Tikrit Journal for Political Science

International Relations Theory plays a crucial role in tracking and interpreting events and interactions within the global system, aiming to explain and predict their impact on shaping international structures and dynamics. Among these theories, realism stands out as one of the most significant, asserting that major international events—whether they unfold gradually or emerge suddenly—inevitably trigger geopolitical shifts, affecting the units and actors that constitute the international order.

The COVID-19 pandemic, which struck at the close of the second decade of the 21st century, exemplifies such an event, creating significant tremors within the current international system. The pandemic\\\\\\\'s effects could lead to a reevaluation of the foundational rules and standards that govern the global order. It presents both a threat and an opportunity for states, particularly for rising powers like China, which seeks to enhance its global standing, in contrast to established powers such as the United States, which is focused on maintaining its leadership role.

Historically, pandemics have served as significant geopolitical variables, influencing changes in international systems by providing certain actors with opportunities to shift power dynamics. The COVID-19 pandemic is no exception. While it may not immediately redistribute global power, it could amplify long-term changes and activate existing forces that drive the transformation of the international system. This pandemic offers China, as a rising global power, the chance to assert its influence and advocate for a more prominent role in reshaping global governance in line with its strategic objectives, marking a potential shift in how power is distributed within the international system.

Public opinion as a social phenomenon has different dimensions. It stems from the heart of circumstance, reality, and place, and all of these aspects are related to the society and are closely related to it and have their effects on the citizen, who is basically considered the party from which public opinion crystallizes, and as it is known that every society, including the Iraqi society, Peculiarities related to its demographic structure, the formations of its societal divisions, and the level of its culture, which by virtue of the citizen’s link to that societal structure, structurally and morally, must in one way or another affect that link and the extent of its weakness and strength in the outcomes and nature of public opinion held by the Iraqi citizen. The community and its religious and clan institutions, as well as the societal structure of the Iraqi society, which is known for its complexity with ethnic, sectarian, religious and national ramifications, which affected the type and level of culture of the Iraqi citizen, which was reflected in the citizen’s attitudes and had an impact on his behavior and orientations, and consequently the public opinion held by the individual.

Primary Communities are described as social structures dominated by conservative values, where social organization is based on family ties, tribal and clan connections, religious networks, and an economy primarily centered around agriculture. In these communities, influence is wielded by a class of elders, leaders, and large landowners. Despite the profound changes in the society of Mosul, the phenomenon of primary communities remains persistent and influential. These communities actively seek to extend and expand their influence to include seemingly resistant and insulated groups, such as academic and cultural elites, who were targeted by the political agendas of certain primary community factions during the provincial council elections in 2023.

The new economic system and its sovereignty are based on globalization and the liberalization of goods and services, and in line with the emergence of the technological and information revolution, and in view of the increasing growth of e-commerce and its importance in the economies of countries in the world, it is necessary to shed light on e-commerce, which has become an effective tool in managing global business.

E-commerce is no longer a subject that Iraq accepts or rejects, but rather has become an inevitable necessity that imposes its presence today on all business owners and economic institutions in the world. Therefore, the Iraqi government must strive more to keep up with the rapid and contiguous developments in the field of modern technologies and has become influential in all fields (economic, social, political, production, job opportunities, increasing national income). Therefore, we conclude the validity of the hypothesis that e-commerce is the process of exchanging goods and services via the Internet and is between economic operators, whether companies, individuals or governments, using information technology and the Internet.

E-commerce in the world is experiencing rapid progress because developed countries realize the value of e-commerce as a new field for investment and development. It has become a good contributor to the work of institutions. Perhaps in the near future, e-commerce will dominate traditional trade in a country that has begun to take on a digital character as a feature of the twenty-first century.

We cannot talk about e-commerce in any country without talking about the extent of development of the information and communications network in that country. The developments that are constantly occurring are those related to information and communications technology and its importance in terms of providing communication services of various kinds, as it has made the world a small village whose members can communicate with each other easily and exchange information at any time and in any place. This importance of information and communications technology is due to the characteristics that distinguish the latter, including its wide spread.

The United States of America is one of the most influential powers that were surprised by the Ukrainian-Russian war, but the American performance accompanying the war indicates beyond any doubt that something hit the American decision machine and made it move slowly at times and stumbled at other times. However, the nature of the decision system in the US National Security Council, which is based on plans, mechanisms of analysis, assessment and alternatives, and depends on a large team of experts and analysts and enormous information resources, mitigates the impact of slowdown and stumbling so that the observer from abroad almost does not touch anything big unless he understands the nature of the work of the US National Security Council, its powers and its executive capability. From the foregoing, it appears from this small sample of stumbles (which we mentioned in the previous evaluation paragraph) that the US administration could not manage the Ukraine crisis well, due to the existence of weaknesses regarding the US strategic decision in Europe and the world, and that all that was done in the National Security Council of simulations and putting forward alternatives and hypotheses were largely theoretical tests and when they collided with reality, errors began to appear and accumulate. Does the war on Ukraine constitute the beginning of a variable?
https://doi.org/10.25130/tjfps.v3i36.397

In order to draw a clear conclusion - which is the result that was reached after careful consideration and thought - the risk society is a global risk society, based on the dynamic of inequality, and does not differentiate between exposing oneself to risk and defining the other to risk, which will be accompanied by the emergence of new contradictions in disputes over the degree of seriousness of risks. Those responsible for it and the need to take measures that will result in the emergence of national winners and losers. From a strategic point of view, those concerned across all nationalities may have to activate their heuristics so that the globalization of environmental change issues becomes decisive for social perception and demands for action. Although the reactions in this or that area are influenced by each other in ways and methods that are unknown and difficult to predict.

Economic sanctions have imposed on Russia by the western countries after it interferes in Ukraine. These sanctions consider as a deterrent punitive action to dissuade it from continuing the external endeavors.

Russia has hit by sanctions in 2014 after annex Crimea from Ukraine and other sanctions has been imposed by the western countries after the announcing of the military operations in Ukraine in 2022.
Russia has started to face these sanctions and mitigate its impacts on the its economy by adopting an internal and external policies based on its economic power.

period and beyond، as it carried out a series of measures
to keep pace with events، the most important of After the revolution
of January 25، 2011، the military institution played a major role،
through the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces، in influencing
the political scene during the transitional which was working on
constitutional amendments and holding presidential elections that
resulted in The victory of the first civilian president in the history of
Egypt، and the return of the Muslim Brotherhood movement to the
forefront of the political scene in Egypt.

The Russian-Ukrainian war revealed the fragile relationship between food security and the global food system, and put it at risk, given the importance that Ukraine occupies to the world as it is the main supplier of food, because the agricultural sector and related activities contribute greatly to the world economy, and both Russia and Ukraine together constitute 25 % of the world's grain exports, and the war between the two countries made Ukraine lose control over food exports, causing serious damage to food trade and production in the world, in addition to countries exaggerating in increasing the size of their stocks of food products in anticipation of possible fluctuations in production and export and rising prices. The crisis between Russia and Ukraine has a negative impact on global food security as a result of the shortage in food supplies. The war has negatively affected food security due to the shortage in food supplies in most cases Countries of the world

The relationship between the military and the state, societal structures, and institutions form the core of the complex set of civil-military relations. Although this point is very important, we must emphasize that the entire range of issues related to civil-military relations cannot be reduced to political control of the armed forces. Essentially, the military, as a subsystem of society, is characterized by its distance from the people, a distinct non-civilian subculture and infrastructure. This system, which is characterized by complete closure as an institution dedicated to carrying out a specific task, which is fighting, and is limited to the use of weapons, makes its role limited only to the use of force, and this perception is what governed the relationship between the military institution and Iraqi society, considering this institution either a tool in the hands of the authority, or it itself holds the authority and It exercises its will, and the roles of the military institution ranged internally and externally according to the nature of the political facts and security threats. These facts and threats were greatly influenced by the nature of the political system and the form of civil-military relations. Therefore, the paper starts from the problem that the nature of the role of the military institution and its concept of traditional security during the previous ruling political regimes worked Despite its isolation from Iraqi society, the hypothesis is that redefining the nature of security threats to include social, health, and environmental threats and activating the developmental role of the military institution will be sufficient to increase interaction between it and society. The study relied on a methodology of three determinants: civil-military relations, the nature of the role of the military institution, and the duration of military legitimacy it has acquired. In order to know the extent of its impact on interaction with society.

Interests in general and economic interests in particular require both parties to cooperate, due to the intertwining of their economies in terms of investment and trade. They are the largest trading partners and their negative and positive relationship affects the future of the international system. Whenever their relations improve, a sound environment for growth and progress becomes available, but this does not prevent the existence of competition that may rise to conflict as a result of a clash of interests, as international politics is rational behavior and the factors of profit and loss are controlled by nature. Economic interest has the largest role and the basic pillar in crystallizing the American competition and conflict. The Chinese, each of them does what it deems appropriate for its economic superiority over the other, and even employs its internal and external agenda for that. The conflict between the two largest economic powers puts the world in the place of this circle of competition, and the global economy cannot bear that conflict despite it being an existing reality. Embodied by economic and trade war.

The concept of social security has turned into a dream that everyone seeks in most parts of the world, such as the countries of the Middle East, especially Iraq. Due to successive wars and the collapse of political systems one after another, this led to instability, and the concept of social security became a question that everyone tries to answer and search for ways to reach. Therefore, in this research, I studied the concept of social security, its origins and development in the West, as well as the emergence of the concept and how to address it in Islamic countries, and focused on the concept of social security in Iraq. The concept of social security and its related notions to the status of women in Middle Eastern countries were also studied. The comparative analytical method was used to study this concept. The results revealed that the concept of social security has developed significantly to include numerous dimensions and is applied in various fields. The concept has also developed from simply searching for security and safety to laws that are applied in social security.

In our current era, the economy is considered the largest and most important part of the international power of any state in the international community, to the point where the state’s economic weakness has become a deficit that cannot be covered by its political or military influence, and it has turned into a means of war that is superior to military means in defeating it. With the development of international relations and the decline of the idea of The use of force in settling international disputes. With the emergence of peaceful means to solve them, economic sanctions began to take a more developed form and began to be applied independently. They also became a goal in and of themselves and were no longer a supplementary measure attached to military operations.

For energy sources, it began searching for them and trying to control them in many areas, including the Caspian Sea region, and starting a new journey to diversify those sources in order to achieve control over their locations and export methods in order to achieve the greater goal, which is to control and dominate the resources of the countries of the world.

When talking about the social analysis of King Abdullah II, King of Jordan, it is important to look at several aspects that highlight the role he plays in society and the region. He assumed the throne on February 7, 1999 and is considered an influential figure not only at the level of Jordan but at the level of the Arab and international region, and there are several dimensions, including political stability And security, as His Majesty is considered a fundamental pillar in maintaining Jordan’s stability in a region witnessing many security and political fluctuations He also works hard to enhance peace and security within the country and in the region in general, and King Abdullah II and the royal family actively participate in many initiatives and charitable works that aim to Supporting local communities and less fortunate groups in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.