Tikrit Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

The effect of oxytocin were studied as astimulating factor on ovulation, In this study
30 female mice were carried out on 2-3 months,old with 24-30 g weight, They were
distributed of two,groups the control and,experimental, The white mice in
experimental,group were injected with adose of 10 IU/g of oxytocin at proestrus
phase. The results showed that the pregnancy ratio in the experimental group was
about 64% and the born ratio was about 59% which were higher than the control
group and the weight of newborn pups was more than the control. Histologically, In
the ovarian section there was more follicles in different stages development in
experimental group when the endometrium of uterus was thicker than the control and
about the mammary gland section there was increased in alveolar surface area, In
addition the results showed that oxytocin affected on placenta, It appears larger and
thicker in the cross sections for experimental group

Background : Allergic rhinitis is a common allergic disease worldwide. To date there
was no curable treatment. Study design: Double blind placebo controlled clinical
trial. Patients and Methods: Ephedramine was evaluated as treatment for allergic
rhinitis. One hundred and twenty subjects were included in the study. The patients
was divided into two groups (A) and (B), given either placebo or ephedramine
(acombination of pseudoephedrine HCl 60mg plus chlorpheneramine maleate 2.5
mg). The drug was given twice daily for subsequent four weeks. Patients with
allergic rhinitis and associated conditions were involved in the study. Results: Our
patients demonstrate a very well response to ephedramine; 44.8% had complete
remission from congestion at the end of trial while 78.8% had remission from
Rhinorrhoea, 71.1% remitted from sneezing and 80.4% had complete remission from
pruritus. The corresponding values in placebo group were 31.5%, 31.5%, 17.8% and
31.4% respectively. Side effects of ephedramine include headache (32.7%), dizziness
(27.7%), and dry mouth (21.8%). The same above side effects were reported in
placebo group, but with lower frequency. Conclusion: Ephedramine was effective as
treatment for allergic rhinitis and associated conditions with non significant side
effects and minimized antihistamine effect of chlorpheneramine maleate by -
adrenergic effect of pseudoephedrine

Introduction: Over the counter medicines are effective and safe remedies that can be used
without a prescription and their usage by students has been increased worldwide due to stress
of exams and work pressure. Aim: To compare the knowledge and usage of these medicines
by students and to analyze the role of pharmacists in the practice of these drugs. Materials
and Methods: 450 students from 9 different colleges in Tikrit University were participated in
this cross sectional descriptive study. They were grouped into three groups; medical colleges
group, scientific colleges group, and literary colleges group with 150 students in each group.
Study was questionnaire based, and the results were analyzed by descriptive statistical
methods. Results: Only 330 students were preferred to use these medications and the
preference was high among medical colleges' students. The remaining students were
excluded. Popularity and adequate efficacy of these drugs were the main reasons for the
preference of these medications that were utilized in the treatment of minor conditions. Also
57.6% of students were usually followed the pharmacist's advice regarding the appropriate
choice of preferred drug, while the remaining were followed physician's advice. Two thirds of
students received full instructions regarding the use of preferred drug from the pharmacist and
52.1% of students were usually followed these instructions, while the remaining did not trust
on pharmacist's instruction and followed specific drug's leaflet instructions. Conclusions:
Over the counter medicines were widely practiced among students and tended to be higher in
students with a higher medical education. Students had an adequate knowledge regarding
safety and efficacy of these medications. Pharmacists play key role in advising and educating
consumers on the correct use of these drugs. However, they must improve their clinical
knowledge and skills.

Background: Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) or chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the state which results
from a permanent and usually progressive reduction in renal function and leads to many complications
over a period of time. The most common complications include cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and
peripheral vascular diseases. Most common causes of CRF are diabetes mellitus (diabetic nephropathy)
and hypertention. Adipose tissue is now considered as an active endocrine gland secretes many
metabolically active adipocytokines such as chemerin, visfatin, resistin and others that have important
roles in complications and progression of metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and other diseases
like CRF and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate serum chemerin
level and other biochemical and clinical markers in non-diabetic hemodialized patients, to determine the
risk of CVD in non diabetic hemodialyzed patients. Materials and methods: This study was conducted
for a sample composed of 50 patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) or on hemodialysis (HD) and a
control group consists of 50 apparently normal healthy subjects. Estimation of serum chemerin level by
ELIZA, lipid profile, Blood urea, serum creatinine, serum albumin, serum electrolytes, serum uric acid
and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) were done for both patients and control. Body mass index (BMI) and
glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were calculated for both patients and control. Atherogenic index, CAD
risk %, were also calculated for both HD patients and control. Results: The results of this study showed
that the level of serum chemerin was significantly increased in CKD patients on hemodialysis compared
to control. Blood urea, creatinine , TG, T-C, LDL-C,VLDL-C, MDA, uric acid, K+, BMI and atherogenic
index of plasma (AIP) levels were significantly increased in diabetic nephropathy patients compared to
control, while, HDL-C, CAD risk %, Na+, Ca+2, PCV%, Hb and albumin levels were significantly
decreased in ESRD patients compared to control. There was a non- significant difference of blood
glucose for HD patients and control.

Aspirin and ibuprofen are aryl acids of nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs with good
analgesic. For reducing the gastrointestinal toxicity associated with presence free carboxylic
acid functional group in aspirin and ibuprofen, therefore the present work is aimed to
synthesize a novel ester prodrugs of these two drugs. These two novel prodrugs were prepared
by the reaction of aspirin or ibuprofen acid chloride with 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-α-Dglucofuranose,
then deprotection of ester prodrug of aspirin was also accomplished using 70%
acetic acid. The purity of the synthesized compounds was established by (TLC), column
chromatography, while their structures were confirmed by (FT-IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR). Then
36 rabbits has been obtained and divided to six groups to show the bioavailability of the
prepared prodrugs at some biochemical parameters and compared with the parent drugs and
control group. Statistical analysis revealed significant increases in the levels of creatine
kinase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine amino transferase,
glutathione, malondialdehyde, creatinine, uric acid, concentration of Cu, and significant
decreases in the levels of choline esteras, total protein, Zn concentration, while the results
showed no significant increases in the activity of lactate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase
and no significant decreases in the levels of albumin, globulin, and iron concentration for the
prepared prodrugs compared with the control group. Finally, to ensure the release of parent
drugs(aspirin or ibuprofen), hydrolytic studies of the ester prodrugs were obtained at different
pH (2, 4, 10 and 12) at 25οC, the results showed that the hydrolysis at basic pH were faster
than acidic pH, so it means that the most hydrolysis will obtain at intestine not at stomach.
Keywords: Prodrug, Aspirin, Ibuprofen, NSAID

Background: Psoriasis is a common disease with the population prevalence ranging from 2%
to 3%. Its prevalence in the population is affected by genetic, environmental. Psoriasis is
associated with an atherogenic lipid profile but longitudinal changes in lipids around disease
onset are unknown. Because of the wide range of comorbid conditions associated with
psoriasis, comprehensive screening and treatment must be implemented to most effectively
manage psoriasis patients. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of type of treatment
(methotrexate & retinoid) on serum lipid profiles for psoriatic patients. Methods: Compared
the changes in lipid profiles in a psoriatic 50 patient , 20 of them as a control group never take
a treatment, 15 psoriatic patient treated by methotrexate, and 15 psoriatic patient treated by
retinoid. All lipid measures index data were abstracted. Random-effects models adjusting for
age, sex and calendar year were used to examine trends in lipid profiles. Result: Decrease
serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, and high density lipoprotein in psoriatic
patient on methotrexate, while increase triglyceride level with systemic retinoid. Conclusions:
Psoriatic patients could be considered as a group with an increased atherosclerotic risk because
of susceptibility in lipid profile

Background: High serum uric acid level is common in hypertension and it may be correlated
with left ventricular hypertrophy. The frequency of hyperuricemia is not previously well
investigated in Erbil city. Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the
frequency of hyperuricemia and the association between serum uric acid levels and left
ventricular hypertrophy in a group of hypertensive patients in Erbil-Iraq. Patients and methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted in Rizgary teaching hospital between September 2015
and September 2016. A total of 150 consecutive adult patients presenting with primary
hypertension were included. Based on the results of the echocardiography, the patients were
classified into two groups; Group I (patients with left ventricular hypertrophy) and Group II
(patients with non- left ventricular hypertrophy). The effects of high serum uric acid level on left
ventricular mass and geometry were evaluated in both groups. Results: High serum uric acid
level was present in 38 patients (25.3%). Based on the results of echocardiographic examination,
left ventricular hypertrophy was present in 78 patients (52%), 25 of them (32 %) had
hyperuricemia. The mean of serum uric acid level, means of age, systolic blood pressure,
diastolic blood pressure and lipid profile significantly higher in group I patients compared to
those in group II patients. Regarding echocardiographic parameters, There were significantly
higher in hyperuricemic patients compared to patients without hyperuricemia the means of
interventricular septal thickness, left atrium and left ventricular mass. Conclusions: In this study,
high serum uric acid level was common in hypertensive patients and it was positively associated
with left ventricular hypertrophy and dyslipidemia.

This study was performed to know the effect of contraceptive pill on the thyroid
hormone triiodothyronine, thyroxin, and thyroid stimulating hormone, and lipid
profile, (total cholesterol, triglyceride, and, high density lipoprotein). Blood samples
were collected from 60 women's at the midcycle which divided to two groups, group
(A) consist of 30 women taking combined oral contraceptive more than one year. and
group (B) which consists 30 women never take oral contraceptive and considered as
control group. The age of these women varies from 20 to 35 years. The results of the
current study showed that the levels of triiodothyronin and thyroxin were
significantly higher among women taking combined contraceptive compared to
control group, while the TSH level was significantly lower in group A although it
was in the normal range, comparative with control group. The level of triglyceride
and total cholesterol were significantly higher in women of group (A) comparative
with control group (B), and the HDL level was significantly lower among combined
contraceptive users compared to control group.

o assess the role of enriched constituents forming Soran M medium in selective
isolation of antibiotic producing actinomycetes, six soil samples were collected in
November 2016 from different sites in Soran, Erbil, Iraq. To culture soil samples spreadplate
technique was used on Soran M and standard medium such as Arginine Glycerol
Salt agar. Preliminary screening was done using cross-streak method against four
bacterial pathogenic strains and Candida albicans. Nine isolates from total 40
actinomycetes isolates showed antimicrobial activities against pathogens. The
morphological and cultural characterization of these isolates was performed and showed
that 3 isolates belonged to the genus Nocardia while the others belonged to Streptomyces.
The potential strain MB3 with both broad spectrum antibacterial and antifungal activity
was isolated on both media but showed different abilities to produce antibiotics. It was
identified as Streptomyces sp. Findings from this investigation revealed that nutrient
media with different composition affect the isolation of antibiotic producing
actinomycetes with different activities.

The present study demonstrated the morphological changes and histological lesions in the liver of albino
mice Mus musculus induced per oral infection of (Shigella flexneri). The aim of the study is to assess
treatment by used camel milk and antibiotic Ciprofloxacin and the effect of camel milk and antibiotic on
infected organs. Also study the inhibition efficacy of milk in vivo. The study tested sensitive of Shigella
flexneri toward group from antibiotics, the results showed that the bacteria sensitive for (Ciprofloxacin,
Neomycin, Amikacin) and resistance for (Ampicillin, Cefixin, Clindamycin, Vancomycin, Tetracyclin,
Erythomycin, Ceftriaxone). Also test the inhibition efficacy of camel milk toward this bacteria and
obvious that this bacteria very sensitive for camel milk. The present study used 32 mice that divide
randomly to eight groups (each group consist 4 mice), the first group was control group administrated
only normal diet and water, the second group administrated lethal dose for 50% of animals, the third
group administrated infected dose from bacteria, but (3, 4, 5, 6, 7) groups administrated infected dose
from bacteria and treated with camel milk with doses (0.25, 0.5, 1 ml and with ad libitum), the eighth
group administrated infected dose from bacteria and treated with antibiotic (concentration 0.125 mg/ kg).
The microscopic examination showed many lesions in liver for groups that treated with lethal and
infected dose from Shigella flexneri. This lesion appeared as vacuolated and focal necrosis of
hepatocytes, hemorrhage and congestion was appeared, infiltration of inflammatory cells between
hepatocytes. This lesions appeared more sever in the groups administrated with lethal dose. The
histological lesions in groups that administrated with bacteria and treatment with camel milk presented
enhancement in the arrangement of hepatocytes and less necrosis, degeneration, hemorrhage and
infiltration of inflammatory cells especially in the groups which was treated with open dose of camel
milk. The group which was treated with antibiotic alone, microscopic examination showed enhancement
in liver compared with groups that administrated with lethal and infected dose but that less efficiency
compared with camel milk

this has made the need for continuous detection of diverse resources ,especially from natural
sources in the treatment of human diseases. The current study employs Aspergillus niger for the
formation of of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles, and it involves the antimicrobial activity of the
particles against some of uncommon bacterial species which include Gram positive Aeromonas
salmonicida, Kocuria rosea and Alloiococcus otitis and Gram negative Acinatobacter
calcoaceticus, Pantoea agglomerans and Ochrobactrum anthropic by agar wells diffusion
method. The results were indicated that biosynthesized of MgO NPs were found as extracellular
and it was appear in the range of size 40-90 nm through characterization technique such as
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and assurance by UV-Visible spectroscopy for the
absorbance band at 258 nm, The results revealed that MgO NPs is an effective antibacterial agent
against Gram positive Aeromonas salmonicida , Kocuria rosea and Alloiococcus otitis and the
zone inhibition diameter was at 20,19 and23 mm respectively compared with inhibition effects of
ciprofloxacin antibiotics at 18, 17and 20 mm respectively. while against Gram negative
Acinatobacter calcoaceticus, Pantoea agglomerans and Ochrobactrum anthropic bacteria was
at 18,20,19 mm respectively, compared with inhibition effects of ciprofloxacin antibiotics at 16,
20 and 15 mm respectively.

Two simple and sensitive Vis spectrophotometric methods were developed for the determination
of paracetamol and compared with the specific and rapid UV spectrophotometric method at
243nm for the simultaneous quantification in standard solutions and tablets. The first method
involves determination of paracetamol by using a vanaline as a reagent in the presence of 1M
HCl to produce a stable yellow- orange color Schiff base absorbs at 392 nm after fraction of it
by 4M H2SO4.The second method involves using alkaline potassium permanganate as an
oxidizing agent produucing a stable blue-green color absorbs at 606 nm after fraction of it by 4M
Na0H ,The paracetamol pKa value (9.537) was calculated from absorbance measurement at
particular wave length in acidic, basic and buffer solution (pH=9) the result approch to the true
value.