Maaen Journal for Medical Sciences

Background: Drugs' dialyzability is the degree to which a drug is filtered out of the blood stream during dialysis. This
process is influenced by various factors, including properties of the drug and dialysis procedure. As drug experts,
pharmacists must pay close attention to drugs' dialyzability when counseling patients on medications to ensure that
therapeutic drug concentrations are maintained in the patient's body.
Aim: This study aimed to assess the knowledge of pharmacists working in dialysis centers or hospitals with dialysis
wards regarding drugs' dialyzability.
Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in November 2022. A three-section questionnaire was
developed and distributed to 160 pharmacists. It's first section gathered six demographic questions about the participants. The second included 12 questions related to dialysis and drugs' dialyzability, while the third section contained 13
questions about the dialyzability of the most commonly used drugs in dialysis wards.
Result: A total of 141 pharmacists were enrolled, resulting in a response rate of 88.12%. Most of the participants (83.7%)
were female, with a mean age of 27.82 ± 4.18 years. About one-third of participants worked in dialysis wards. Surprisingly, only 27% of the pharmacists had fair to good knowledge regarding drugs' dialyzability. There was no significant difference in the knowledge of pharmacists with different age groups, genders, degrees, institutions and years of
experience, except for those who had worked in dialysis wards when compared with those who never worked there
before.
Conclusion: The analysis of the data indicates the need to improve pharmacists' knowledge, especially for those
working or about to work in dialysis wards. Continuous educational programs and workshops can help maintain and
enhance knowledge after graduation.

Eplerenone is an aldosterone receptor inhibitor utilized for management of hypertension and chronic heart failure.
However, it's low solubility and dissolution-dependent absorption lead to reduced oral bioavailability (The absolute
bioavailability of eplerenone is 69%). This study aimed to develop and optimize eplerenone nanosuspension (EPLNS) to
enhance its solubility and improve dissolution rate. The nanosuspension (NS) was produced using the solvent antisolvent precipitation method, and an investigation was conducted to assess the effect of variables such as stabilizer type,
stabilizer concentration, and stirring rate on particle size (PS) and polydispersity index (PDI). The results showed that
most of the prepared EPLNS formulations exhibited particle sizes in the nanoscale range. The optimized EPLNS
formulation (F9), stabilized with tween 80 at an amount of 10 mg under a stirring rate of 1000 rpm, exhibited the
minimum particle size (165.5 nm) and an appropriate PDI (0.2199). Moreover, this formulation displayed an enhanced
dissolution velocity in phosphate buffer pH 6.8, with 92.5% drug release achieved within 15 min. The dissolution rate of
the prepared EPLNS exhibited a significant enhancement when compared to that of the pure EPL powder.

Recent breakthroughs in pharmaceutical delivery methods employing a range of carriers have radically transformed
modern diagnostic and therapeutic practices. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were created due to the demand
for substances with superior thermal and chemical capabilities. These ordered porous substances have generated a lot of
interest as carriers due to their distinct advantages over the competition. They may be made economically using a simple
process. Moreover, the shape, pore size, and particle size may all be changed by modifying the synthesis's conditions.
Investigations on MSNs as drug carriers have reportedly accelerated in recent years, highlighting the potential benefits
of such a drug delivery approach. MSNs have proven to be effective transporters for anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and
neurological medications. This review discusses the origin, synthesis, and most recent applications of MSN.

Generative Pre-trained Transformer (ChatGPT) is a language model that has the potential to revolutionize nursing
education and research by making it a quick and time-efficient process. This article highlights the challenges and opportunities this technology presents to nursing and health science education, including concerns around academic
integrity and privacy and the need for educators to adapt quickly to ensure staff training and comprehensive policies are
in place. Furthermore, educators and educational institutions firmly oppose the utilization of ChatGPT, perceiving its
application as a direct menace to academic honesty, which might have an impact on academic, educational, and public
well-being.

The pharmaceutical industry has recently adopted a revolutionary strategy concerning the dosage form's composition
and delivery methods, it is necessary to generate unique dosage forms in order to increase patient compliance, safety,
and effectiveness. Enzymes are responsible for both the first-pass digestion and subsequent degradation of common oral
dosage forms, although mucoadhesive films can prevent this issue, so, the creation of the buccal film is just one of the
cutting-edge technologies that serve as an alternative to the conventional oral solid dosage form particularly for young
children and elderly patients who have trouble swallowing. The buccal film is easier to use, visually appealing, and
more suitable than alternative buccal drug administration since it is non-irritating, simple to use, quickly absorbed,
elegant, and biodegradable (1). The buccal mucosa offers a direct pathway into the bloodstream while eliminating an
acidic environment. The most popular method for producing a buccal film is called film casting for delivering proteins
and personal care items. This article provides a thorough analysis of the buccal film's advantages, drawbacks, evaluation
criteria, and formulation.

This work aims to explain the behavior of cracks in bones because the bone repairing mechanism is still somehow
unknown. In this matter, different issues exist, such as the biological parameters (e.g., osteoblasts and osteoclasts), and
the physical parameters (e.g., microcracks and defects). Traditionally, the bones respond to any load or defect within
their microstructures. The defects and microcracks are increasing in the aged bone. Therefore, the damage increases
unless the remodeling is completed. Remolded bones have increased fracture toughness. Hence, it is a basic mechanism
for repair based on Wolff's law. The smaller crack lengths (e.g., less than 1 mm) are subjected faster to the repair process
due to their intrinsic conditions like remodeling, plasticity, and bridging. The extension of the crack around the osteon
and fiber bridging will increase the bone's toughness. In this work, the schematic conclusions have been presented.

Depression is a widespread, chronic clinical illness that affects thoughts, attitudes, and actual wellbeing. Low spirits, a
lack of energy, resentment, sleepiness, and an inability to appreciate life are some signs of it. In any event, clinical
investigations to date have demonstrated that dejected people don't respond well to treatment. Therefore, in this
exceptional issue, we will purposefully examine sadness at the conduct level, with a special focus on a few fascinating
points, such as “The study of disease transmission of sadness and constant clinical illness Potential components that
included ‘differences in sexual orientation,’ ‘age contrasts,’ ‘impact on social factors,’ and ‘the hereditary effect These
audits will give new insight into the therapy of sadness. Currently, there are no clinically significant tools for defining
subgroups or predicting outcomes. This writing audit sought to summarize both established and new methods for
development and conduct research on aspects closely related to results. Hereditary factors have an impact on a person's
susceptibility to severe depression. There is no evidence that certain characteristics cause major depressive disorder
(MDD). Clear risk factors for developing depression increase the possibility that severe symptoms may emerge at the
onset of this condition. The findings demonstrate the importance of early recognition and intervention because untreated
depression is associated with worse outcomes. Early recovery is associated with response and improvement, while
comorbidities slow down the progression of the illness to progress more slowly. Peripheral inflammatory indicators,
such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), have been studied as
potential biomarkers. In any event, their integration into standard clinical consideration has not yet been fully elucidated, necessitating additional research.