth became erupt to the oral cavity started with lower central incisors, as a normal sequence of tooth
eruption similar to the full term child [3]. Three years later at age 9 both primary upper primary canine removed and the
tip of permanent canine become erupt to the oral cavity.