Kirkuk University Journal For Agricultural Sciences (KUJAS)

A field trial was carried out in Sulaymaniyah Governorate during the autumn season of 2021 to study the effect of the number of Repeat herbicides the effect on weed accompanying peach trees yield and fruit quality characteristics. The first factor is the number of applications of herbicides (once, twice) and the second factor is the five control treatments (control, glyphosate 1500 ml/dunam herbicide concentration, glyphosate1000 ml/dunam herbicide concentration + magnetization of the spray solution, paraquat herbicide concentration 500 ml/dunam, and paraquat herbicide concentration 250 ml/dunam + magnetization of the spray solution). The results indicated that repeat control times gave a significant effect on the wet and dry weight of the weed roots 40 and 60 days after control gave a weight of (161.54, 136.18) gm of wet weight a (66.39, 48.23) mg of dry weight. The treatment of glyphosate + magnetization of the spray solution achieved the lowest wet and dry weight after 23.682 mg 60 days after control, as for the effects of interaction tow applications with the treatment of glyphosate + magnetization of the spray solution, the lowest dry weight was reached 19.493 g after 60 days for control. Paraquat treatment achieved the highest yield/tree rate of 17.917 kg, and one of peach 135.739 g and size of peach 118.33 cm3, the treatment of glyphosate + magnetization of the spray solution achieved the highest control rate of 87.3%, and the lowest control rate was 44.0, which was achieved with Paraquat. Concluded from this trial that the herbicides affected controlling the weeds associated with peach Increasing yield and quality.

Two areas were selected, one of which field visited, the other was a comparison area based on remote sensing data. The region was cropped from the Landsat satellite data within the path 170 and 35 for the years 2001 and 2020 for the same day on (5-28-2001) and (28-5-2020). Based on the (NDVI) guide and classifying its results by ArcMap 10.3.1 program, Several behaviors of the soil irrigated with sprinklers were diagnosed, such as the method of plowing, irrigation scheduling, dividing the irrigated areas, and the use of agricultural cycles, as well as the development and increase in the number of sprinklers, which is evident through the distinctive circular pattern, as well as the negative and positive administrative effects such as dividing the irrigated area into half-frame and emergence different treatments for each section or plowing with the circumference of the circle as a negative behavior in the division, which was evident in the pattern of the appearance of sprinklers in the satellite data.

The aim of study was to determine the homogeneity of the parent materials in the North Tikrit agricultural project, five calcareous-gypsiferous pedons were selected, , Three criteria were selected to determine the homogeneity of the parent material. First, the ratio of very fine sand / total sand and fine sand / total sand. Quantity of quartz and zircon minerals through the measurement of the standard deviation. The result showed that all study pedons were homogeneous.

six location in Nenevah governerate (Khafaja , Aski Mosul and Abu Mariyya), have
been chosen for collecting soil samples with gypsum content (86, 101 and 76.4 gm kg -1 )
respectively, and soil samples were collected for (0-30 cm) depth . In addition , (Al-Iyyadyah ,
Ain Talawi and Sino) locations were also selected for collecting other soil samples in gypsum
content between (444.4 - 830 g m kg-1 ) . Soil samples were in two depths (0-15 cm) and (15-
30 cm) . .
For estimation gypsum percentage , the current work used four methods including
(Rechard 1954 , Barium Sulfate 1988 , AL Mufty 2000 and Artieda 2006 ) ,while artificial
gypsum were used as acontrol . Artieda method showed highest values of (artificial gypsum )
, and thus was used as the best method . The first three soils had a clay texture , while increasing
the percentage of gypsum in the remaining of the studied soils made it difficult to estimate the
percentages of soil separators .
The results of this study showed the inverse relationship between the percentage of
gypsum and calcium carbonate in the gypsum soil of the study location in the direction from the
city of Mosul towards the Sinjar district . The increase in the gypsum percentage is accompanied
by a decrease in the percentage of total calcium carbonate.
The study showed that soil samples of the first three locations , it s saturated hydraulic
conductivity values increase with a decrease in the percentage of fine particles in the soil .
Additionally , the increase of gypsum percentage in the gypsum soils leads to a reduction in the
values of the saturated hydraulic conductivity values , while the increase in the percentage of
calcium carbonate was accompanied by an increase in the values of saturated hydraulic
conductivity. The values of the instantaneous infiltration rate indicate that they differ between
the study sites depending on the initial moisture content , texture and structure of the soil. Al
Khafaja soils observed low basic infiltration rate 50% compared to gypsum soils, with an
increase in the gypsum percentage at the locations (AL-Iyyadiah , Sino and Ain Talawi ) (15 -
60%), accompanied by a reducion in the values of the basic infiltration rate (66-20%) , the
gypsum soils has a cumulative infiltration values during the measurement period of 120
minutes, which is higher than the another three locations soil due to its high ability to
impregnate and retention moisture under low tension..
From the results of (dry and wet) sieving , it was clear that the values of the mean weight
diameter in first three soils were similar. In gypsum soils the mean weight diameter increased ,
especially after the limits of 700 g kg-1 of gypsum content .
The results of Atterberg limits (shrinkage limit, lower plastic limit and upper plastic limit ) and
clay effectiveness were different for first three soils (where this property could not be obtained
in gypsum soils).

The experiment was carried out in the fields to the College of Agriculture, Kirkuk University / Al -Sayada for the season 2020-2021. To study the effect of spraying the leafs with foliar fertilization on the growth and yield of bean (using three types of foliar fertilizers of different composition, as coefficients of NP sprays) and the treatment of different types of fertilizers.15 -30-15, fertilizer 40-6-13 and fertilizer 20-20-20 and the control treatment without adding foliar fertilizer and using distilled water. The experiment was designed according to the design of the complete random block (RCBD)and with three replications. The treit were studied (plant height, number of branches, number of pods, number of seeds, and pod weight per plant, weight of 100 grains, number of seeds per plant, biological yield and total grain yield).
The superiority of the fertilizer treatments 15-30-15 as well as the fertilizer 13-6-40 with an insignificant difference between them in all the studied traits over the fertilizer treatments 20-20-20 and the treatment without spraying, so We recommend spraying the bean crop with a foliar fertilizer containing a high percentage of phosphorus 30 and a fertilizer containing potassium 40 to give the highest yield of branches, pods, biological yield and grains.

A field experiment was carried out in the fields of a farmer in Kirkuk governorate / Hawija district N
43º36´17.73\\"E\\"05.56´ 35º16, in the winter season of 2020, and the study included a sensitivity test for 55
genotypes represented by (10 genotypes and 45 hybrids in the second generation) for galls disease Wheat, the
experiment was carried out according to the Randomized Complete Blocks Design (RCBD), the results of the
analysis of variance for the two general and specific abilities showed that there were significant differences for
genotypes in all studied traits, that the best parents with general combining ability and in the desired direction
ــــــــــــــ مجلة جامعة كركوك للعلوم الزراعية ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ المجلد )13 )العدد )2 )2022 ــــــــــــــ
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are the parent (Kauz). For the characteristics of the percentage of inactive tillers, the number of spikes of the
plant, the number of grains of the spike, the weight of 1000 grains, the yield of the individual plant, and the
parent (Site Mall) for the characteristics of the number of spikes of the plant, the number of grains of the spike,
the yield of the individual plant, the percentage of infected spikes, the percentage of infected grains and the
average weight of the gall The following hybrids (Kauz x Abu Ghraib and Clack x Abu Ghraib and Milan x
Abu Ghraib and Site Mall x Kauz and Flurka x Kauz and Clack x Oasis and Milan x Oasis and Sham 6 x Site
Mall and Hidab x Flurka and Iba 99 x Flurka and Hidab x clack and Sham 6 x clack and Hidab x Milan and Iba
99 x Milan and Sham 6 x Iba 99), in most of the studied traits of the combining special ability, the traits are the
percentage of inactive tillers, the number of spikes of the plant, the weight of 1000 grains and the yield of the
individual plant. It was with additional variance higher than the dominance, as it was found that there is partial
dominance, the heritability in the narrow sense was high for the characteristics of the percentage of inactive
tillers, the number of spikes of the plant, the weight of 1000 grains and the yield of the individual plant, and its
value ranged from 0.51 to 0.65, while the trait of the number of grains was recorded The spike, the percentage
of infected spikes, the percentage of infected grains, and the average gall weight (mg), heritability ranged from
0.37 to 0.46. The expected genetic improvement as a percentage was high for all studied traits except for the
number of spike grains and the weight of 1000 grains. The average genetic improvement was 21.73 and
27.66%, respectively.

Study was carried out to evaluate weed on faba bean genotypes yield ( Akuadcye , Flip 17-08FB, FLI17 – 072 FB and Fido) under different levels of Challenge herbicide (0.0 , 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 Lha-1 )
during winter season 2020-2021 at experimental station /Duhok University. The factorial experiment was carried out with Randomize Complete Block Designin three replications
The results showed that the Challenge herbicide levels reduce the number of Monocotyledon and
Dicotyledonous weeds. Also, the results presented significant effect of genotypes, challenge levels and genotypes x genotypes levels interaction. The interaction between Fido-2Lh-1 significant effect on plant height (63.83 cm), first pod height (23.83 cm) , number of main branches per plant (4.48), number of pods per plant (18.15) , 100 seed weight (122.18 g) and total yield 2682 kg ha-1 which could be to the effect at rate 2Lha-1 in reducing Monocotyledon and Dicotyledon weeds .

The experiment was conducted in one of the agricultural fields in Rashidiya area in Mosul governorate in the fall season 2021-2022, and the process of planting seeds for the Arizona potato variety was conducted on 4/9/2021 in which the fertilization process with urea was used. The study included fertilizer injection systems (once and twice) and compared four injection rates Fertilizer (0, 240, 320 and 400) kg/ha, type of fertilizer (dry, liquid) and its effect on (leaf area, dry matter weight of vegetative mass, average tuber weight, net profit). ) and with three replications and the averages were compared using Duncan's test for all limits at the 5% probability level. The results showed the highest leaf area at the injection rates of 400 kg/ha at 49.18 cm2, while it gave the lowest leaf area when the comparison treatment (Control) was 30.55 cm2, while it achieved the highest leaf area when dry manure when scattered (twice) an area of 37.59 cm2 and it gave the leaf area when scattered ( once) of 35.47 cm2. While the dry weight of the vegetative group achieved the highest weight of 58.67 g, and the control treatment gave the average injection rates 30 g. In the dry manure, the highest weight of the dry matter of the vegetative group was 51 g/plant when scattered (twice), while it gave the lowest dry weight of the vegetative group at ( once) 45.67 g/plant. The results showed that there were slight significant differences in the tuber weight rate, as the comparison treatment (Control) gave the average tuber weight injection rates of 0.14 kg / plant, while the average injection rates achieved the tuber weight rate of 0.15 kilograms / plant. As for the dry manure, there is no significant difference in The average tuber weight was 0.15 kg/plant for each sprouting (once and twice). The results achieved at average injection rates the highest net profit 28195256.67 d/ha, while the lowest net profit at the treatment (Control) gave 11330220.00 dinars/ha. As for the dry manure, there was no significant difference in the net profit characteristic, it gave the net profit 18451886.67 and 19398833.33 dinars/ ha for both scattering (once and twice) respectively.

The results of the field survey showed that when the head blight disease was investigated on barley for the barley cultivation areas in the governorates of Salah al-Din and Nineveh, the disease spread in varying proportions, the number of fields affected by the disease (examination appearance) 17 fields out of 21 fields included in the survey process, and the infection rate in the fields ranged between 3.2 - 4.7 %, with an average of 2.9 %, and a severity of infection ranging between 0.3 - 0.9 %, and an average of 0.7%. The data related to the percentages of isolates from ears and barley plants showed a higher frequency of appearance of spp Fusarium species compared to isolates of other fungi. The highest frequency of appearance of F. graminearum reached 20% of the adult plant and 35% of the ears were followed by F. culmorum with a rate of approximately 15% of the plants And 20% of the spikes, followed by the type F. poae with 15% of the plants and 10% of the spikes, and other genera appeared with the fungul Fusarium spp in the emergence and the highest percentage of the appearance of the fungus Alternaria spp and by 25% on the adult plants and 20% on the spikes Then the fungus Aspergillus spp followed with a percentage of 5% on adult plants and 10% on spikes, and Helminthosporum spp with 5% on adult plants, while it appeared on spikes by 10%. After purification of the colonies, we noticed the presence of colonies of white color in general with a pink color, which changed with the age of the colony to brown, forming a fungal pillow with limited formation when growing on the middle of the Carnation Leaf Agar (CLA) leaves. The inverted plate was pale orange in color. Also, Macroconidia spores appeared under the microscope, curved and thin on its dorsal side, and the spores were thin, with thick walls, of medium lengths, and curved or straight on their ventral side, their basal cell distinct and the apical almost tapering. The number of septa in large spores ranged between 3 to 7 septa. Chlamydial spores of fungi are different in their composition, and the slow-forming spores are often the most common ones that form on large conidia, as they were formed in the mycelium single with dimensions between 10-12 micrometers. Colonies of `red color tend to brown and Macrocondia strong and somewhat short and surrounded by thick walls, the dorsal side is relatively curved, and the ventral side is almost straight. clove. Conidia runners are branched on mycelium of mushrooms that assemble and form the pillow-shaped Sporodochium. The shape is oval and tends to be spherical. It is characterized by Chlamydia spores, which are formed between the cells of the mycelium of the fungus or on both ends. Its texture is soft to rough, and the dimensions range from 9-13 micrometers, and they are singly or aggregated, giving the form of chains. Molecular diagnosis of the fungal isolates that caused head blight in barley fields, F. graminearum and F. culmorum, was confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology by using a pair of specialized primers to detect genes in the internal transcribed spacer ( ITS) ITS in which the forward initiator (ITS1 F: 5′- TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3′) and the reverse initiator (ITS4 R: 5′ TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′) were used. The results of electro-migration analysis using 2% agarose showed that a band of size 544 base pairs appeared, which is the size that was expected at which the specialized primers appear for detection. Because the initiators are located within the genetic makeup of F.graminearum and F. culmorum. It is finally confirmed that the two isolates of mushrooms that were diagnosed by phenotypic diagnosis on culture media belong to the two fungi mentioned above

The results of serological diagnosis using TAS-ELISA test showed presence of cucumber mosaic virus in samples brought from the cucumber fields. Using systemic inducing resistance agents Azospirillum brasilense, Trichoderma harzianum T-22 , and their mixture improved pepper vegetative parameters. Seedlings treatment with A. brasilense improved in shoot, root wet and dry weight 14.32 , 4.11, 16.48 and 5.43 gm respectively, while it were 9.48 ,2.75,14.89 and 3.72 gm, respectively, in control treatment. The amount of chlorophyll was 2.065 mg. g-1 wet weight, while it was 1.183( mg. g-1 wet weight-1) in control treatment. leaf area was 133.17cm2, while it was 95.51 cm2 control treatment. Pepper seedlings treatment with A. brasilense caused raising in peroxidase enzyme activity, polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity and total phenols after thirty days of treatment with the virus.Pepper seedlings treatment raising in peroxidase enzyme activity with 285.85(unit.min-1.g wet weight-1), while it was 107.42(unit.min-1.g wet weight-1) in control treatment. In polyphenol oxidase enzyme activity it was 286.32 (unit.min-1.g wet weight-1)100.98 respectively (unit.min-1.g wet weight-1) in control treatment .The highest amount of total phenols was recorded in pepper seedling treated with mixture of T. harzianum T-22 and A. brasilense with 3.07 (mg-1.g ww-1) while it was 1.15 (unit.min-1.g wet weight-1) in control treatment .

The result of serological diagnosis using TAS-ELISA test showed presence of cucumber mosaic virus in samples of squash plant from the fields in Mosul city. pepper seeds treated with Trichoderma harizanum T-22 and Azospirillum brasilense caused an increase in peroxidase enzyme, polyphenol oxidase enzymes activity and phenol content in plants infected with cucumber mosaic virus. Where the highest values of increasing activity were recorded. peroxidase on the thirtieth day after infection with the virus in T. harizanum T-22 treatment with 474.21 (unit. min.g wet weight-1) while the activity of the enzyme was 161.4 (unit. .min.g wet weight-1) in control treatment . mixture of A.brasilense and T.harizanum T-22 treatment showed the highest level of polyphenol oxidase activity with 345.37 (unit. min.g wet weight-1) after thirty days of treatment. In control treatment plants, the enzyme activity was 127.1 (unit. min.g wet weight-1) .
The highest amount of total phenols was recorded in mixture of A.brasilense and T.harizanum T-22 treatment with 1.35(mg.g wet weight-1), while the lowest amount was 0.85 (mg.g wet weight-1) in control treatment ..

The research was carried out in the Agricultural Technical College / Mosul during the agricultural season (2021-2022) in plastic anvils with a height of 30 cm and a diameter of 30 cm, and according to the system of global experiments and with a complete random design and with two factors, the first factor is the stages of spraying the herbicide and at three levels (early growth stage, tillers stage, batting stage) , The second factor was concentrations of the herbicide at four levels (zero, 200, 300, 400) g/ha and three replications. The results showed that the early spraying of the herbicide had a significant effect on most of the studied traits, and that the increase in the concentration of the herbicide affected the weed plants and decreased the number of their weeds and significantly, and that the low concentration significantly outperformed the number of wheat plants and in the area of the flag leaf. And that the interaction between all the spraying stages of the herbicide and the high concentration caused the killing of all the weed plants, and it reduced the number of the weed tillers until it reached (1.33) tiller when the interaction between the spraying of the herbicide in the lining stage and the high concentration. The interaction between spraying the herbicide in the early growth stage and the low concentration of the herbicide achieved a significant superiority in the number of tillers of wheat crop plants and the area of the flag leaf.

The results of serological diagnosis by using DAS-ELISA test on the potato plants showed the presence potato virus M (PVM), in terms of the yellow colour that appeared in the positive pits, and through the absorbance readings of the spectrometer recorded the highest value in the Sherikhan samples, which reached 2.480, while its less value in Wana was 0.799 nm. the frequency of the virus in the Rabia was 42.1%, while the frequency of the virus in the Wana was 27.7%.
Statgraphics 18 program was used with Kriging analysis to predict the probability of distribution of potato virus M and to determine the nature of its spread in the potato field in Al-Fadiliyah area by the visiting aphids (noncolonizing) and the resident aphids (colonizing). where it reached 58%, while the infection rate increased in the second and third trimesters by 45% and 43%, respectively.the spread of infections was random in the field, which indicates the role of aphids in as a vectors, whether it was the visiting aphids and the resident aphids. The spread of the virus has been associated with the insects that carry it in the field and the occurrence of secondary infections during the growing season, especially that the results of diagnosing aphids caught by The yellow sticky traps has two species of aphids, which are Myzus persica and Aphis fabae, the first species considered a visitor to the field first and other turns into a colonizid because it prefers to potatoes, while the other species is a visitor but non colonizid the field.

Three species of aphids on potato, Myzus persica , Aphis gossypii and Aphis fabae Were identified based on morphological and confirmed in the Museum of Natural History/ University of baghdad Potato virus M (PVM) was diagnosed by DAS-ELISA test on potato samples, in terms of the yellow color that appeared in the pits of the positive samples.
The results of laboratory results showed that the aphids are efficient in transport the Potato virus M with an acquisition feeding time ranging between 10-30 seconds.
Two insects/plant are low efficient to transmit the virus then the infection rate increased with the increase in the number of insects feeding on each plant, and the optimum number was 8 insects/plant.While M.persica excelled in transmitting the virus with an efficiency of up to 100%, with an acquisition time of 30 seconds. and Aphis gossypii it was efficient in transmitting at the acquisition time of 10 and 30 seconds. Whereas, Aphis fabae recorded the best transmission efficiency at a 30-second acquisition feeding time.