Maaen Journal for Medical Sciences

Background: Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities that used to detect, evaluate, understand, and prevent
drugs' adverse effects and to ensure that medicines are used safely and effectively. Antimicrobials considered as an
important curable medicine for diseases; however, irrational medical prescribing may lead to differing types of adverse
drug reactions (ADRs)
Aim of study: The study aims to summarize besides analyzing data from the pharmacovigilance center in Basrah
concerning antibiotic use-related ADR.
Method: This study is a retrospective cohort study of antibiotic used in 2022e2023. The study population consists of
patients who received antibiotics during the study period. The outcome of interest is the incidence of antibiotic associated adverse events.
Results: Penicillin and third-generation cephalosporin were the most frequent causes of ADRs, and both were account
for 29.00 % of the reported cases followed by glycopeptide, and vancomycin about 24.00 %. The most common clinical
manifestations were skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders, occurred in 80 cases (75.00 %), after which difficulty in
breathing (8.50 %) and with remaining (16.00 %) miscellaneous symptoms like hypotension, urticaria, headache, and GIT
disorders were come.
Conclusion: Penicillin and third-generation cephalosporin were the most frequent causes of ADRs, skin manifestations
were the most frequently reported adverse events. Inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions were common and associated
with increased risks of adverse drug events and higher attributable healthcare expenditure and increase need for education programs for rational use of antibiotics.

Upon reaching the university level, all students face a new learning environment, which may be a very stressful
experience. If this situation is not handled properly, it can cause stress and other psychological problems, which can
affect students' performance and result in unhealthy coping mechanisms like eating disorders. The objective of this
research is to inspect the association between stress levels and variations in body mass index among students at Wasit
University, in addition to other socio-demographic factors such as student gender, age group, marital status, and college
they study. A self-administered questionnaire containing three components: The socio-demographic background,
perceived stress scale (comprising 10 questions, widely used to assess stress levels), and social habits were given to 822
students from different colleges at Wasit University. The majority of students had moderate stress 640 participants
(77.86 %). Very few students were found to have severe stress levels 172 participants (20.92 %) and only 10 participants
(1.22 %) showed low stress levels. Academic-related stress had the highest prevalence in this population (33.7 %). Stress
was not found significant in any particular body mass index category. More than half of the participants (61 %) had
normal weight, 24 % were overweight, 8 % were underweight, and 7 % were obese. The results of this study showed that,
although the majority of students had moderate stress levels, mostly academic, there is no association between weight
and this stress. Stress levels may be related to the type of college attended, fewer hours of studying, and fast-food intake.

Summary
Ibuprofen is a well-known Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) that has historically been used for its
analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects. It is used as an over-the-counter pain reliever for conditions like
headache, backache, muscle aches, toothaches, fever, and dysmenorrhea. It is used to treat chronic illnesses such as
rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and others for an extended period of time. Due to its great
efficacy compared to acetaminophen and relative safety compared to aspirin, it is also frequently used in juvenile patients to treat acute pain and fever by inhibiting prostaglandins, but they can also lower immunity by reducing the
production of cytokines like IL-6. This study aimed to predict the effect of ibuprofen on immune response.
A clinical trial study was done by selecting four rats their weight were about 170.58e244.42 then will divided in to
groups to detect the effect of NSAID on them.
The results was show a significant effect P < 0.001 of profin in reducing immune response representing by IL-6 between the two groups.

Background: Self-medication is the act of obtaining and using medications without a doctor's prescription, guidance, or
supervision of therapy.
Objectives: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the prevalence and contributing factors of self-medication in Basra
population.
Method: People in Basra, southern Iraq, participated in this population-based cross-sectional survey from November to
March 2021. A web-based structured questionnaire was used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data for the
study.
Results: A total of 500 male and female Basra residents between the ages of 12 and 80 participated in completing out the
questionnaire. There were 24.40 % females among them and 75.60 % males. Only who administered self-prescribed
drugs in the last two months were included.
The majority of drugs used for self-medication were bought from pharmacies or drug stores; also, analgesics and
antipyretics were the most frequently utilized medications. Headache was the most often reported disorder (74.9 %),
followed by fever and the common cold (51.90 %). The two most prevalent stated causes of self-medication were prior
experience and the illness's lack of seriousness.
Conclusions: Drugs ranging from typical painkillers to antibiotics were used for self-medication. Even though using
self-medication is a necessity; population needs to be educated by drug authorities and health professionals about the
advantages and disadvantages of self-medication.

Objective: The study aimed to determine the levels of bone turn over biomarker (ALP) in Iraqi acromegaly patients in
addition to find the relationship between these levels in serum and saliva.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 20 healthy controls (10 female and 10 male) and 40 patients with acromegaly (22
female and 18 male) who were visiting the National Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology/AL- Mustansiriya University/Baghdad were included. Every patient was prescribed an octreotide somatostatin analog medication after being
diagnosed by a hospital doctor. For both groups, the levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in serum and saliva were
measured.
Results: The acromegaly group had higher mean values of serum and salivary ALP than the control group (p ¼ 0.01,
p < 0.001, respectively).
Conclusion: High significant correlation has been found between the concentrations of serum and salivary ALP in
acromegaly patients while the correlation coefficient between the last concentrations in control subjects was with nonsignificant association.

Abstract
Background: The nurse is the individual responsible for nursing care at the several phases of the patient's presence.
Due to the physically demanding nature of nurses' work, nurses experience high levels of work-related stress and
burnout, insufficient job satisfaction, and poor general health.
Study aims: This study aims to assess the stress level and burnout of nursing staff working in forensic medicine and
better understand the nature of the relationship between work-related stress and nurses' burnout.
Methodology: This study was used to answer four questionnaires from 90 male and female nurses and staff from Al
Sadder Hospital in Najaf. The data was collected in 2023, and a study instrument was prepared and approved by the
researcher for the direct interview to achieve the goals of the research study that contains socio-demographic data.
Results: The result for together dimensions was higher for nurses without children. In other words, having no children,
being a man, and never being married or divorced all appear to be connected with higher burnout rates in professional
nurses. Moreover, various moderator variables might emphasize the relationships that have been examined. The study
revealed there was a substantial correlation between burnout and marital status, with greater values in burnout among
those who were married. Burnout and emotional exhaustion were found to be significantly correlated with the level of
education.
Conclusion: This study shows that moderate stress levels related to work and high burnout in nursing staff who are
working in forensic medicine. So, it would be required to take into account some unique scenarios. More educated guys
with knowledge in their field and nurses with professional experience were present.

Objectives: To determine the impact of formalin fixation period and fixative concentration on the expression of
immunohistochemical markers for accurate immunohistochemistry assessment, a systematic review of the literature was
conducted.
Methods: A systematic search of 15 papers was conducted to find information on how tissue fixation affected the examination of the expression of various immunohistchemical markers.
Results: Effects of fixation on the staining of several immunohistchemical markers were described in fifteen papers.
Nine articles examined the impact of various fixation intervals on the expression of markers. Six articles looked at the
impact of varying formalin concentrations and fixation times.
Conclusions: The influence of fixation period and formaldehyde concentration on tissue morphology has been the
subject of studies covered in the current review. The origin and the location of the analyzed tissue may be responsible
for the variations in results between the research presented in this article. Additionally, the development of new
immunohistochemistry methods throughout time may have an impact on the reported variations in results.

The use of spectroscopy in the analysis of carcinoid tumors depends on this method's capacity to reveal details about
the biochemical composition and the structure of the tissue. Numerous clinical investigations have shown potential
benefits of employing spectroscopic techniques. These techniques have a number of advantages, including minimal
implementation costs, convenience of use, and the ability to be conducted using small, portable instruments without the
need for specialized equipment or professional interpretation. This article discusses several research that used FTIR
spectroscopy to extract spectral characteristics from various biological materials in order to diagnose diseases in a concise
manner. It was discovered that the IR spectra of malignant and healthy tissues and cells were very different, depending
on the kind of malignant tissue and how malignant it is, several changes can be seen, the intensities and absorption
frequencies of the significant absorption bands have been modified. Differences in nucleic acid content and structure,
lipid composition, and protein structure were noted. Depending on the type of malignancy, glycogen levels either rose or
fell. Studies have also shown the possibility of using FTIR technology to analyze tissues, blood and other fluids to
determine chemical differences between healthy tissues and cancerous tumors, and to detect indicators of prostate,
cervical, colon, rectum, ovaries, breast, liver, bladder, thyroid, lung and skin cancer, and diagnose them with high accuracy early and determine the appropriate treatment for patients and improve treatment outcomes. In addition, this
technique can be used in scientific research to understand how cancerous diseases develop and how to treat them.

Maternal mortality is a term used to describe a woman's death due to a pregnancy-related issues during pregnancy or a
year from its termination or due to an existing condition exacerbated by pregnancy. Every year, an estimated 303,000
women lose their lives during childbirth, mostly in underdeveloped nations. This study aimed to assess the current
situation and causes of maternal mortality around the world. It was conducted by searching for the related keywords in
Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and Google Books. The search was limited to articles published between the years 2015
and 2023. This article found that maternal deaths can be attributed to various direct and indirect causes. Direct causes
include issues with pregnancy, labor, or the first 42 days following the end of a pregnancy, while indirect causes
encompass underlying health issues that the pregnancy or its care may exacerbate. Heavy bleeding (mainly after delivery), hypertension, and infection are the main problems that cause about 75 % of all maternal deaths. In conclusion,
maternal mortality can occur due to various factors, including pregnancy complications, inadequate access to healthcare,
pre-existing health conditions, and inequities in healthcare. Preventing maternal mortality requires partnerships across
various sectors, including healthcare, housing, transportation, education, and other social factors that affect health. By
exploring the causes and identifying the factors contributing to maternal mortality, researchers can inform policy to
develop targeted interventions to prevent and reduce these deaths worldwide.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are an important product from the nanotechnology field, they have gained interest due to
their distinctive physicochemical properties includes; good electrical resistance, thermal and chemical stability that
largely have been influenced by size, shape, surface properties and composition of AgNPs. Additionally, AgNPs have
well-known biological activity, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammation properties and
are also used in biomedical devices. Recently, AgNPs have emerged as a potential drug delivery carriers, particulary for
enhancing the efficacy of cancer therapeutics. The objective of this narrative review is to compare of various AgNPs
preparation methods, with focus on up-to-date approaches. The properties and characterization methods of AgNPs are
briefly discussed. The anticancer role of AgNPs both, as individual nanoparticles or as carriers, is summarized.
Furthermore, the proper functionalization of silver surface to carry various anticancer agents to enhance their efficacy is
reported.

Trichomoniasis is a parasitic disease that infects the genitourinary system in humans and is caused by Trichomonas
vaginalis. This disease has a high classification among non-viral sexually transmitted diseases in the world comprising
Iraq. The Data in the present review about prevalence of T. vaginalis in Iraq were collected using databases such as (Iraqi
Academic scientific Journals, Google scholar, Medline and pubMed) based on the recent studies. The current review
exhibited that the highest infection rate by this parasite in females was 75.22%, 62% in Maysan and Tikrit provinces
respectively, and the lowest infection rate was 1.6% and 1.66% in Basrah and Sulaimania province, while the infection
rate is ranged between 2.3 and 63.8% in males of Basrah province. The incidence of T. vaginalis is affected by diagnostic
methods and some demographic variables such as gender, residence, educational, economic level, occupation and
pregnancy. The prevention strategy for T. vaginalis includes maintaining personal hygiene, treating both partners, not
just the infected, abstaining from sexual contact during the treatment period and using condoms.

Background: Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities that used to detect, evaluate, understand, and prevent
drugs' adverse effects and to ensure that medicines are used safely and effectively. Antimicrobials considered as an
important curable medicine for diseases; however, irrational medical prescribing may lead to differing types of adverse
drug reactions (ADRs)
Aim of study: The study aims to summarize besides analyzing data from the pharmacovigilance center in Basrah
concerning antibiotic use-related ADR.
Method: This study is a retrospective cohort study of antibiotic used in 2022e2023. The study population consists of
patients who received antibiotics during the study period. The outcome of interest is the incidence of antibiotic associated adverse events.
Results: Penicillin and third-generation cephalosporin were the most frequent causes of ADRs, and both were account
for 29.00 % of the reported cases followed by glycopeptide, and vancomycin about 24.00 %. The most common clinical
manifestations were skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders, occurred in 80 cases (75.00 %), after which difficulty in
breathing (8.50 %) and with remaining (16.00 %) miscellaneous symptoms like hypotension, urticaria, headache, and GIT
disorders were come.
Conclusion: Penicillin and third-generation cephalosporin were the most frequent causes of ADRs, skin manifestations
were the most frequently reported adverse events. Inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions were common and associated
with increased risks of adverse drug events and higher attributable healthcare expenditure and increase need for education programs for rational use of antibiotics.