journal of Language Studies

The subject of overlapping literary genres occupied the minds of many critics and writers alike, due to its great importance, as it became a basic pillar of literary writing. We stand on an important Iraqi narrative achievement, which is the novel (The Pomegranate River) by the writer Shawky Karim as a model, because this novel carries philosophical and poetic loads at the same time, and on this basis the research was divided into an entrance and two axesstudents at solving the problems that they encounter while they write their research writing projects

The paper entitled (Historical and Legendary Intertextuality in Jassim Muhammad Jassim’s Poetry) sheds light on a critical phenomenon that breaks into poetry with a high intention in which the poet finds an objective necessity according to an artistic and aesthetic vision. The vision supports his poetic experience with evidence selected from the inheritance until it became evidence that mimics the present within the suggestions and interpretations taking place in the circle of textual overlap.
The research came in two directions, one historical and the other legendary, but there is a similarity between them, as they are related to the temporal factor.
As for the second trend, it focused on poetic texts with legendary connotations, which summoned later texts that carry with them mythical tales and stories whose connotations vary between the reasonable and the unreasonable.
He demonstrated the consolidation of the relationship between literature on the one hand, and history and myth on the other hand, through poetic art, which saw on the other side a precious wealth full of a huge amount of hidden things, so he developed this relationship and exploited it according to criteria based on taking from these sciences after looking to the past Presenting it in the form of a poetic experience governed by the familiar textual mechanisms that saw in history and legend tributaries that participated in building a creative experience in a modern poetic language based on intertextuality

The aim of the research is to reveal and study a linguistic phenomenon that characterizes the Arabic language, which is colloquial speech, and it is known that colloquial speech has an effective role in the development and development of the language. In support of him when he found his roots in Arabic, he showed his rejection of him for lowering his level of eloquence, and from whom Al-Saghani cared about him in his lexicon Al-Abab Al-Zakher, which included a number of colloquial speech notes that required me to collect and count them, and study them in a careful critical study that revealed the depth of Al-Saghani’s influence on the words of the common people because of his A significant impact on the development and development of language .

The subject of my tagged research ( The Proverbs on the Tongue of Animal’s in Al - Maidani on the (( Proverbs Collection )) Book - A Comparative Study of the Turkmanish Proverbs ) and the reason behind choosing this subject , is because the absence no independent study of animal proverbs as comparative study and my desire to study a topic related to Turkmenish proverbs .
The research is divided into an Introduction , Preface and two chapters , in the Introduction I dealt with proverbs linguistically and idiomatically and proverbs on the tongue of the animal and a brief summary of the life of Al - Maidani and proverbs in Turkmenish literature .
As for the first research I tackled the types of proverbs and the extant of similarity between the Arabic and Turkmanish proverbs . while , in the second research , I tackled proverbs that have no then the conclusion and dealt with the most important results of the research , counterparts in Arabic .
Finally I display the main conclusion of the Thesis , the footnotes and the list of Arabic and Turkmanish references that the thesis based on .

The research seeks to target is that Sibawayhi had a Altvattat several explanations of the issues of language, and was among those gestures reasoning stems from the idea of taking into account the origin and similarities. And laid the ills of two types: the ills of fundamentalism: the bug origin, bug reply to the parent, and bug status , and the reason for the different face, and bug limit speech, and bug level, and the reason for compensation, and the reason for deletion, without compensation, and the reason for the allowance, and bug barrier, and the reason for separation, and the reason for the meeting, and the reason for the selection, and the reason for followers to use Arabs, and the reason for the conversion of building to another. The ills received under the analog section are: semi-bug, bug, due to wind, bug counterpart, and the reason for inclusion, and bug Alnohm, and care to succession, and the reason for the matching. The research concluded a series of the most important findings.

The concept of cooperating dialogic is the most important one in which the theory of verbal acts relies, and this concept for Grace constitutes the backbone of verbal activity, as it enables interlocutors to ensure uninterrupted communication, so each part of the discourse admits to itself and to others the right to take turn of speaking, and perhaps the lack of understanding between the interlocutors is due to the absence of that mutual recognition from the beginning.
We note that this concept and its ramifications acquire a social and moral dimension, as it helps in the organic control of social relations, as we find that the tyranny of private interests among the interlocutors may expose this concept to danger.
We have noticed that this concept, which is said by the Western modernists, has its origins rooted in the Arabs since ancient times, so we dealt with the study of Imam Al-Ghazali, revealing Imam Al-Ghazali’s knowledge of his reliance on it in explaining human relations with each other and organizing society based on this concept.

This research aims to present a chapter on the morphological chapters in the verses which have titles, which are derivatives, and in it we get to know some of the verses with titles in which some derivatives appeared in their difficult forms and the study of these Derivations, and exp221lain their semantics in these verses, the reason for this changing from one form to another, and find the relationship between the title of the verse. And a place where it .So the topic of this research depends on the basis of these relationships.

These lines illustrate the language is understandable smoothness and semantic clarity in Ibrahim Najee's poetry, and how was the poet able to bring down the language from its ivory tower and impenetrable fortress to this easy abstaining in this technical way and conscious ability, This is what the receiver reach it whatever what was his knowledge obtain, herein after Najee's genius appears in communicating his ideas clearly, furthermore language smoothness that flowing from its proportionality.

At the end of our tagged research (Dreams between the historical and literary heritage), we showed the importance of dreams from several aspects, the most important of which are historical, religious, and literary, in addition to their literary importance, which we tried to prove its validity, which is the fact that dreams are among the prose literary texts of a narrative nature that bear the characteristics of the narrative text. In different forms, sometimes informative and other anecdotal, as we have shown in this The search is the difference between the term dreamy and visionary, which the Islamic religion defined and distinguished through the hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), and we identified the Abbasid era as a field for our study because the visions in this era were linked to major incidents that changed the course of many of the foundations of governance, and we analyzed some texts related to the visions of Bani Al-Abbas and how these texts were inscribed, and we concluded our research by writing the results that the researcher reached in his research.

When we talk about I-language and E-language, we are talking about confronting rationality and environment, or about innateness or originality, language acquisition, and learning, or about the evolution of man as a unique creature at its peak. In terms of I-language and E- language, there are many facts and scientific efforts, and several schools and scientific movements have emerged, Structuralism appeared, then came the behavioral theory, and then the generative theory came to confront it later. On this basis, several theories of language acquisition have been developed, and these theories will be discussed in this paper.

Language is the most crucial means for understanding and communicating among the members of a community. Derivation is a distinctive point between Kurdish and Arabic language, and it is a way for the development and expansion of language, enriching their vocabulary and increasing their expressions so as to cope with new inventions.
This study is an attempt to compare derivations (subjective and objective as examples) in Kurdish and Arabic language. Derivations have a great role in the development and advancement of Kurdish and Arabic language, and it is the distinctive point between the two above-mentioned languages. This study also focuses on the similarities and differences from the perspective of the structure of derivations, and the ability of both languages for various structures and expressions.

The relationship between poetry and philosophy is an ancient one. By looking to the history of philosophy, one can see that most philosophers have spoken of poetry; and vice versa, that is the same case with the history of literature: It is rare to find a poet or writer who was not influenced by a particular philosopher or school of philosophy. Critical movements also have a philosophical background and one can find sort of philosophy behind each of them. In this context, one can say that behind every good poetry there is a truth of existence: poetry is an expression of the truths of existence, or, like philosophy, it is creative thinking. Therefore, poetry is not only for entertainment and pleasure, for love and praise the beloved, but also for critical thinking: it has a cognitive and existential function, which is to search and discover the meanings of human existence. This is in case that one of the issues of human existence is anxiety and has an existential dimension, and human existence -as being in contact with others and being in the world- is a temporary one. This research aims to show that anxiety is an integral part of human existence and is widely reflected in Ramyar Mahmoud's poems, since that anxiety is related to being in the world, being with others and death.

Defamiliarisation is one of the techniques that has been studied by literary criticism; especially the Russian formalist one. It is the technique of alienating or making estrangement. This study attempts at investigating the three devices of defamiliarisation (deviation, foregrounding, and antithesis) in Craig Raine’s selected poems: “A Martian Sends a Postcard Home” “An Attempt at Jealousy” and “Heaven on Earth”. The selected poems represent Raine’s best poems and the prominent example exemplifying the use of defamiliarisation in his poetry. The study aims at uncovering the poetic and aesthetic function of the technique of defamiliarisation in Raine’s poems. The significance of this study lies in its focusing on the role of defamiliarisation in communicating themes of the three poems. It applies Jan Mukařovský’s formalist theory, Roman Jakobson’s theory of poetics and Roger Fowler\'s theory of literary discourse. It concludes that three techniques of defamiliarisation perform their poetic and aesthetic functions through their metrical structures, which are constructed over the structures of the linguistic expressions of the poetic lines

This research is intended to wade through all the spheres of how English is enriched with new vocabulary words. Increasing vocabulary is possibly realised through the word-formation processes. The process of word formation implies many devices which are listed and explained in the second section. Each device of forming new words is dealt with separately.
All word formation devices except that one of borrowing are done within the very language, here English, whereas borrowing is always achieved by importing words from other languages.
The reason behind electing this subject is to expose the readers and, especially, the learners of English to a new material necessary in their study. The researchers are keen to forward the subject in a total way including all information crucial to create successful results

This paper intends to highlight the similarities in three poems by three different poets coming from different times and places - Robert Herrick’s poem, “To Daffodils”, Percy Bysshe Shelly’s poem, “The flower that smiles today” (mutability), and Abdulla Goran’s poem, “To the Ivy Flowers”. It endeavours to depict the influence that Shelly and Herricks’ poems had on the Kurdish poet Goran in composing his poem. Herrick’s poem was first published in the 17th century in English Language, although Shelley’s Poem was published in the 19th century in England, yet its language is English, too. The influence of the English language and English writers generally and the influence of Shelly and Herrick, particularly is clearly seen in Goran’s poem. This study for the first time points out that there is the high possibility of the influence of two poems on Goran in composing his poem, “To the Ivy Flowers”, which shows the novelty of this study as no scholar so far has said two English Writers influenced him in writing this poem. This is a comparative study relying on the French school of comparative literature. The Kurdish poet, Goran was influenced by both Shelley and Herrick. The paper intends to see to which degree is Goran influenced by the two poems, and why particularly by those two English poets. The study relies on comparative, descriptive and textual analysis approaches to examine meaning, content and style of the three poems to demonstrate the aesthetics of the three poems.

Hate speech is spoken words that reflect the speaker’s offensive, insulting, and/or threatening toward an individual or group based on a particular attribute of that addressee(s) being targeted. Such kind of words is likely to vex person/people into acting rashly against speaker who is doing the vexation (Web source 1). The current study deals with hate speech of Trump pragmatically falling in three categories that are: speech act theory, rhetorical tropes, and impoliteness. It aims at sketching a pragmatic approach to deal with hate speech of political speech or any type of speech. It hypothesizes that, in hate utterances, assertives and commissives classes of Searle’s speech acts theory are used more than the other three. It also hypothesizes that metaphor and allusion as rhetorical tropes are likely to be used within hate speech. Another hypothesis is that both rudeness and bald on record are the most dominant techniques of impoliteness to express hatred.

This study demonstrates the accessibility extent of three prominent pedagogical techniques of interactive method of teaching drama at university level: conscience alley, classroom dramatization, and stage acting. It covers their characteristics in terms of their fulfillments, pros, cons, the teacher’s role, non-human resources, viewership and example of dramas for implementation of each technique accordingly. Moreover, it encompasses the effectiveness of the three techniques in learning process when utilized properly. Besides, it supplies useful recommendations for more successful teaching process under the light of the mentioned techniques for instance, improving solitary effort of drama teachers via actual insertion of the techniques (at least the first two, if not all) in their classes, and establishing an academic connection and fruitful cooperation between Art Education Department and Department of English Language in College of Basic Education in Sulaimani University, or their equivalences, as an innovative approach for drama teachers at university level.

This study explores the discourse-pragmatic functions of the lexical items wellah and wellahi by twenty-four Iraqi Kurdish-speaking adults (24 first and fourth-year undergraduate students). All the participants studied in the English department at the University of Raparin in Kurdistan. As a qualitative research, Brinton’s (1996) binary classification is adopted as a theoretical framework in defining the functions wellah and wellahi have at the textual and interpersonal levels. Using empirical data, five individual functions related to the use of wellah and wellahi: including three textual functions (elaboration, filler and; topic shift) and two interpersonal ones (response marker [politeness marker] and confirmation marker) are demonstrated. Throughout, the findings link to those identified in previous Arabic studies. The data analysis demonstrates that the use of wellahi in Kurdish is similar to its use in Arabic. In addition, the current study indicates that both wellah and wellahi function as discourse markers interchangeably in most of the cases. The results suggest that principles of grammaticalisation, such as phonetic-reduction and layering, could explain the development of interchangeability of the discourse markers. This study contributes to our understanding of the pragmatics of Kurdish language, the functions of discourse markers, language variation and grammaticalisation

This paper examines the concept of power and gender in the modern poet Sylvia Plath’s Daddy poem. It aims to expose the way that the patriarchy authority practices power among the devalued women. Daddy is one of the prime poems of Sylvia Plath, which tackles the dynamic power between the supremacy of patriarchy depicted by the father and the disregarded daughter. The research is based on afeminism theory with special focus upon the power relation notion by Simon De Bouvier. The research is a qualitative one and follows a textual and critical approach. It is divided into three sections. Introduction, which tackles the introductory of power and gender, followed by literature review, Theoretical framework, which presents the background of the feminism theory and discussion which presents the power relation in this poem, followed bya conclusion.

Implicature is one of the important pragmatic concepts. What is said is different from what is implicated or intended by the speaker. The current study is concerned with the main theories that have introduced and viewed implicatures. It also attempts to shed light on the main differences and similarities between these theories. It is divided into five sections: (1) it is an introduction to the topic, (2) It deals with Grice’s view of meaning, implicature and its maxims, and implicatures in literary texts (3) It tackles the Neo-Gricean theories such Horn’s Theory (1984) and Levinson’s theory (1987), (4) It is concerned with the Post-Gricean theories mainly Relevance Theory (1995). The study ends up with some conclusions that are the outcome of this study.

In this paper the indicative mood of Arabic has been tackled and we talked about the significance of this mood. We also mentioned the form of the imperfect “Present” verb which is used to represent such a type of mood in Arabic . Besides , we highlighted the most common topics which are used in order to represent indicative mood in Arabic such as “The subject and predicate , the imperfect , Kaana’s noun ---etc”. We notified the different usages of indicative mood of Arabic. We clarified the main points and topics and supported the full explanation with examples .

This is an extracted study from a PhD thesis which aims at investigating curriculum planning, designing, and developing at Kurdistan universities. This paper sheds light on the most common and important theoretical background and literature review in the field as well as applying one of the most well-known approaches in curriculum design by Nation and Macalister (2010). The data has been collected from 247 undergraduate students who filled in the questionnaire in the University of Sulaimani, Salahhadin and Duhok. The study’s findings indicated some strengths and weaknesses of the program, and to some extent, it fulfills the needs of the students. Also, teachers as real practitioners inside classes, have complained about the current curricula regarding the academic level of students and devoted time for courses. In this regard, the learning environment is not productive as it should be based on the outcomes of the study, and there is no planning and designing procedure for the current program. Only the development process exists randomly. The changes in the program from its establishment have yet to be documented formally. Moreover, some workshops were held but were fruitless due to the lack of implementing the changes in the real classes.

When an initial /s/ precedes a voiceless stop in English, the aspiration is lost, and the voice onset time (VOT) is significantly shortened. This causes an allophonic variation of English stops based on context. This paper intends to comparatively investigate this phenomenon in English, Kurdish and Kurdish EFL learners from two proficiency levels. (40) participants which are divided among four groups (Kurdish, English, learners G1 and learners G2) are asked to read lists of words including voiceless stops preceded by /s/, constructed in English and Kurdish. Each stop in the list has two examples followed by a high and a low vowel. All the participants are asked to repeat each word three times to provide three tokens. These productions are recorded and VOT values are acoustically measured. Results are then statistically analyzed to check the significance of variable interactions.
Results have shown that Kurdish voiceless stops preceded by /s/ are more aspirated than those of English in similar contexts and thus produced with longer VOT values. This indicates that Kurdish learners need to modify their voiceless stop production when speaking English. Results also show that advanced Kurdish learners have improved at pronouncing the aspirated English stop variety, but they still produce it with a noticeably extended VOT.

The values of good and evil have existed in human nature since the beginning of the creation of man until today. This research focuses on the division of the characters between good and evil in the two novels by Philippe Claudel: The gray souls and Mr. Lin's granddaughter. Our work is based on the analysis of characters through their behaviors, actions and reactions, to see if Claudel's characters represent good or evil? Are they guilty or innocent? What are the causes of guilt and how have the characters dealt with the effects of guilt? In order to come to the conclusion that good and evil are relative concepts and different from person to person, and that there is no person who bears absolutely good or bad characters.

In this research, we are studying the impact of the woman's work on her family at the social, cultural and financial level. In Soft Song, Myriam is a woman who wants to go back to work after giving birth to her second child. She seeks to take her role in the world of work and demonstrate her ability to practice the profession of lawyer. From then on, she had to face several challenges: the opposition of her husband, the dissatisfaction of the family circle, the custody of the children via a babysitter, the loss of family freedom, the reconciliation between the demands of family and that of work, the fear of leaving one's children with a foreign nanny who could harm them and influence them negatively. Myriam is torn between her work and her family duties. For lack of time, she cannot guess what is happening at home during her absence. The misunderstandings multiplied between the family and Louise, the nanny, this one kills the children without mercy in order to put an end to her problems