Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal

BACKGROUND:
To evaluate the different parameters used in the diagnosis of infantile hypertrophied pyloric stenosis (pyloric canal length, muscle thickness and pyloric canal diameter).
METHODS:
The study group consisted of 29 patients presented with projectile vomiting, 28 patients were diagnosed as pyloric stenosis and only one patient with pylorospasm using linear probe 7.5-10 MHz.
RESULTS:
The male infants were 23 (82%) and, the female infants were 5 (18%) with male to female ratio of 4.5:1. The age ranged between 18 days and 90 days with a mean of 34.2 days. The age at presentation mostly was between 20-39 days (67.8%). Family history was positive in 5 patients (17.8%). In 16 patients (57.1%) the parents were relative while in 12 (42.8%) patients the parents were not relative. The length of the canal ranged from 15mm to 26mm with a mean of 19.13mm. The muscle thickness ranged from 3-8 mm with a mean of 5.8mm. The diameter of the canal ranged from 11mm to 17mm with a mean of 13.8mm. Only one patient (3.6%) had associated congenital abnormality which was ectopic kidney. And only one patient had pylorospasm.
CONCLUSION:
The length of the pyloric canal was the most reliable measurement in the diagnosis of infantile

BACKGROUND:
VSD is the most common cardiac malformation accounting for 25% of congenital heart disease. The VSDs are classified according to its haemodynamic effect into small, moderate and large. The VSD can affect the growth, which is defined as a progressive increase in size of the body as a whole or of its separate parts and can result in failure to thrive in affected patients.
AIM OF THE STUDY:
This study was done to demonstrate the effects of the VSD on weight, height and occiptofrontal circumference (OFC) of children as parameters of growth.
METHODS:
This is a prospective study of 50 patients with isolated VSD done in welfare Teaching hospital and Ibn Al-Bitar cardiac center during the period from January to July 2005. The diagnosis of VSD was done by clinical picture and confirmed by echocardiographic examination to study the effect of malnutrition and other factors on the growth another 50 patients without VSD were included as control group. For each patient the growth parameters (weight, height and head circumference) were measured.
RESULTS:
The age of the patients with VSD ranged from (14 days to 14 years). The male to female ratio was 1.1 to 1. In patients with VSD the weight of 20 patients (40%) were below 3rd centile in comparison with 3 patients in the control group and this is statistically significant (P<0.001), while the differences in the height of both groups was not statistically significant. The head circumference of 14 patients (28%) were below 2%, while, 3 patients (6%) only in control group and this difference was statistically significant (P<0.005). The effect of VSD on the growth parameters depended on the size of the VSD. There was a significant effect of moderate and large VSD on both weight and head circumference while small VSD had no such effect.
CONCLUSION:
From this study, we conclude that the weight is the most sensitive parameter for studying the effect of VSD on the growth parameters. The patients with moderate VSD, should be managed as serious as large VSD because of its adverse effect on growth.

BACKGROUND:
Transcutaneous pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty is the treatment of choice to relieve moderate to severe pulmonary valvular stenosis,the aim of our study is to propose a clinical classification for a group of patients with severe pulmonary valvular stenosis who present with particular signs and symptoms and who carry particular risks and difficulties during cardiac catheterization and pulmonary valvular angioplasty.
METHODS:
From Aug 1993 to Sept. 2001,Pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty(PBV)was attempted in 248 patients with pulmonary valvular stenosis(moderate to severe) from early neonatal days and beyond.Among those we selected 47 patients with severe pulmonary valvular stenosis.They were devided into four groups according to their particular clinical manifestations:
Group A:Those with pure cyanosis.
Group B:Those with Rt sided heart failure without cyanosis
Group C:Those with Rt sided failure and cyanosis.
Group D:Those with biventricular failure.
RESULTS:
We recognized specific risks,complications and technical difficulties in those different groups (will be mentioned in details).
CONCLUSION:
Pulmonary balloon angioplasty is still the standard solution to relieve moderate to severe pulmonary valvular stenosis in all ages, but still there is a group of patients who carries technical difficulties,risks and even death with this procedure.

BACKGROUND:
Protruding ear is generally the result of a malformed antihelix, hypertrophied/malpositioned concha or in most cases a combination of all these conditions.
METHODS:
Otoplasty is a common plastic surgical procedure performed to correct protruding ears. A description is presented of a posterior approach in prone position under GA with few modifications. Open anterior cartilage scoring with toothed forceps, conchoscaphal Mustarde suturing, conchamastoid suturing, or a combination were used to correct the deformity. The follow-up periods ranged from 6 – 8 months. . Postoperative evaluation was done by another doctor.
RESULTS:
There were no early complications. There was one late complication requiring revision surgery. All patients achieved satisfactory results, as determined by questioning of both patients and parents 6 months postoperatively.
CONCLUSION:
Prone position under general anesthesia was found to be safe and efficacious procedure .The use of toothed forceps seems to be a good alternative when specific cartilage scorers are not available. Using needles for marking the site of Mustarde sutures appear to be more practical than marking with methylene blue.

OBJECTIVE.: To study the prevalence and clinical characteristics of migraine in epileptic patients and to compare these epidemiological and clinical data with those in general population BACKGROUND: Systematic investigation of the characteristics of seizure-associated headaches is rare. Although data on the prevalence and characteristics of migraine in general population are numerous, few studies have investigated the relation between migraine and epilepsy METHODS: One hundred seventy two epileptic patients (98 female and 74 male) participated in a semi-standardized interview and study about headaches particularly migraine type. RESULTS: Seventy four out of the 172 epileptic patients had headache of one type or another (57%), migraine occurred in 34 patients (19.7%),female migraineurs (24 cases) and male (10 cases) (female/male ratio 2.4:1). Migraine occurred in isolation in 18 cases and was mixed with other headache types in 16 cases. Migraine cases without aura constituted 67.7% (23 cases), and with aura 31.3% (11 cases). In non-aura cases female (18 cases) outnumbered male (5 cases), unlike in aura cases (6 female vs 5 male cases) CONCLUSION : Migraine is much more prevalent in epileptics (19.7%)than in general population (11-12%). Other wise migraine in epileptics has similar clinical characteristics to migraine in general population including clinical varieties and gender distribution

Measles remains a major cause of worldwide childhood mortality. The use of current live attenuated
vaccine control the disease, and measles has been targeted by the WHO for global eradication
following the eradication of poliomyelitis.
Objective:
To determine the C3 and C4 complement response to measles virus in seropositive volunteers after
vaccination with live attenuated measles vaccine.
METHODS:
Thirty seven measles virus seropositive normal volunteers have been enrolled in this study, they were
25 males and 12 females, their age ranged between 15-45 years. 22 of them were vaccinated with
measles virus vaccine and 15 were injected with diluent supplied with measles virus vaccine
(placebo).
C3,C4 complement against measles virus were detected in volunteer's sera prior to, 1,2,3 and 4 weeks
after vaccination, using Radial Immunodiffusion Assay method.
RESULTS:
There was a significant difference in the concentration of serum C3 complement at week 3 ,
following receipt of live measles virus vaccine in seropositive individuals, while no marked change
was observed in the concentration of C4.
CONCLUSION:
Rising C3 level in the sera of seropositive volunteers after measles virus vaccine administration play
a role in increasing immune response against measles virus infection

Monocrotophos (MCP) is an organophosphorus insecticide has both systemic and contact actions and has been used against insects. METHODS: Thirty six male Balb/c mice were used. These were divided into six group (A, B, A1, B1, A2, B2, ). MCP was given orally daily by gavage 1/5th of LD50 (0.28 mg/100gm of body wt.), vitamin E and vitamin C was given orally daily by gavage @ 100 mg /kg body wt., while MCP+ Vitamine E and MCP + Vitamine C was also given. RESULTS: The signs of MCP toxicity include shivering, salviation and Iacrimation. Scanining electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that of erythrocytes in control were perfect discocytes (D). MCP treatment resulted in drastic alteration in the topography of erythrocytes. Vitamin E and Vitamin C treated mice revealed normal erythrocyte like that in control. MCP+ Vitamin E and MCP + vitamin C treated mice revealed almost normal of topography of erythrocyte. CONCLUSION: Pesticide exposure could be prevented by CO- administration antioxidant Vitamin E or Vitamin C.

Dientamoeba fragilis is an intestinal protozoa whose pathogenic characteristics are increasingly recognized. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study is to specify the clinical, biological and epidemiological aspects of D.fragilis among children with gastrointestinal illness. METHODS: This study was conducted on 171 children attending Child Welfare Teaching Hospital for Pediatrics over a period of 8 months. Stool samples of each child were processed for direct wet smear, modified acid fast and Giemsa staining procedures. RESULTS: D. fragilis was observed in 41 (23.4%) case, 39(31.2%) among patients group and 1(2.2%) among control group. This parasite was predominant 15(28.5%) among age group (1-3) years. D. fragilis was associated with other intestinal parasites particularly Blastocystis hominis 8(20.5%), Entamoeba histolytica 5(12.8%), Enterobius vermicularis 3(7.7%) and Giardia lamblia 2(5.1%). Clinical signs included abdominal pain 31(79.4%), diarrhea 20(51.3%), anorexia 4(35.9%), fever 11(28.2%) and alternating of diarrhea and constipation 10(25.6%). DISCUSSION: D.fragilis is today classified in the group of flagellates and I share the opinion of the majority of the authors as to its real pathogenic capacity.

Dientamoeba fragilis is an intestinal protozoa whose pathogenic characteristics are increasingly recognized. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study is to specify the clinical, biological and epidemiological aspects of D.fragilis among children with gastrointestinal illness. METHODS: This study was conducted on 171 children attending Child Welfare Teaching Hospital for Pediatrics over a period of 8 months. Stool samples of each child were processed for direct wet smear, modified acid fast and Giemsa staining procedures. RESULTS: D. fragilis was observed in 41 (23.4%) case, 39(31.2%) among patients group and 1(2.2%) among control group. This parasite was predominant 15(28.5%) among age group (1-3) years. D. fragilis was associated with other intestinal parasites particularly Blastocystis hominis 8(20.5%), Entamoeba histolytica 5(12.8%), Enterobius vermicularis 3(7.7%) and Giardia lamblia 2(5.1%). Clinical signs included abdominal pain 31(79.4%), diarrhea 20(51.3%), anorexia 4(35.9%), fever 11(28.2%) and alternating of diarrhea and constipation 10(25.6%). DISCUSSION: D.fragilis is today classified in the group of flagellates and I share the opinion of the majority of the authors as to its real pathogenic capacity.

Dientamoeba fragilis is an intestinal protozoa whose pathogenic characteristics are increasingly recognized. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study is to specify the clinical, biological and epidemiological aspects of D.fragilis among children with gastrointestinal illness. METHODS: This study was conducted on 171 children attending Child Welfare Teaching Hospital for Pediatrics over a period of 8 months. Stool samples of each child were processed for direct wet smear, modified acid fast and Giemsa staining procedures. RESULTS: D. fragilis was observed in 41 (23.4%) case, 39(31.2%) among patients group and 1(2.2%) among control group. This parasite was predominant 15(28.5%) among age group (1-3) years. D. fragilis was associated with other intestinal parasites particularly Blastocystis hominis 8(20.5%), Entamoeba histolytica 5(12.8%), Enterobius vermicularis 3(7.7%) and Giardia lamblia 2(5.1%). Clinical signs included abdominal pain 31(79.4%), diarrhea 20(51.3%), anorexia 4(35.9%), fever 11(28.2%) and alternating of diarrhea and constipation 10(25.6%). DISCUSSION: D.fragilis is today classified in the group of flagellates and I share the opinion of the majority of the authors as to its real pathogenic capacity.

Dientamoeba fragilis is an intestinal protozoa whose pathogenic characteristics are increasingly recognized. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study is to specify the clinical, biological and epidemiological aspects of D.fragilis among children with gastrointestinal illness. METHODS: This study was conducted on 171 children attending Child Welfare Teaching Hospital for Pediatrics over a period of 8 months. Stool samples of each child were processed for direct wet smear, modified acid fast and Giemsa staining procedures. RESULTS: D. fragilis was observed in 41 (23.4%) case, 39(31.2%) among patients group and 1(2.2%) among control group. This parasite was predominant 15(28.5%) among age group (1-3) years. D. fragilis was associated with other intestinal parasites particularly Blastocystis hominis 8(20.5%), Entamoeba histolytica 5(12.8%), Enterobius vermicularis 3(7.7%) and Giardia lamblia 2(5.1%). Clinical signs included abdominal pain 31(79.4%), diarrhea 20(51.3%), anorexia 4(35.9%), fever 11(28.2%) and alternating of diarrhea and constipation 10(25.6%). DISCUSSION: D.fragilis is today classified in the group of flagellates and I share the opinion of the majority of the authors as to its real pathogenic capacity.

Acute appendicitis is the most common surgical procedure all over the world, inspite of modem investigation like (MRI, CT scan, U/S) and others, the diagnosis of appendicitis remains essentially mixture of observation, clinical acumen and surgical science (1). METHODS : This prospective study was conducted during the period (from 1-10-2002 to 1-11-2004) based upon 113 cases presented as acute appendicitis 74 female, and 39 male. RESULTS: All these cases diagnosed preoperatively as acute appendicitis clinically, the correct preoperative diagnosis was in 82.5 %, wrong in 17.5 %. CONCLUSION: Most of the difficulty in diagnosis occur in females, the total number of the patient with negative laparatomy was 10 cases out of 113, \"some of the cases presented with signs and symptom of acute appendicitis, proved to be other pathology by operative findings, which may also necessitate Laparatomy\".

Herbal remedies are used in induction of lactation . In view of that ,Borage Officinalis was employed to ensure an abundant milk supply or rectify milk insufficiency .However ,this remedy has not been scientifically tested . METHODS: The animals were treated with the aqueous extract of Borage Officinalis flowers at a daily concentration of 100 mg / kg body weight /ml for each rat through Oro-gastric tube for 14 days . Animals were subdivided into subgroups according to their physiological status . Mammary glands of these animals were processed for histological , histochemical and immunohistochemical studies . RESULTS: The results of all parameters indicated that the aqueous extract of Borage Officinalis flowers induced lactogenesis in the mammmary glands of virgin and pregnant rats and promoted lactation when had given to lactating rats . CONCLUSION : Borage Officinalis is a lactogenic herb

Trivial number of books, concerning traditional medicine, had mentioned a galactagogual role of Garden cress seeds. Others ignore that. This controversy, in addition to the steroid (family of sex hormones) contents of the seeds, directed us to evaluate the role of this herb in mammogenesis and lactogenesis. METHODS: Twelve parameters were used to assess the effect of Garden cress seeds on the mammary gland of young adult virgin rats. These parameters comprise gross assessment, histological examination (routine/ haematoxylin and eosin stain and special stain/ PAS), enzymatic histochemical study (alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and lipoprotein lipase cytochemical localization), biochemical estimations (hormonal assay of FSH, LH, prolactin, estrogen and progesterone) and morphometrical measurements. RESULTS: All parameters significantly exhibited a strong mammotrophic and lactogenic effects of Garden cress seeds on the non-primed mammary gland of adult virgin rat. CONCLUSION: Garden cress seeds are most probably a real galactagogue and might be useful in induction of lactation

Herbal remedies are used in induction of lactation . In view of that ,Borage Officinalis was employed to ensure an abundant milk supply or rectify milk insufficiency .However ,this remedy has not been scientifically tested . METHODS: The animals were treated with the aqueous extract of Borage Officinalis flowers at a daily concentration of 100 mg / kg body weight /ml for each rat through Oro-gastric tube for 14 days . Animals were subdivided into subgroups according to their physiological status . Mammary glands of these animals were processed for histological , histochemical and immunohistochemical studies . RESULTS: The results of all parameters indicated that the aqueous extract of Borage Officinalis flowers induced lactogenesis in the mammmary glands of virgin and pregnant rats and promoted lactation when had given to lactating rats . CONCLUSION : Borage Officinalis is a lactogenic herb

Trivial number of books, concerning traditional medicine, had mentioned a galactagogual role of Garden cress seeds. Others ignore that. This controversy, in addition to the steroid (family of sex hormones) contents of the seeds, directed us to evaluate the role of this herb in mammogenesis and lactogenesis. METHODS: Twelve parameters were used to assess the effect of Garden cress seeds on the mammary gland of young adult virgin rats. These parameters comprise gross assessment, histological examination (routine/ haematoxylin and eosin stain and special stain/ PAS), enzymatic histochemical study (alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and lipoprotein lipase cytochemical localization), biochemical estimations (hormonal assay of FSH, LH, prolactin, estrogen and progesterone) and morphometrical measurements. RESULTS: All parameters significantly exhibited a strong mammotrophic and lactogenic effects of Garden cress seeds on the non-primed mammary gland of adult virgin rat. CONCLUSION: Garden cress seeds are most probably a real galactagogue and might be useful in induction of lactation

The incidence of clinically apparent thyroid nodules in the general population is 4.5%.The overall incidence of malignancy in solitary thyroid nodule ranges between 10% to 15%. U/S and FNAC are used to differentiate benign and malignant nodules with high percentage of sensitivity and specifity. OBJECTIVES: 1. To evaluate the utility of FNAC in the preoperative diagnosis of solitary thyroid nodule. 2. To evaluate efficacy of FNAC and U/S in differentiation between benign and malignant nodule. METHODS: 130 euthyroid patients with solitary thyroid nodule attending the department of general surgery in the teaching hospital in Najaf province during the period from November 2001 to November 2003. After clinical assessment all our patient underwent FNAC for their thyroid nodule, and then subjected to the U/S examination. RESULTS: Out of these130 patients, the female to male ratio was 7:1, correlation of FNAC with HPE showed a sensitivity of 83.3% and specificity of 100%. CONCLUSION : Our study as compared to other studies else where showed that U/S and FNAC are very important diagnostic tools in investigation of clinically euthyroid solitary thyroid nodules. They will give optimal results and avoid unnecessary surgery in certain patients without missing any malignancy in others

To assess the efficiency of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the diagnosis of bone/esions PATIENT AND METHODS This Prospective study was conducted in the orthopedic surgical wards at Al- Zahrawi teaching hospital of the Mosul city over one year period from 2003-2004.Thirty seven patients presented with bone lesions were included in this study. The lesions were provisionaly diagnosed by clinical and radiological methods. RESULTS: The results of the aspirated lesions include 20 malignant lesions, 8 tumour like lesions, 5 benign and potentially malignant lesions and 3 inflammatory lesions . In one aspirate the materials was inadequate The results were compared with the histopathological diagnosis. CONCLUSION: FNAC of bone lesion is safe, quick, easy, economical and helpful in planning the correct therapy

Tumor angiogenesis is essential for tumor growth and metastases. Recently ,studies showed that microvessel density (MVD),a measure of tumor angiogenesis has found to have a prognostic significance for predicting metastases and survival in endometrial adenocarcinoma and identifying patients at high risk for recurrences . The aim of this study is to understand the correlation between the MVD and various clinicopathological factors in endometrial adenocarcinoma in order to evaluate the role of angiogenesis in the assessment of the biological behavior of endometrial adenocarcinoma and to prove that MVD can be used as a valuable prognostic factor and can detect high risk patients for post-operative recurrence who may need adjuvant therapy after surgery . PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-one (41) cases were included in this study ; one case is normal endometrium in the proliferative phase , 5 cases with sever endometrial hyperplasia and 35 cases with endometrial adenocarcinoma taken from the Pathology Department at the Medical City and Private Pathology Laboratory between the years 2000-2004 . Paraffin blocks cut in two sections ; one for Haematoxylin & Eosin stain and the other for CD34 immunostaining slides were studied well for tumor grade ,stage ,myometrial invasion and pelvic and paraaortic lymph nodes metastases . The mean MVD was studied by scanning the tumor sections at a low power X40 and X100 then identifying areas of highest neovascularization (hot spots) .Five hot spot areas were selected from each section ,and the MVD were counted at X200 magnification (x10 ocular ,x20 objective) by taking the mean of those microvessels. The correlation between mean MVD and various clinicopathological factors were studied including the age ,tumor grade ,stage ,myometrial invasion and pelvic and paraaortic lymph nodes metastases . RESULTS : CD34 is a reliable and sensitive endothelial cell marker used in the assessment of tumor angiogenesis The study showed that a significant statistical correlation was found between the mean MVD and patients age , tumor grade and myometrial invasion. While there were no statistical correlation significance between the mean MVD and tumor stage and pelvic & paraaortic lymph nodes . CONCLUSION : We conclude that MVD is important in the assessment of the biological behavior of endometrial adenocarcinoma , where it is an indicator for the emergence and growth of tumor and it is important to detect patients at high risk of recurrences and to decide the post-operative adjuvant therapy

Tumor angiogenesis is essential for tumor growth and metastases. Recently ,studies showed that microvessel density (MVD),a measure of tumor angiogenesis has found to have a prognostic significance for predicting metastases and survival in endometrial adenocarcinoma and identifying patients at high risk for recurrences . The aim of this study is to understand the correlation between the MVD and various clinicopathological factors in endometrial adenocarcinoma in order to evaluate the role of angiogenesis in the assessment of the biological behavior of endometrial adenocarcinoma and to prove that MVD can be used as a valuable prognostic factor and can detect high risk patients for post-operative recurrence who may need adjuvant therapy after surgery . PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-one (41) cases were included in this study ; one case is normal endometrium in the proliferative phase , 5 cases with sever endometrial hyperplasia and 35 cases with endometrial adenocarcinoma taken from the Pathology Department at the Medical City and Private Pathology Laboratory between the years 2000-2004 . Paraffin blocks cut in two sections ; one for Haematoxylin & Eosin stain and the other for CD34 immunostaining slides were studied well for tumor grade ,stage ,myometrial invasion and pelvic and paraaortic lymph nodes metastases . The mean MVD was studied by scanning the tumor sections at a low power X40 and X100 then identifying areas of highest neovascularization (hot spots) .Five hot spot areas were selected from each section ,and the MVD were counted at X200 magnification (x10 ocular ,x20 objective) by taking the mean of those microvessels. The correlation between mean MVD and various clinicopathological factors were studied including the age ,tumor grade ,stage ,myometrial invasion and pelvic and paraaortic lymph nodes metastases . RESULTS : CD34 is a reliable and sensitive endothelial cell marker used in the assessment of tumor angiogenesis The study showed that a significant statistical correlation was found between the mean MVD and patients age , tumor grade and myometrial invasion. While there were no statistical correlation significance between the mean MVD and tumor stage and pelvic & paraaortic lymph nodes . CONCLUSION : We conclude that MVD is important in the assessment of the biological behavior of endometrial adenocarcinoma , where it is an indicator for the emergence and growth of tumor and it is important to detect patients at high risk of recurrences and to decide the post-operative adjuvant therapy

Tumor angiogenesis is essential for tumor growth and metastases. Recently ,studies showed that microvessel density (MVD),a measure of tumor angiogenesis has found to have a prognostic significance for predicting metastases and survival in endometrial adenocarcinoma and identifying patients at high risk for recurrences . The aim of this study is to understand the correlation between the MVD and various clinicopathological factors in endometrial adenocarcinoma in order to evaluate the role of angiogenesis in the assessment of the biological behavior of endometrial adenocarcinoma and to prove that MVD can be used as a valuable prognostic factor and can detect high risk patients for post-operative recurrence who may need adjuvant therapy after surgery . PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-one (41) cases were included in this study ; one case is normal endometrium in the proliferative phase , 5 cases with sever endometrial hyperplasia and 35 cases with endometrial adenocarcinoma taken from the Pathology Department at the Medical City and Private Pathology Laboratory between the years 2000-2004 . Paraffin blocks cut in two sections ; one for Haematoxylin & Eosin stain and the other for CD34 immunostaining slides were studied well for tumor grade ,stage ,myometrial invasion and pelvic and paraaortic lymph nodes metastases . The mean MVD was studied by scanning the tumor sections at a low power X40 and X100 then identifying areas of highest neovascularization (hot spots) .Five hot spot areas were selected from each section ,and the MVD were counted at X200 magnification (x10 ocular ,x20 objective) by taking the mean of those microvessels. The correlation between mean MVD and various clinicopathological factors were studied including the age ,tumor grade ,stage ,myometrial invasion and pelvic and paraaortic lymph nodes metastases . RESULTS : CD34 is a reliable and sensitive endothelial cell marker used in the assessment of tumor angiogenesis The study showed that a significant statistical correlation was found between the mean MVD and patients age , tumor grade and myometrial invasion. While there were no statistical correlation significance between the mean MVD and tumor stage and pelvic & paraaortic lymph nodes . CONCLUSION : We conclude that MVD is important in the assessment of the biological behavior of endometrial adenocarcinoma , where it is an indicator for the emergence and growth of tumor and it is important to detect patients at high risk of recurrences and to decide the post-operative adjuvant therapy

Tumor angiogenesis is essential for tumor growth and metastases. Recently ,studies showed that microvessel density (MVD),a measure of tumor angiogenesis has found to have a prognostic significance for predicting metastases and survival in endometrial adenocarcinoma and identifying patients at high risk for recurrences . The aim of this study is to understand the correlation between the MVD and various clinicopathological factors in endometrial adenocarcinoma in order to evaluate the role of angiogenesis in the assessment of the biological behavior of endometrial adenocarcinoma and to prove that MVD can be used as a valuable prognostic factor and can detect high risk patients for post-operative recurrence who may need adjuvant therapy after surgery . PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-one (41) cases were included in this study ; one case is normal endometrium in the proliferative phase , 5 cases with sever endometrial hyperplasia and 35 cases with endometrial adenocarcinoma taken from the Pathology Department at the Medical City and Private Pathology Laboratory between the years 2000-2004 . Paraffin blocks cut in two sections ; one for Haematoxylin & Eosin stain and the other for CD34 immunostaining slides were studied well for tumor grade ,stage ,myometrial invasion and pelvic and paraaortic lymph nodes metastases . The mean MVD was studied by scanning the tumor sections at a low power X40 and X100 then identifying areas of highest neovascularization (hot spots) .Five hot spot areas were selected from each section ,and the MVD were counted at X200 magnification (x10 ocular ,x20 objective) by taking the mean of those microvessels. The correlation between mean MVD and various clinicopathological factors were studied including the age ,tumor grade ,stage ,myometrial invasion and pelvic and paraaortic lymph nodes metastases . RESULTS : CD34 is a reliable and sensitive endothelial cell marker used in the assessment of tumor angiogenesis The study showed that a significant statistical correlation was found between the mean MVD and patients age , tumor grade and myometrial invasion. While there were no statistical correlation significance between the mean MVD and tumor stage and pelvic & paraaortic lymph nodes . CONCLUSION : We conclude that MVD is important in the assessment of the biological behavior of endometrial adenocarcinoma , where it is an indicator for the emergence and growth of tumor and it is important to detect patients at high risk of recurrences and to decide the post-operative adjuvant therapy

Tumor angiogenesis is essential for tumor growth and metastases. Recently ,studies showed that microvessel density (MVD),a measure of tumor angiogenesis has found to have a prognostic significance for predicting metastases and survival in endometrial adenocarcinoma and identifying patients at high risk for recurrences . The aim of this study is to understand the correlation between the MVD and various clinicopathological factors in endometrial adenocarcinoma in order to evaluate the role of angiogenesis in the assessment of the biological behavior of endometrial adenocarcinoma and to prove that MVD can be used as a valuable prognostic factor and can detect high risk patients for post-operative recurrence who may need adjuvant therapy after surgery . PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-one (41) cases were included in this study ; one case is normal endometrium in the proliferative phase , 5 cases with sever endometrial hyperplasia and 35 cases with endometrial adenocarcinoma taken from the Pathology Department at the Medical City and Private Pathology Laboratory between the years 2000-2004 . Paraffin blocks cut in two sections ; one for Haematoxylin & Eosin stain and the other for CD34 immunostaining slides were studied well for tumor grade ,stage ,myometrial invasion and pelvic and paraaortic lymph nodes metastases . The mean MVD was studied by scanning the tumor sections at a low power X40 and X100 then identifying areas of highest neovascularization (hot spots) .Five hot spot areas were selected from each section ,and the MVD were counted at X200 magnification (x10 ocular ,x20 objective) by taking the mean of those microvessels. The correlation between mean MVD and various clinicopathological factors were studied including the age ,tumor grade ,stage ,myometrial invasion and pelvic and paraaortic lymph nodes metastases . RESULTS : CD34 is a reliable and sensitive endothelial cell marker used in the assessment of tumor angiogenesis The study showed that a significant statistical correlation was found between the mean MVD and patients age , tumor grade and myometrial invasion. While there were no statistical correlation significance between the mean MVD and tumor stage and pelvic & paraaortic lymph nodes . CONCLUSION : We conclude that MVD is important in the assessment of the biological behavior of endometrial adenocarcinoma , where it is an indicator for the emergence and growth of tumor and it is important to detect patients at high risk of recurrences and to decide the post-operative adjuvant therapy

Tumor angiogenesis is essential for tumor growth and metastases. Recently ,studies showed that microvessel density (MVD),a measure of tumor angiogenesis has found to have a prognostic significance for predicting metastases and survival in endometrial adenocarcinoma and identifying patients at high risk for recurrences . The aim of this study is to understand the correlation between the MVD and various clinicopathological factors in endometrial adenocarcinoma in order to evaluate the role of angiogenesis in the assessment of the biological behavior of endometrial adenocarcinoma and to prove that MVD can be used as a valuable prognostic factor and can detect high risk patients for post-operative recurrence who may need adjuvant therapy after surgery . PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-one (41) cases were included in this study ; one case is normal endometrium in the proliferative phase , 5 cases with sever endometrial hyperplasia and 35 cases with endometrial adenocarcinoma taken from the Pathology Department at the Medical City and Private Pathology Laboratory between the years 2000-2004 . Paraffin blocks cut in two sections ; one for Haematoxylin & Eosin stain and the other for CD34 immunostaining slides were studied well for tumor grade ,stage ,myometrial invasion and pelvic and paraaortic lymph nodes metastases . The mean MVD was studied by scanning the tumor sections at a low power X40 and X100 then identifying areas of highest neovascularization (hot spots) .Five hot spot areas were selected from each section ,and the MVD were counted at X200 magnification (x10 ocular ,x20 objective) by taking the mean of those microvessels. The correlation between mean MVD and various clinicopathological factors were studied including the age ,tumor grade ,stage ,myometrial invasion and pelvic and paraaortic lymph nodes metastases . RESULTS : CD34 is a reliable and sensitive endothelial cell marker used in the assessment of tumor angiogenesis The study showed that a significant statistical correlation was found between the mean MVD and patients age , tumor grade and myometrial invasion. While there were no statistical correlation significance between the mean MVD and tumor stage and pelvic & paraaortic lymph nodes . CONCLUSION : We conclude that MVD is important in the assessment of the biological behavior of endometrial adenocarcinoma , where it is an indicator for the emergence and growth of tumor and it is important to detect patients at high risk of recurrences and to decide the post-operative adjuvant therapy

Tumor angiogenesis is essential for tumor growth and metastases. Recently ,studies showed that microvessel density (MVD),a measure of tumor angiogenesis has found to have a prognostic significance for predicting metastases and survival in endometrial adenocarcinoma and identifying patients at high risk for recurrences . The aim of this study is to understand the correlation between the MVD and various clinicopathological factors in endometrial adenocarcinoma in order to evaluate the role of angiogenesis in the assessment of the biological behavior of endometrial adenocarcinoma and to prove that MVD can be used as a valuable prognostic factor and can detect high risk patients for post-operative recurrence who may need adjuvant therapy after surgery . PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-one (41) cases were included in this study ; one case is normal endometrium in the proliferative phase , 5 cases with sever endometrial hyperplasia and 35 cases with endometrial adenocarcinoma taken from the Pathology Department at the Medical City and Private Pathology Laboratory between the years 2000-2004 . Paraffin blocks cut in two sections ; one for Haematoxylin &amp; Eosin stain and the other for CD34 immunostaining slides were studied well for tumor grade ,stage ,myometrial invasion and pelvic and paraaortic lymph nodes metastases . The mean MVD was studied by scanning the tumor sections at a low power X40 and X100 then identifying areas of highest neovascularization (hot spots) .Five hot spot areas were selected from each section ,and the MVD were counted at X200 magnification (x10 ocular ,x20 objective) by taking the mean of those microvessels. The correlation between mean MVD and various clinicopathological factors were studied including the age ,tumor grade ,stage ,myometrial invasion and pelvic and paraaortic lymph nodes metastases . RESULTS : CD34 is a reliable and sensitive endothelial cell marker used in the assessment of tumor angiogenesis The study showed that a significant statistical correlation was found between the mean MVD and patients age , tumor grade and myometrial invasion. While there were no statistical correlation significance between the mean MVD and tumor stage and pelvic &amp; paraaortic lymph nodes . CONCLUSION : We conclude that MVD is important in the assessment of the biological behavior of endometrial adenocarcinoma , where it is an indicator for the emergence and growth of tumor and it is important to detect patients at high risk of recurrences and to decide the post-operative adjuvant therapy

Soft tissue sarcoma (STS) represents a heterogeneous group of rare malignant tumors. Many diagnostic problems and difficulties are often encountered in the differential diagnosis of these tumors. The variety of appearance gives a wide range of tumor types and subtypes with a high discrepancy rate in tumor typing among pathologists. METHODS: This study was conducted at the Military Medical Academy (EGYPT) during the period from (1989-1990). The study aimed to reexamine a routinely processed H and E stained slides of cases previously diagnosed as STS by a group of pathologist and match the old and new diagnoses, with the application of some special stains; histochemical and immunohistochemical, then evaluate the results. Forty cases previously diagnosed as STS were reexamined and classified according to the criteria of Enzinger and Weiss. A descriptive or morphological classification was also used; as spindle, round, myxoid and pleomorphic STS. The results were compared to, and matched with the previous diagnoses. Histochemical stains used are, Picro Sirius red (PSR), Masson trichrome (MT), and Periodic-acid schiff stain (PAS). Myoglobin was used as immunohistochemical marker for the detection of cross-striated muscle cell differentiation by peroxidase antiperoxidase method (PAP). RESULTS: Agreement in diagnosis between the previous and the recent diagnosed STS was found to be 47.5%. For spindle cell malignant tumors the agreement was 58.8%, while for round cell malignant tumors was 33.3%. Agreement in diagnosis in mixed malignant soft tissue tumors was 62.5%. PSR and MT demonstrate the amount and distribution of collagen. MT also demonstrates muscle fibers. Using Myoglobin immunohistochemical marker in the previously diagnosed STS: one out of four cases diagnosed as Rhabdomyosarcomas gave a positive result, while two cases from the unsuspected group gave positive results. In the recently diagnosed tumors: all cases diagnosed as Rhabdomyosarcoma gave positive results, while from the unsuspected group one gave positive result. CONCLUSION: While the ordinary H and E stain will suffice to permit recognition of many of STS, it will not do so for all. Limitation of diagnosis of these tumors, especially the rare ones, to specialized centers or highly qualified pathologists is recommended. Histochemical stains are supportive rather than exclusive for the diagnosis of STS. Myoglobin immunohistochemical marker could be used to aid in the diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcomas. Definite diagnosis of many STS needs further special stains and/or electron microscopy and other sophisticated procedures

The HLA system is a relevant tool in population genetics analysis. From the genetic point of view, the HLA system is of general interest because of the extreme polymorphism of all known HLA loci. The allele and haplotype frequencies have a wide diversity among human population and differ in geographically and racially among populations. Iraq had a high percentage of Muslims people that distributed in two groups (Arab and Kurd). These groups are ancient populations and affected by many settlement in many centuries ago. These ancient settlements had left marks on the genetic structure of the modern Iraqi populations. The later immigrations to other countries were high in later years. The aim of study is to estimate the gene frequency of HLA class I (A, B, Cw) alleles in Iraqi Arab Muslims and Kurd Muslims and determine the genetic differences between them. METHODS: A total of unrelated 1400 Iraqi Arab Muslims (AM) and 705 Kurd Muslims (KM) healthy volunteers and individuals referred to Immunology and Tissue Typing Center in Al-Karamah Teaching Hospital for organ transplantation and Forensic medicine, were examined for HLA polymorphism using complement dependent cytotoxicity test from June-2003 to April-2004. RESULTS: The phenotypes of HLA typing of Iraqi Arab Muslims (AM) and Kurd Muslims (KM) were in agreement with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Regarding HLA class I (A and Cw loci), there was a significant differences between these groups. Lasly, there was no significant difference between them in HLA-B. CONCLUSIONS: This may be due to their inhabitants different area in Iraq, and also due to their different origin as Arab and Kurd races with mild differences due to outbreeding and migration. The effects of invaders and settlements from out side the country and intermixing with them may play an important role in these differences

The HLA system is a relevant tool in population genetics analysis. From the genetic point of view, the HLA system is of general interest because of the extreme polymorphism of all known HLA loci. The allele and haplotype frequencies have a wide diversity among human population and differ in geographically and racially among populations. Iraq had a high percentage of Muslims people that distributed in two groups (Arab and Kurd). These groups are ancient populations and affected by many settlement in many centuries ago. These ancient settlements had left marks on the genetic structure of the modern Iraqi populations. The later immigrations to other countries were high in later years. The aim of study is to estimate the gene frequency of HLA class I (A, B, Cw) alleles in Iraqi Arab Muslims and Kurd Muslims and determine the genetic differences between them. METHODS: A total of unrelated 1400 Iraqi Arab Muslims (AM) and 705 Kurd Muslims (KM) healthy volunteers and individuals referred to Immunology and Tissue Typing Center in Al-Karamah Teaching Hospital for organ transplantation and Forensic medicine, were examined for HLA polymorphism using complement dependent cytotoxicity test from June-2003 to April-2004. RESULTS: The phenotypes of HLA typing of Iraqi Arab Muslims (AM) and Kurd Muslims (KM) were in agreement with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Regarding HLA class I (A and Cw loci), there was a significant differences between these groups. Lasly, there was no significant difference between them in HLA-B. CONCLUSIONS: This may be due to their inhabitants different area in Iraq, and also due to their different origin as Arab and Kurd races with mild differences due to outbreeding and migration. The effects of invaders and settlements from out side the country and intermixing with them may play an important role in these differences

The HLA system is a relevant tool in population genetics analysis. From the genetic point of view, the HLA system is of general interest because of the extreme polymorphism of all known HLA loci. The allele and haplotype frequencies have a wide diversity among human population and differ in geographically and racially among populations. Iraq had a high percentage of Muslims people that distributed in two groups (Arab and Kurd). These groups are ancient populations and affected by many settlement in many centuries ago. These ancient settlements had left marks on the genetic structure of the modern Iraqi populations. The later immigrations to other countries were high in later years. The aim of study is to estimate the gene frequency of HLA class I (A, B, Cw) alleles in Iraqi Arab Muslims and Kurd Muslims and determine the genetic differences between them. METHODS: A total of unrelated 1400 Iraqi Arab Muslims (AM) and 705 Kurd Muslims (KM) healthy volunteers and individuals referred to Immunology and Tissue Typing Center in Al-Karamah Teaching Hospital for organ transplantation and Forensic medicine, were examined for HLA polymorphism using complement dependent cytotoxicity test from June-2003 to April-2004. RESULTS: The phenotypes of HLA typing of Iraqi Arab Muslims (AM) and Kurd Muslims (KM) were in agreement with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Regarding HLA class I (A and Cw loci), there was a significant differences between these groups. Lasly, there was no significant difference between them in HLA-B. CONCLUSIONS: This may be due to their inhabitants different area in Iraq, and also due to their different origin as Arab and Kurd races with mild differences due to outbreeding and migration. The effects of invaders and settlements from out side the country and intermixing with them may play an important role in these differences

Certain HLA alleles are occurring in a higher frequency in individuals with particular diseases than in the general population. METHODS: HLA-typing for class I and class II antigens expressed by cells of 40 patients with prostatic adenocarcinima (CAP) and 48 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), ranged in age between 48-80 years were detected by lymphocytotoxicity test using 16A, 39B, 7CW, 14DR and 4DQ antisera. RESULTS: Patients with BPH showed an increased frequency in HLA DR53, while CAP patients showed an increased frequency in HLA-A33 and HLA DR53 antigens compared to 100 healthy Kidney donor individual as a control. The increase in HLA- antigens frequency was proved by statistical analysis, relative risk (RR) and etiological function (EF) values estimation. CONCLUSION: Possibility in the future, for novel selective immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies which stimulate a clinically significant re-expression of class I protein and associated with CTL responses

Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by abnormalities in carbohydrate ,protein , and lipid metabolism ,which is due either to insulin production or action . Diabetes is a leading cause of blindness , kidney disorders , disease of small blood vessels ……………and various other malfunctions. So the
AIM:
of this study is to investigate the effect of cinnamon oil as a natural source of a wide scale of antioxidants on prevention and treatment of oxidative stress in alloxan – induced diabetic animals , through biochemical and histochemical studies.
MATERIALS AND METHODS :
Thirty – five hamsters were employed in this study . They were divided into 4 groups . 1st group : 5 = animal control , 2nd group :10 = treated with alloxan , 3 rd group , 10 = treated with cinnamon oil and 4 th group , 10 = treated with alloxan and cinnamon .
RESULTS :
Renal tissues ( Bowman's capsule, proximal and distal convoluted tubules ) of alloxan – treated group revealed obvious increase in acid ( ACP ) and alkaline ( ALP ) phosphatase activity . While the 4 th group showed clear decrease in the activity of these enzymes as compared with group I & group III . CONCLUSION :
Cinnamon-oil can be recommended as an support for the prevention of alloxan – induced diabetic complications

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by a high blood glucose concentration (hyperglycemia ) which is due to insulin deficiency and / or insulin resistance . As a consequence of the metabolic derangements various complications develop , so the aim of this investigation is to study(histological ) the role of cinnamon – oil on the testis tissue of alloxan – induced diabetes rat . METHODS AND METHODS : Forty -six male rats were used and divided into 3 groups : group I , 6 = animal control . group II , 20 = treated with alloxan and the 3 rd group , 20 = treated with alloxan + cinnamon . RESULTS : Testis of group I revealed normal distribution of seminiferous tubules and spermatozoa filled the lumen of these tubules . Group II showed reduction in number of seminiferous tubules , and absence of spermatozoa in their lumen , besides the significant decrease in testis weight . Group III elicited retrained these changes to approximately its normal view . CONCLUSION : This herbs ( cinnamon ) decrease or protect the destructive effect of alloxan on testis tissue

We are presenting a rare case of a child with tuberculous calcific constrictive pericarditis METHODS: Investigations revealed presence of the disease and surgery was performed as pericardiectomy. RESULTS: Recovery after surgery was remarkable and the symptoms ameliorated quickly. CONCLUSION: A presentation of a very rare condition of constrictive pericarditis in a child without involvement of the lungs and other organs by the disease