Alnoor Journal for Legal Studies

Contracts are the primary tool for achieving economic development in society, with the will of the parties playing a crucial role in organizing the obligations arising from them. However, the principle of freedom of contract is no longer absolute, as state intervention has increased through legislative measures that impose restrictions on the parties' autonomy. Therefore understanding the basis of the binding nature of contracts and the impact of these legislative restrictions during the formation and execution stages is essential. This study highlights this issue and recommends that the Iraqi legislator add a legal provision stating that "the text of the law is the basis of the binding nature of the contract," in order to clarify and eliminate any ambiguity surrounding this matter.

The crime of illicit gain as one of the crimes against the public office has serious negative effects on the national economy, this crime is of a different nature in terms of its perpetrator and in terms of the damage caused by it, in terms of the perpetrator being an employee or entrusted with a public service, he is in most cases at a cultural, scientific and experienced level, or with influence that enables him to commit that crime and hide its features, and the damage caused by it falls directly on public money, causing a weakening The entity and components of the national economy, so the Iraqi legislator did not only organize them within the provisions of crimes against public office in the Penal Code, such as embezzlement, bribery, seizure of public money, usufruct, abuse of influence, and the subsequent crimes, but also allocated special legislation to close all doors and block all ways in front of deviants of employees and those charged with public service, from professionals assaulting public money, aware and predicted of the multiple methods and modern means that have become one of the means of those crimes as well as the result of the authorities that They enjoy it, which provides them with a cover to hide behind or enable them to evade it, and the legislation of illicit gain came to protect the job from every danger in its exploitation and deviation, every legislation issued is issued for the political and social conditions prevailing in the state that require its issuance, the law changes whenever the need and circumstances arise to change it, and modernization comes.

There are obvious damages that can be taken appropriate measures to compensate for them, while there are damages that are not obvious, such as the one we are examining, that affect a human feeling and cause people pain and sadness that have nothing to do with the material aspect, as they result in moral damage and therefore require compensation for this moral damage, especially if the wrongdoer is a specific public administrative body or if these moral damages result from the actions of the administration, so it is necessary to determine the responsibility of the administration for these damages for the purpose of compensating for them according to a set of conditions specific to compensation.

The international organization contains an administrative apparatus, and this administrative apparatus is managed by people called international employees, and these employees work for the international organization and have a complete loyalty for the organization as they entail rights and obligations in return, and they obtain guarantees and privileges from the organization for which they work including international immunity. Such immunity is agreed upon through international treaties and agreements. Therefore, the international employee must achieve the goals that the organization seeks, and in the event that this international employee commits a crime in the land on which he works, then he is subject to criminal responsibility despite his immunity, and he is held accountable in accordance with the principle of regional criminal law and penalties are issued against him, including his expulsion from the organization. This research focused on clarifying the criminal responsibility of the employee in the incidence of committing a crime or an act that conflicts with the organization for which he works for.

Many studies and scientific publications in the modern era are devoted to studying the subject of digital transformation of society and its impact on society. The experiences of several countries، including the European Union countries، have indicated that digital transformation has positive and negative features. Our study focuses on consumer protection in the age of artificial intelligence، which aims to improve services provided to consumers and develop work systems. This study came to clarify the problems resulting from the use of artificial intelligence technology and programs، and to show the suitability of existing laws to meet the challenges imposed by the use of artificial intelligence. Our study also aimed to show the negative effects of the digital transformation of society and to identify the risks and negative consequences of its implementation and its main features، in addition to how to protect the consumer in the digital age، as the study of scientific research helped to identify the classification of risks and the main negative consequences of the digital transformation of society that many countries of the world faced. It has undoubtedly become clear that despite the existence of a set of positive developments such as increasing efficiency and productivity، saving costs، increasing effectiveness and improving quality، and enhancing transparency، accountability، trust and legitimacy that published scientific research has indicated، the negative consequences of the digital transformation of society cannot be ignored. In the end، the study reached several recommendations، the most important of which are: First: Establishing unified platforms instead of individual networks distributed according to areas of activity. Second: Adopting an ethical basis to reduce the negative effects of new technologies. Third: Using the advantages of predictive analytics to ensure the efficiency and effectiveness of policies. Fourth: Also enabling access to data through a legal framework that protects privacy. Finally، we recommend that the Iraqi and Jordanian legislators amend the definition of the electronic intermediary in the Electronic Transactions Law to include all the characteristics of artificial intelligence technologies، and also amend the rules of liability for harmful acts to be able to include artificial intelligence technologies within them.

The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) report issued in November 2023, which presents the challenges and drivers of global food security, indicated that no progress has been made in combating food insecurity in the world,and that hunger and malnutrition rates are still at high levels and far from the right track to achieve the second goal of the Sustainable Development Goals, and that it is expected that approximately 600 million people will suffer from chronic malnutrition by the year 2030, which requires the development of short- and medium-term plans in addition to long-term plans to be able to face the challenges and respond quickly and urgently when necessary.