Journal of Kerbala for Agricultural Sciences

The current study's focus is on the different histological features in kidney between these species.There are six mature, healthyanimals for each type, rabbits, separated all of them have been prepared for examination in the animal house at College of Veterinary Medicine, Kerbala University.The animals were euthanized by I.M of diazepam (1 mg/1 kg)with ketamine (20 mg/1 kg). The samples were fixed in (10% ) formalin for 72 hours and dehydrated in alcohols after that, impregnation was done in paraffin. The embedded blocks are cut (7) μ thick and slices stained with (H &E) stain.The histological features of rabbit kidneys were renal corpuscles in cortex region less in number than renal corpuscles in guinea pig. In addition, the renal corpuscles in guinea pig had highly vascularized by glomeruli. The podocytes in guinea pig dense distribution inside of corpuscles. The Proximal tubule lined with simple cuboidal epithelial cells in both species but deferent in activity, the proximal tubules are in guinea pig had high brush border and appearance small in lumen, while in rabbit had large lumen. The Loop of Henle was consisted of the thin limbs.It is clear that feeding the histological results in kidneys of guinea pig its more activity than the kidneys in rabbits.

A factorial experiment was carried out in one of the greenhouses to study the ability of the calendula plants to accumulate and resist growth in soil contaminated with toxic elements and plant treatment using plant extracts and treatment with different proportions of bio-organic aqueous extracts in some root growth indicators. The exper-iment included the use of three factors. The first factor included two types of plant extracts (licorice root and malt grain) in addition to the control treatment, while the second factor was treating the planting soil with two ratios of tea compost (1/5 and 1/10). The third factor was the treatment of Potting soil with the heavy elements copper and lead and their mixture at a concentration of 5 mg kg-1, the experiment applied according R.C.D with three replicate, and each replicate in-cluded 3 experimental units. The results of the study showed a signif-icant impact in the characteristics of the root growth. The intervention treatment (malt extract and a 1/5 ratio of tea compost for calendula plants stressed with two elements lead and copper and those not stressed) had a significant advantage in root length and the number of roots with an average of 39.33 cm and 16.67 roots, respectively. While the interaction treatment (licorice extract not treated with tea compost and stressed with copper) achieved an average of 3.292 gm for the dry weight of the root system, the two triple interaction treat-ments (malt extract, not treated with tea compost and stressed with lead, and treated with licorice extract, not treated with tea compost and stressed with copper) achieved an average of (44.66, 16.320) mg kg soil-1 root content of lead and copper.

The experiment was carried out in the canopy of the Horticulture and Landscape Department - College of Agriculture - University of Kerbala during the spring semester of 2023. The study was implemented as a factorial experiment with a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D.) with three replications. The experiment included two factors: fish emulsion (F), which was added at four concentrations: 0, 1, 2, 3% and added five times every two weeks, while the second factor was vermicompost (V), which was added before transferring the seedlings to the planting pots, at four levels: 0, 25, 50. 100 g pot-1. The results showed that adding fish emulsion had a significant effect on most vegetative growth traits, except for plant height and dry matter percentage, while adding Vermicompost had no significant effect on plant height and chlorophyll content of leaves, while it had a significant effect on the rest of the vegetative growth traits. The results of the intervention treatments between the study factors varied in their influence on the studied traits. The F4V4 intervention treatment gave the highest rate of plant height and number of branches, as it gave 85.16 cm and 32.50 branch plant-1, respectively, while the F2V3 treatment gave the highest rate of stem diameter of 3.127 mm, and F1V3 gave the highest rate of dry matter perce32wesaz2ntage, which gave 20.57%, and F3V3 the highest rate of leaf chlorophyll content, which gave 46.91 mg g-1 fresh weight. It can be concluded from this study that fertilizers resulting from organic waste can be used as fertilization sources for plants and combined with them to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, reduce environmental damage, follow a sustainable agriculture system, and increase the efficiency of fertilizer use.

A field experiment was carried out on February15, 2023 in the Or-chard Development Project / Kerbala Agriculture Directorate, located in the Um Gharagher area / Al-Husseiniyah district / Kerbala gover-norate during the 2023 growing season, with the aim of studying the effect of some micronutrients and spraying with the growth regulator Brassinolide on the chemical content of the Barhi date palm, at the age of 16 years, the experiment was implemented according to a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) in the order of factorial experiments and with three replications. The study included two factors, the first factor was adding some macro- and micro-nutrients at three levels (0, 1000, and 1500 g palm-1), while the second factor included four concentrations of spraying with a regulator. Growth Brassinolide (0.0, 0.3, 0.6 and 0.8 mg L-1). The results showed that treatment with chemical compound fertilizer at the level of 1500 g palm-1, significantly affected the chemical content of the leaves by giving them the highest average content of chlorophyll, carbohydrates, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and iron (0.893 mg g-1, 12.129%, 1.001%, 0.464%, 1.303% and 168.720 mg kg-1 respectively), while the spraying treat-ment with brassinolide at a concentration of 0.8 mg L-1 recorded the highest average leaf content of chlorophyll, carbohydrates, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and iron (0.943 mg L-1, 12.420%, 1.066%, 0.497%, 1.366% and 171.880 mg kg-1, respectively). As for the inter-action between the two factors, it was noted that the treatment (1500 g palm-1 + 0.8 mg L-1) was superior by giving it the highest average for all the traits under study.

This research aimed to study yogurt, to which an aqueous extract of the medicinal and aromatic plant (mint) was added to manufacture a new dairy product to improve and treat many different digestive system problems. They were using the lactic acid bacteria (Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus). The yogurt product was manufactured by adding an aqueous extract of mint with three concentrations of (1%), (2.5%), and (4%) (v/v) mint, and they were represented by N1, N2, and N3 treatments, respectively, as well as the control (C) treatment in which the yogurt was pre-pared without any addition. The treatments were stored for 21 days at (5±1)°C. The physicochemical and rheological properties were studied, which included measurement (pH, total acidity, viscosity, syneresis, and hardness), microbiological tests, as well as sensory evaluation on the first day of manufacture and after 7, 14, and 21 days of cold storage. The results showed no significant differences in the values of pH and total acidity, While significant differences were found in the values of syneresis, viscosity, and hardness. It was also observed that the numbers of starter bacteria varied for all treatments immediately after manufacturing, but during storage, a gradual decrease in their numbers was observed for all treatments, and the N3 treatment recorded the highest numbers of starter bacteria compared to the other treatments. Also, the results showed superiority of N2 and N3 treatments in the sensory evaluation of flavor, taste, texture and general acceptance.

This study was conducted to evaluate the bioactivity of wild chamomile (Matricaria chamomile L.), in response to different elevations flower samples at full blooming. The analysis of chamomile flower essential oils (EOs) through GC-MS identified the predominant abundance of terpenoids including Bisabolol oxides, farnesene, and Azulen, constituting 61.765% of the identified compounds across various locations. The highest concentration was 74.554% out of the total components observed at Kanipanka, while it was the minimum (16.414%) at the Qaradagh location. Oppositely the highest concentration of Farnasene was observed at the Qaradagh location, while the lowest concentration occurred with the essential oil of Kanipanka.α-Bisabolol oxide A% dominates, except in the Qara Dagh location. The best antioxidant concentration was found in Sharbazher essential oil. The essential oil in Sharbazher significantly shows the highest inhibition capacity (IC%). The stronger IC50% value was 64.645 µg mL-1, recorded at the Qara Dagh location. The disc diffusion assay revealed that the activity of chamomile essential oil at various locations significantly affected the death of most bacterial strains (Gram-negative and Gram-positive). Chamomile EOs from the Kanipanka location recorded maximum antibacterial activity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Penjween EOs observed the maximum antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus haemolyticus, while a high level inhibition zone (IZ) against Enterococcus faecalis was observed in Bakrajo. The finding revealed that the highest MIC and MBC against Pseudomonas aeruginosa were achieved with the concentration of 2.5 µg mL-1 of Kanipanka EOs.

This study was conducted to determine the role of azotobacter bac-teria and nitrogen fertilizer in the growth and yield of two hybrids of chilli pepper. The experiment included two factors: the first fac-tor was two hybrids of chilli pepper (Barbarian and Hyffa), while the second factor was the fertilizer treatments, which consisted of eight treatments: the controle treatment, spraying with distilled wa-ter (T1), inoculation with the Azotobacter biofertilizer (T2), spray-ing urea fertilizer at a concentration of 150 mgl-1 (T3), spray urea fertilizer at a concentration of 300 mgl-1 (T4), spray urea fertilizer at a concentration of 450 mgl-1 (T5), Azotobacter + spraying urea fer-tilizer at a concentration of 150 mgl-1 (T6), Azotobacter + spraying urea fertilizer at a concentration of 300 mgl-1 (T7), and Azotobacter + spraying urea fertilizer at a concentration of 450 mgl-1 (T8). The experiment carried out according to a split plot system design with-in a randomized complete block design(RCBD) with three replica-tions. The first factor (hybrid) placed in the main plots and the sec-ond factor (fertilizer treatments) was placed in the sub-plots. The means compared according to the least significant difference test. (L.S.D) at a probability level of 5%. The results can summarized as follows: The interaction treatment between the fertilizer treatments and the chilli pepper hybrid (T8×Barbarian) showed sig-nificant superiority in most of the studied indicators compared to the other interaction treatments and gave the highest values in the percentage of elements in the leaves: Nitrogen (3.021%), Phospho-rus (0.567%), Potassium (3.791%). It excelled in indicators of veg-etative growth and chlorophyll content in leaves (362.1 mg 100 g - 1 fresh weight). It also excelled in quantitative indicators of yield rep-resented by fruit weight (33.66 g), number of fruits (34.16 fruits Plant-1), and plant yield (1.149 kg plant-1), and it also excelled in the qualitative indicators of the fruits and their vitamin C content (121.3 mg 100 g-1 ).

An experiment was conducted under plastic shades set up for this purpose in the almussaib city (45 km north of Babil province) Dur-ing the period from April 1, 2023, to November 15, 2023 to im-prove biochemical indicators for chrysanthemum plants Min-ngopher variety with red flowers, the experiment include three fac-tors the first factor different percentages of visible light blocking (50 ,75) % representation of the second factor treating plants with three Irrigation Intervals (daily, every 24 hours, and every 48 hours) as for the third factor spraying plants with many concentra-tions of free amino acids (0, 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00) mg L-1, a factorial experiment applied using a Randomized Complete Blocks Design with three replicates per treatment. Each replicate contained three pots, with one plant. The results showed the study factors have sig-nificant impact of the studied qualities, the interaction (75% shad-ing, daily irrigation, and a concentration of 150 mg L-1) give signif-icant impact in the chlorophyll content of the leaves (44.45 SPAD) while achieved the triple interaction treatment (75% shading, daily irrigation, and treatment with a concentration of 200 mg L-1) signif-icant impact in Nitrogen content of the leaves (3.050%) and phos-phorus (0.9027%) and potassium (2.086%) and carbohydrates (29.88%) while for the proline content of the leaves the interactions treatment was impact (50% shading, irrigation every 48 hours and comparative treatment (0.9027 mg g-1) from here we conclude that shading ratios play an important role in reducing the impact of stress intensity humidity and thermal associated with treating plants with free amino acids spraying on vegetative plant.

A field experiment was conducted in one of the experimental fields affiliated to Ibn Al-Bitar Vocational Preparatory School located in Al-Hussainiyah District - Karbala Governorate during the 2023 agricultural season with the aim of studying the impact of adding different concentrations of marine algae extract, balanced fertilizer in the growth qualities, yield and vitamin C in the roselle plant. The experiment was carried out according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with factorial arrangment and three replications. The experiment included two factors. The first factor included spraying with marine algae extract in concentrations ( 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 ml L-1) . The second factor included spraying with balanced fertilizer (NPK) in concentrations (0, 2.5 and 5 ml L-1).The results showed that spraying with marine algae extract (0.75 ml L-1) has a significant superiority in the vegetative growth qualities and vitamin C content of the roselle plant compared to other agile agreements, and the spraying with balanced fertilizer at a concentration of (5 ml L-1) It significantly excelled in all study indicators. The interaction between the two study factors, The spray treatment superiority (0.75 ml L-1) of algae extract with the of balanced fertilizer (5 ml L-1), and gave the highest averages for all the studied qualities., giving the highest Means for all the studied qualities.

In this study, which aimed to determine the preventive effect of Naringenin extracted from citrus aurantifolial on the damage caused by the methotrexate, in which 30 male rats were used, divided into five groups, which were control group dosed with Normal Saline (G1), second group dosed with methotrexate (G2) , third group dosed with Naringenin (15 to 15.5 mg) (G3), four group dosed with methotrexate and active Naringenin (G4) , fifth group dosed with methotrexate and Naringenin nanoparticles (G5) for two months, it was found that significantly increase the level of sex hormones and sperm parameters in G3 , G5 compared to G2 . It was also found that active Naringenin , Naringenin nanoparticles works to repair damage to the tissues of the testicles, epididymis and accessory glands caused by methotrexate the experimental group administered with G3,G4 and G5 had a typical testicular tis-sue shape characterized by tubules. Spermatozoa exhibit an elliptical morphology and are organized in a systematic and orderly fashion. the basement membrane envelops each tubule and contains sperm-generating cells, including dispersed Sertoli cells with triangle nuclei sperm progenitors In conclusion, the results of this article revealed It was found that Naringenin alone and Naringenin nano-particles with the drug gave the best results on the methotrexate -induced male rats reproductive system

Samples of soil irrigated with three types of water: Fresh water (F), wastewater (W), fresh water and wastewater (F1W1, alternative irrigation) were collected at two depths (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm) for two consecutive years. The bulk density, true density, soil total porosity, electrical conductivity, pH, percentage of organic matter, and concentration of phosphorus and potassium were measured. In addition, the length and circumference of paulownia tree trunk were measured, and the protein content of dry and green leaves was estimated. The results showed the differences in the apparent density values, as wastewater irrigation decreases the apparent density and increased the soil total porosity. The results also indicated that there were significant differences in the soil PH between the three treatments, as treated water irrigation decreased the pH and insignificantly increased the soil electrical conductivity. However, there were significant differences when irrigating with wastewater, as the electrical conductivity and organic matter content increased in the soil irrigated with wastewater compared to soil irrigated with fresh water at two depths (0-15cm and 15-30cm). Moreover, the concentrations of phosphorus and potassium increased in the soil irrigated with wastewater and treated water compared to fresh water. Furthermore, there were significant differences in the height of paulownia tree and its trunk circumference when irrigating with treated water compared to wastewater and fresh water. As for the protein content in paulownia leaves, it was observed that there were significant differences when irrigating with wastewater compared to treated water and fresh water. There was high protein content in the dry and green leaves when irrigating with the three types of water, but the highest protein content was for wastewater irrigation.

The experiment was carried out in the vegetable field of the De-partment of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, College of Agriculture, University of Karbala - Al-Husseiniyah District during the fall semester 2023-2024 in sandy soil according to a randomized completely block design (RCBD). The experiment included 19 treatments and three repetitions. Vermicompost tea was added to the soil at three levels (4, 8 and 12) liter ha-1, and humic extract was added at three levels as well (6, 12 and 18) liter ha-1. It was added to the soil in three batches, and three levels of NPK mineral fertilizer (25%, 50%, and75%) of the fertilizer recommendation with com-pared to a treatment to which the full fertilizer recommenda-tion(100%) NPK)Comparison (,was applied in three stages to inves-tigate the impact of vermicompost tea humic acid and mineral ferti-lizer (NPK) on the quality of zucchini squash The results showed a significant effect of the highest concentration of vermicompost tea and mineral fertilizer 75% on the characteristics of fruit length and fruit weight, as treatment F12 excelled by giving it the highest rate of the mentioned characteristics, amounting to 18.90 cm and 210.90 g fruit -1, and treatment F10 recorded the highest rate of fruit num-ber characteristic of 5.63 fruit-1. The results also showed that the F3 treatment was superior in terms of fruit diameter, reaching 4.132 cm. We conclude from this that it is preferable to divide the organic and mineral fertilizers into batches, and it is possible to use quality organic fertilizer with a third of the amount of mineral fertilizer, that is, reducing mineral fertilizers and replacing them with organic fertilizers.

Coxiella burnetii causes Q fever in humans and coxiellosis in animals. It was widely distributed worldwide; the main reservoirs are sheep, goats, and cattle. This study has been conducting to detection C. burnetii in raw milk of cattle (50) milk samples were randomly collected from dairy cattle from different areas of major districts of Karbala Province in interval during the period from November 2023 to April 2024 under aseptic conditions, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed that C. burnetii IS1111 gene abundance was 14% in seropositive animals. This study presents the initial molecular identification of C. burnetii in the province of Karbala, indicating its prevalence among cattle. Further-more, individuals who consume Unpasteurized milk and/or products may have a heightened susceptibility to infection.

The biological efficiency of the parasitoid Apanteles plutellae and the Insect Growth Inhibitor IGR Trigard 75 WP to control the pomegranate fruit worm Ectomyelois ceratoniae(Zell.) was studied. The duration of exposure of the host larvae positively affected the efficiency of the parasite and its biological performance with different exposure durations of 72, 48, and 24 hours. The rate of eggs laid by females also increased directly with increasing time period, as the percentage of larvae infected by the parasite reached 90% at the time period exposure for 72 hours. The number of parasite larvae and pupae produced reached 52.50 and 35.75, respectively, for the same period, while the percentage of infected host larvae was 35.75%. The number of parasite larvae and pupae was 12.00 and 8.0, respectively, at 24-hour exposure period. The IGR Trigard showed a clear effect in the second larval instar, as the rates of cumulative mortality in larvae increased, the duration of the larval instar increased, and the rates of pupation and adult emergence rates decreased with increasing concentrations of the IGR compared to low concentrations. The results showed a direct relationship between the concentration of the IGR Trigard rates with the larvae's mortality, as the highest cumulative mortality rate reached 85.00% after 12 days of treatment at a concentration of 5000ppm. The duration of the larval instar was 4.33 days, the pupation rate was 6.22% at the same concentration, and the emergence rate of adults was 0.00%. As for the effect of the IGR on the fourth larval instar, the highest cumulative mortality rate was 80.00% at the concentration of 5000ppm after 12 days of treatment, which differed significantly from the other treatments, as well as the control treatment, which recorded a mortality rate of 20%. As for the effect on the duration of the fourth larval instar, the results of the statistical analysis indicated that there were no significant differences between the concentrations, and the highest duration was 12.33days, the results of adult emergence were the lowest, 0.00% at the two concentrations of 4000 and 5000 ppm, compared to 90.00% in the control treatment.

A field trial investigated the impact of varying seeding rates; 60 kg ha-1, 80 , 100 , and 120 Kg ha-1 on the growth, forage yield, and yield components of three bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia) varieties (Perper from Serbia, Larnaca, and Tarsan-2). The experiments were conduct-ed during the winter season of 2022-2023 in the Sulaimani gover-norate at Qlyasan locations. A factorial design was employed, and the experiment was arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Mean comparisons were performed using the Duncan test. Results indicate that a seeding rate of 60 Kg ha-1 resulted in optimal plant height (96.644 cm). The parameters Days to 50% flowering and days to maturity reached maximum val-ues of 121.831 and 157.614, respectively, with an 80 Kg ha-1seeding rate. Dry leaf weight peaked at 1.129 g with the same seeding rate. Tarsan-2 exhibited the highest dry leaf weight (1.045 g), while varie-ty number 2 showed the highest dry stem weight (3.746 g). Addi-tionally, a seeding rate of 60 kg/ha combined with variety number 1 yielded the tallest plants (103.800 cm).Tarsan-2, in conjunction with a seeding rate of 120 , demonstrated the longest durations for Days to 50% flowering (127.300 days) and days to maturity (164.240 days), as well as the highest dry leaf weight (4.153 g). The maximum fresh yield was recorded at 24.699 ton/ha and 24.456 ton/ha with seeding rates of 100 Kg ha-1 and 120 Kg ha-1, respectively. Variety number 2, seeded at 60 Kg ha-1, exhibited the highest number of pods per plant (22.110). Conversely, variety number 1, when seeded at a rate of 100 Kg ha-1, yielded the highest 100-seed weight (22.073 g), seed yield (5.801 Mg ha-1), and harvest index (0.326).

This study was conducted to evaluate the protective role of Eruca sativa NPs on the harmful effects of creatine on the testes in male rats. This study used 48 male rats, in two experiments. The first experiment included determining the most effective nano-concentration of watercress extract, while the second experiment included evaluating the role of the nano-extract at the concentration that was chosen based on the results of the first experiment (60 mg/kg) against toxicity resulting from doses of creatine (4 g/kg) for 60 days. This study used 24 adult male rats were randomly as-signed to four groups, with six animals per group, and were treated as follows:(G1) 1 ml of 0.09% physiological solution , (G2) dosed (single dose/day) with nano-extract of Eruca sativa at a concentration of (60 mg/kg) , (G3) The animals were dosed (single dose/day) with creatine monohydrate (4 g/kg), (G4 prevention group) dosed with nano-extract of Eruca sativa (60 mg/kg) followed one hour later by a dose of creatine (4 g/kg) . The results of the study indicated a non significant in Concentration of sperm in the epididymis, Percentage of live sperm ,Percentage of motile sperm , Percentage of normal sperm, LH , FSH and Testosterone in G2 and G4 com-pared to G1. As for the preventive group G4, it recorded a normal results near from control group. it recorded a significant decrease (P<0.05) in Concentration of sperm in the epididymis, Percentage of live sperm ,Percentage of motile sperm , Percentage of normal sperm, LH , FSH and Testosterone in G3 compared to G1 and G2 . The results of the histological examination in G3 showed that there are interstitial spaces between the seminiferous tubules and few sperm in the cavities of the tubules with reduction and disintegration of the interstitial tissue and a lack of Leydig cells and a de-crease in the size of the germinal epithelial cell layer with cell de-generation necrosis of cells lining the tubules compared to G1,G2 and G4. The results of this article revealed the positive effects of Eruca sativa leaf ZnO NPs extract on the adverse effects of creatine-induced testes injury.

This study was aimed to use of plant tissue culture technology to in-duce callus from grapevine Vitisvinifera and stimulate it to increase the production of flavonoids. The study was carried out in two stages after the sterilization process was carried out: The first included estab-lishing callus farms by cultivating cuttings containing a single node after completing their sterilization and cultivating them on MS medi-um containing 2,4-D and BA at different concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3,4) mg L -1and BA in concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4) in independent ex-periments. The second phase included studying the effect of growth regulators on the concentrations of carbohydrates and flavonoids in the callus induced from the first experiment. The results of the study showed the superiority of auxien 2,4-D at a concentration of 2mg L -1as it achieved the highest average fresh and dry weight of callus, reaching (3.32 and 1.03) mg respectively, while BA at a concentra-tion of 0.2 mg L -1 achieved the highest average fresh and dry weight of callus was (1.91 and 0.51) mg respectively. The results also showed that the MS medium prepared with a concentration of 4 mg L -1of 2,4-D was significantly superior in the average concentration of the compounds Hesperdine, Nargnine, Proanthocyanin, and Rutin, reaching (64.94, 62.56, 55.63, and 71.22)% respectively.While the medium prepared with a concentration of 3 mg L -1outperformed 2,4-D achieved the highest concentration of Quercetin compounds reach-ing 75.36% compared to the neutral treatment, which achieved the lowest concentrations. The concentration of 0.4 mg L -1BA achieved the highest concentration of the compounds Hesperdine, Nargnine, Proanthocyanin, Quercetin, and Rutin, reaching (52.65, 49.95, 47.65, 59.92, 56.70)% respectively.

The experiment was conducted at the Qlyasan, which was located in the governorate of Sulaimani-Kurdistan in the northeast of Iraq. An investigation was conducted during the 2022-2023 rabi season to assess the impact of planting dates on flax seed yield and oil content. It is required to precisely determine the design, whether it is a split-plot arrangement within a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was applied. Flax seeds were sown on three different dates: November 25th, December 10th, and December 25th\", while the two cultivars Local and Thorshansity 72 (Polish cultivar) were planted. The characteristics studied in this research included plant height (cm), the number of branches/plant, number of capsules/plant, numbers of seeds/capsule,1000 seed weight (g), seed yield (kg ha-1), oil content (%).The results indicated that variation in sowing dates had a significant impact on all traits of flax cultivar. The results revealed that the first sowing date 25 November surpassed other sowing dates in all characters and produced the highest seed yield and oil content (1.575kg ha-1, 22.89%) respectively and the lowest seed yield and oil content obtained by the last sowing dates. Results showed significant differences among the flax cultivars. the Thorshansity 72 cultivar surpassed to the Local cultivar. Thorshansity 72 cultivar produced the maximum seed yield and oil content (1.520 kg ha-1, 23.03%). The interaction between the two factors under study significantly affected all characters except plant height. The highest seed yields and oil content were (1.637t/ha,24.67%) obtained by Thorsanisity72 cultivar, when sowing in 25 November. To summarize, initiating cultivation early in the season under cond0ucive environmental circumstances emerges as a viable tactic for flax production, leading to elevated yield and oil%.

The experiment was carried out in one of the fields belonging to the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, College of Agriculture, University of Kerbala, Al-Hasaniyya district, on 3/10/ 2023, which is located within latitude 32° north and longitude 44° east in mixed soil. The experiment was implemented according to a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) in the order of working experiments and with three replications. The first factor included two cultivars of beetroot (Local cultivar and Keshtzar cultivar). While the second factor included 9 fertilizer treatments (control, adding boron at a level of 10 kg ha-1, adding boron at a level of 20 kg ha-1, spraying tyrosine at a concentration of 100 mg L-1, spraying tyrosine at a concentration of 150 mg L-1, adding boron at a level of 10 kg ha-1 + spraying tyrosine at a concentration of 100 mg L-1, adding boron at a level of 10 kg ha-1 + spraying tyrosine at a concentration of 150 mg L-1, adding boron at a level of 20 kg ha-1 + spraying tyrosine at a concentration of 100 mg L-1, boron addition at a level of 20 kg ha-1 + spraying of tyrosine at a concentration of 150 mg L-1), they are indicated by symbols (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8 and T9). The results showed that the T9 treatment (boron addition at a level of 20 kg ha-1 + spraying of tyrosine at a concentration of 150 mg L-1) was superior in leaf content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and boron, with averages of (2.770%, 0.5533%, 2.3800% and 41.50 mg kg-1), respectively. The same treatment also excelled in plant height, leaf area, root weight and yield marketing averages of (48.908 cm, 180.90 cm2, 275.8 g plant-1 and 45.34 ton ha-1), respectively. The results also showed that the local variety excelled in the aforementioned traits with averages of (2.071%, 0.3926%, 1.6244%, 30.91 mg kg-1, 53.447 cm, 194.29 cm2, 342.2 g plant-1 and 55.94 ton ha-1). As for the interaction between the factors, it was significant in all the characteristics under study.

The experiment was carried out at the Horticulture station in the Al-Hindiya district / Karbala governorate during the 2023 growing season, using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The study aimed to investigate the response of two orange Cultivars (Blood and Navel) to spraying with the growth regulator brassinolide at three concentrations (0, 0.3 and 0.6 mg L-1) and the addition of organic fertilizer (Humzinc) to the soil at three concentrations (0, 0.5 and 1 g L-1). The results showed the superiority of the Blood Cultivar over the Navel Cultivar in stem length, stem diameter, Leaves number, root length, and root volume, while the Navel Cultivar excelled in leaf area. Treatment with brassinolide at a concentration of 0.6 mg L-1 or the addition of organic fertilizer at a concentration of 1 g L-1 resulted in the highest significant increase in stem length, stem diameter, Leaves number, leaf area, root length, and root volume. Regarding the interactions between study factors, the binary and ternary interactions had a significant effect on improving vegetative and root growth Traits. The ternary interaction treatment (Blood Cultivar + brassinolide 0.6 mg L-1 + 1 g L-1) outperformed by giving the highest average increase in stem length (35.98 cm), stem diameter (7.993 mm), average Leaves number (117.66 leaves seedling-1), root length (120.67 cm), and root volume (52.33 cm3), while the treatment (Navel Cultivar + brassinolide 0.6 mg L-1 + 1 g L-1) significantly excelled in leaf area (38.57 cm2).