Bilad Alrafidain Journal of Humanities and Social Science

- The following null hypotheses were developed to achieve the research's goal.
There is no statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the mean
scores of the students of the experimental group who study the subjrct of cell life
according to the ststegy of directed prediction and the mean scores of the controledl
group who study the subject of cell life in traditional way in natural intelligence. The
research was limited to students of the first stage in the College of Education for Pure
Sciences, University of Diyala for the second semester of the academic year (2018-
2019). The researcher has chosen two divisions, one of which was the experimental
group and it included (30) male and female students who studied with the directed
prediction strategy, and the other was the control group, which included (30) male and
female students studied in the traditional way. The researcher prepared the postachievement test for the two groups, also the natural intelligence scale was also
prepared by the researcher as well. The results showed the achievement of the
experimental group has outperformed the control group. Based on the results a number
of conclusions were drawn and a number of recommendations were made

The unprecedented and wide spread of modern technology and its use in
various fields, so that the world has become a small global village, all of this has led
to the emergence of new types of weapons operated by these means. Including, of
course drones, this type of aircraft may be used in humanitarian combat aspects, or in
combat aspects, and what concerns us is the last type, as the actions of these aircraft
may be illegal in many cases, and cause the killing of innocent civilians who did not
participate in hostilities. These aircraft raise many legal problems, related to the extent
to which their actions comply with the provisions of international law. Among them,
the need for the international community to find quick and urgent solutions for
drones, and to rein in countries that invoke the fight against terrorism to carry out
their hostilities outside the framework of armed conflict, as well as the need to
conclude an international agreement to confront the actions of drones and the
targeting of innocent civilians in light of the inadequacy of the rules of international
humanitarian law to confront this type of new weapon

The study of the biography of our master Muhammad (peace be upon him)
is the most attractive topic of historical research to the minds of historians and
modernists since the first century AH until the present time. Therefore, the researcher
aim to shed light on his birth (peace be upon him), his upbringing, his youth, his work
in commerce, his marriage to Lady Khdija the daughter of Khuwaylid ( May Allah be
pleased with her), as well as his social position and the position of his clan among the
Arabs and his role in the alliance of curiosity, then about the prophetic mission and
the beginning of its publicity. The study will also focus on the migration of Muslims
to Abyssinia and an explanation of the effects of the siege imposed by the Quraish on
Banu Hashim and the Muslims, and the year of grief in which his uncle Abu Talib and
his wife Khadija ((May Allah be pleased with her) passed away) died, then his
invitation to the people of Taif, the pledge of allegiance to Aqaba, and the greatmigration of the Messenger (peace be upon him) from Mecca to Medina. At the
conclusion of the research, the researcher concluded that the Messenger Muhammad
(peace and blessings be upon him) chosen by God Almighty, his life was full of
difficulties and calamities, but all this did not deter him from carrying out the news of
the message in the most complete manner, and that his upbringing and youth had a
great impact on the foundation for that, as he was characterized by truthfulness and
honesty and good manners and he attained a distinguished social position and that the
beginning of the great victory of Islam and Muslims is the great migration from
Mecca to Medina, where he established the first state of Islam

As it is known to all that the Iraqi sports clubs are a governmental
institution that receives salaries or grants from the government to contract with
players and to provide the requirements of these clubs, while the clubs in the
developed world pay taxes to the state estimated at millions of dollars annually. Here,
we must try seriously to reduce the depletion of state funds due to the expenditures of
sports clubs, which have become a burden on the state instead of being one of the
economic tributaries of the state that works to increase its annual revenues, as sports
must be transformed from an item of expenses to an item of revenue, and through this
study it turns out that we are still thinking in the traditional , which is predominantly
emotional and the principle that sport is the right of everyone, and sports institutions
must remain available and open to all free of charge. However, after the rapid
development of the sports world and the light of Globalization and the privatization of
some facilities by countries and the success of those experiments on an ascending
basis, it became clear that there is no escaping the privatization of sports and taking
the path of full professionalism from the privatization of assets, management and all
other facilities, because sports have transformed from stadiums to the world of
finance and investment. The privatization of clubs must be accompanied by a parallel
line with the establishment of special sports channels to support sports transparently,
on the best technologies, transfer them in an appropriate manner and promote them in
order to increase the income streams of the clubs, through commercial
advertisements.if the purpose is developing the level of sports in order to get Arab
sports out of the bottleneck and to advance the application of full professionalism, and
transforming clubs into commercial entities

Democracy is the universal demand of the peoples, which struggled for a
long time for this principle, as the democratic system had a leading active role in the
progress of peoples and societies, so it is necessary to formulate laws that regulate the
general voting process, if we mean here democracy in terms of elections, the ruling
authority, and democracy is not limited to elections in general, but rather it is a
thought that has its own laws by which the peoples of the world organize their
thoughts in order to express them that democracy is the freedom of expression of
opinion in a peaceful manner, as its main pillars are freedom of practice, expression
and belief, and these are the laws of democrac

The US-China relations are one of the most important bilateral relations in
our current world, which urges the researcher to investagate the facts to find out the
motives and reasons for this relation ship and the competition between them. The US -
Chinese relations are a paradoxical model, as they combine conflict cooperation at the
same time, as both countries have the elements of strength to play a global economic
role. The international community which witenesses an escalation in the intensity of
the conflict due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 and its impact on economic and
human losses, this study discusses the dimensions, patterns and future of conflict that
previal in the relations between the two side.

The Palestinian issue has constituted a major turning point and a milestone
in the Arab history since its emergence. This is due to its great internal developments,
its continuous events and its external repercussions on the Arab and international
levels. This research discusses the political developments on the Palestinian arena in
the period between 1932 - 1938 and the official and popular Arab reactions to them.
However, Arab reactions to those events during the mentioned period had a great
impact and a decisive factor for most of the events, to the extent that things changed
their course, especially in the Great Palestinian Revolution of 1936. The Arab
reactions varied in their size and effectiveness from one state to another depending on
their circumstances, capabilities, internal political situation and external connections.
Perhaps Iraq is at the forefront of the Arab countries, officially and popularly present
on the Palestinian arena, as the only independent Arab state at that time, not to
mention the nature of the relationship that it had with Britain, the active and decisive
party on the Palestinian arena, followed by Egypt and then other Arab countries

- The agreement concluded between the university professor and the private
colleges or universities is one of the contracts that has sparked widespread
controversy in legal and jurisprudential circles because of the specificity of this
contract that distinguishes it from other contracts concluded between a university
professor and government colleges. What added to the controversy and division was
the direction of appointing the reference, in that it considered the agreement
concluded between the university professor and the private colleges or universities to
be an indefinite contract and not a work contract, and the labor courts are not
competent to hear cases arising from this contract, but the jurisdiction lies with the
initial courts under their general jurisdiction.

- The Iraqi criminal legislator concludes that general texts are not limit to a
specific crime, but they include all crimes that may be issued by people, and defuse
the criminal responsibility on people when the conditions for legalization are fulfilled,
which is due to the performance of duty. Also, the human freedom is not absolute, but
restricted by the laws. Misusing of freedom may be led to commit crimes, as well as,
the people who are in governmental position may commit power abuse which led to
crimes and harms under law protection. Crime is a dangerous social phenomenon
focuses on a person or group of people committing an act of criminal will or
refraining from an act that the law has criminalized and imposed a penalty for.
Performing an obligatory duty negates the prohibited act, its presence and danger, and
turns it into a permissible and legitimate act, because the performance of the duty is
one of the reasons for its permissibility. This was stipulated in the Iraqi Penal Code
No. 111 of 1969 (in force) in Articles 39 and 40 of it. All criminal laws have
acknowledged this and made it clear that the actions that take place as a result of the
performance of duties are permissible, some of which are implicitly stipulated.

Organizational leadership has significant importance in managing
institutions, and this importance has increased with the large spread of institutions and
organizations remarkably, and its keenness on organized institutional work.
Therefore, this concept was dealt by many sciences, such as management science,
social psychology, political sociology and the sociology of organization. It was given
special importance by educational institutions, especially university ones. It also has a
social role and function, and for this reason there are many elements related to it
within the organizations. Organizational and administrative leadership are two
concepts that come close to each other, and both seek to manage the organization,
organize work in it and create a social work environment that helps achieve the goals
of the organization and individuals at the same time. It has multiple types, such as
formal and informal leadership, as well as distinctive features, theories, and elements

The novel is one of the types of literature arts, which was able to impose its
presence in the artistic arena, influencing the rest of the other prose arts. The novel,
since its maturity, has become a thought expressing many important and dominant
issues in human existence, and the place is of great importance in building the novel
because it serves as an engine for human feelings and memory because it brings him
back to his childhood, stirring his emotions and questioning what is contained in his
creative imagination, and the place without any doubt occupies an important position if not The position of the fore, as there is no novel without a place and no place
without it. The main issue is that the elements of the novel such as the character, time
and event are closely related to the element of place, and the place is analyzed
according to these elements because it is they who add to the place its patterns, shape
and movement. To a large extent coherent as well as its suggestive language with a
semantic dimension in the placements. The research relied on the opposite duality
across the patterns of places, and the research included a prelude to linguistic,
idiomatic, philosophical and procedural definitions of the spatial concept. To delve
into the depths of the narrative text and understand it and contribute to the desired
goals of the research. The research included two chapters, and each chapter had two
sections, and each topic had two contradictory pairs, and each duality included the
analysis of two samples of the novel.

: Educational institutions have been keen on acquiring the learner a set of
information and skills that enable him to deal with the rhetorical rules that he
memorized and applied without using them in linguistic performance and rhetorical
ability in general, which generated a clear weakness in the methods of literary
appreciation; The learner has become inclined to direct, clear language and attention
to what is appropriate for thinking about ideas, not thinking about performance or the
eloquent construction of the language. Rhetorical, and there may be another reason which is the separation between literary and rhetorical texts, which is a weak factor in
the teacher’s ability to deliver rhetorical information, detail and explain it poorly,
followed by the weak effective planning factor in teaching rhetorical materials, but
modern learning theories call on the teacher to know the characteristics and
knowledge Behavioral and psychological related to learners, if the mind of the teacher
is able to realize what these theories dealt with, he can develop and use effective skills
and methods in explaining and communicating rhetorical information easily, and from
here modern strategies in teaching try to raise creative levels and encourage a culture
of memory creativity to deal with rhetoric from During tests with short-term goals,
mental abilities are developed according to the learner’s acquisition of concepts This
requires a learning style that depends on the provision of educational units that have
predetermined goals that do not allow the transition from one stage to another except
after mastering the previous unit. Or technical learning or the Keeler strategy, which
seeks to acquire information in a skillful way that makes the cognitive side in
harmony with the applied side, leading to a real practical learning that makes the
learner benefit greatly

The human soul, with its spirit and body, is one of the five interests
(religion, soul, mind, offspring, money), for the sake of which the legal rulings were
established and made it their goal and purpose. And Allah created this human soulthat’s Man- and appreciated, cherished and honored him, and deposited in him the
secret of his creation that protects him for a while. However, for the father or guardian
to exercise his right to discipline his son, this human soul must be violated; that is,
with the body of the son, sometimes by beating, and since the right to discipline is a
fixed right of the father over the son, since the Shria and law guarantee this right and
decide it in hands of the father and make it a right for him and the guardians in his
position to exercise it towards the children, however, he may exceed this right in a way that contradicts human dignity , and this is what we see and hear about many of
the attacks that take place against the children under the guise of the family’s privacy,
which are prohibited from being interfered with. And based on the right to discipline,
which many consider an absolute reason for permissibility, which made us here try to
develop a solution that fits the way to reconcile the principle of the inviolability of the
body, and the principle that allows the father and those in his judgement to discipline
the son by beating,. Undoubtedly, this conciliation is achieved by setting the controls
that parents must observe in raising their children so that the right of discipline does
not deviate from its ultimate goal, which is preserving life and health by right
behavior and proper upbringing and education to graduate to build a working
generation equipped with knowledge and build a wise family and a sound society.
Based on the fact that rights are not absolute, but rather final, each right has its own
social purpose that it targets, taking into account special legal texts; Do not deprive
the father the right to reprimand his children on the one hand, and do not allow him to
abuse the right to discipline on the other

This study aimed at identifying the impact of Strategic Success on
Organizational health on Al-Hikma Pharmaceutical Company, In Al-Hikma
Pharmaceuticals with its dimensions (investment and exploration) and its regulatory
health relationship in Al-Hikma Pharmaceuticals Company. The current study relied
on the analytical and descriptive method to transaction with and classify data, and the
reading people consisted of all administrative employees of the cellular Hikma
Pharmaceutical Company, who numbered (602) workers and workers, while the
sample of the study consisted of all directors, their assistants, their deputies and heads
of departments In Hikma Pharmaceutical Company, and the researcher used statistical
descriptive and analytical methods and regression testing to test hypotheses and
extract results using the computer program (SPSS).And reaching a set of conclusions,
the most significant of that is he study extended a number of consequences, greatest
prominent of that is existence of the statistically important impact on organizational
health with its dimensions (communication, adaptation, risk-taking, creativity) on
Strategic Success in its dimensions (investment and exploration)

The current paper tackles the application of Relevance Theory on translating a logistic
handbook. Drawing on (Gutt, 2000), this paper shows how a translation can be
achieved without adopting a certain theory in translation. It argues how the
interpretive process of translators can define and give credence to the translation of a
logistic handbook. The paper presents examples of irrelevant translations along with
suggested rendering. It sheds light on the difference between what is termed as a
novice translator and an expert translator. The paper provides an evidence about how
novice translators resort to dictionary based-meaning, which is the denotative
meaning of words while expert translators resort to contextual meaning and
connotative meaning of words. The paper explains how possible it is to translate
without resorting to a theory of translation depending on the interpretive process of
translators. The suggested translations for 20 examples, from a logistic handbook, are
used as a reference in translation.