Journal of Legal Sciences

The legal system of found property is considered as a reason or method of preliminary acquisition of ownership, as well as two other reasons, that is to say, the fixture of personal chattels, and the adverse possession, resting on the principles of equity, and included within the English common law of customary origins, which is unwritten and based upon judicial precedents of the English courts, equity and later legislations. It is worth-bearing in mind that the found property is the lost property on which the finder enjoys more rights than all other people, except its original owner. It is also worth-mentioning that the treasure trove is considered as found property in the English law. and it is any object at least 300 years old when found, which is not a coin but has metallic content of which at least 10 per cent by weight is precious metal. Meanwhile the Islamic jurisprudence regulated the legal system of found property accurately and in details, and considered it as the lost property, whose true owner is unknown. Whereas the Iraqi civil law No. (40) of 1951, referred to the found property , but did not regulate it, and left its regulation to special laws.

The spread of COVID-19 virus over the world had affected all aspects of life on the earth. This had led to investigating the role of the specialized international organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO) , specially after the criticisms for its performance during this pandemic.

This study tries to explore the principles upon which the WHO responsibility was proposed and whether the criticisms and accusations for it are true.

Among the duties of the state is to organize the lives of individuals in all respects, and among the categories that the state has to organize their lives are the category of new graduates who are looking for work, As a result of the conditions that accompany our dear country, such as the deterioration of economic life, the rise in unemployment, the inability of the state to recruit graduates as a whole, and the shortage that has appeared in the teaching staff in schools, especially those located in remote areas of the governorates, Studies have shown that there is a significant shortage of teaching staff, which prompted the state to create a new category, the category of free lecturers, and they are people who pledge to give free lectures in Iraqi schools, provided that they have priority when opening new appointments. This case, despite helping it complete the teaching quorum and helping it fill the shortage in schools, this system has many negatives and many problems that have appeared and may appear in the future, including the legal status of these people and what their rights and obligations are, and this is what we have tried to address through this research.

The immunity enjoyed by members of parliament is one of the most important guarantees for the performance of their parliamentary work, which protects them from threats or any reprisals against them.

There are two types of immunity:

Objective immunity: the member does not bear any responsibility for the opinions, ideas, and statements he expresses within the council or its committees, but even outside it by some systems.

Procedural immunity: that prevents criminal actions from being taken during or outside the session of the Council, with the approval of a body specified by the constitutions of the countries under study, but it is restricted by conditions and controls stipulated. It contains constitutions, rules, and regulations for parliaments.

We have discussed the scope of parliamentary immunity and the apparent problems of both types in terms of persons, subject, place, and time. In addition to its nature, characteristics, and effects. We reached several results in which we asked the constitutional legislator to make constitutional amendments to the text of Articles 81 and 82 of the UAE Constitution. And in the second party of Article 63, with its paragraphs A, B, C and Article 20 of the Iraqi Council of Representatives’ internal system. And in Article 112 of the Constitution and the internal regulations of the House of Representatives in Egypt in terms of subject matter, procedure, time, and spatial range.

The Corona pandemic affected all different areas of life, as the world is facing a challenge at the present time as a result of the Corona pandemic and the economic turmoil it left behind, and many countries have tended to address the economic effects of the Corona pandemic by resorting to borrowing internally or externally to cover their needs.

The activity of banks is affected by many things, including, and the research aims to solve the problems related to the commercial loan contract in light of the crises, and that the initiatives that many countries have followed call to reduce the harm inflicted on citizens, such as economic burdens, by postponing installments in light of the crisis and postponing all credit dues to banks on customers. Of institutions and individuals, and not to impose additional fines for late payment in light of the Corona pandemic to face this exceptional circumstance according to specific and sound procedures, and banks should achieve a balance between granting the loan and the size of risks in banks

Terrorist crimes mainly affect people lives in terms of physical integrity, the right to

nproperty protection and other rights. This requires swift and immediate action to provide criminal protection for the victims of that crime.

These procedures start from the moment the offense is completed. And here was the start in an attempt to pick up the pieces so as to shed light on the rights enjoyed by the victims of the terrorist crime starting from the moment it was committed until the implementation of the just retribution.

Therefore, research on the rights of victims of terrorism is one of the reewable topics. This is what international efforts concerned with crime prevention and criminal justice have called and encouraged to draw the attention of the international community to the need to protect the rights of victims of terrorism, and to reduce the effective measures to reduce the pain and damage caused by the crime in order to enhance the national sense of security and safety.

There is no doubt that the importance of such is still rising in the growing world, as the damages of terrorist crimes are more severe and have a greater impact than those committed in developed countries, which, with their wealth and high standards of living, could absorb many of the damages resulting from the crimes there

Despite the primary role of governments in assuming the primary responsibility in protecting human rights in accordance with international human rights standards and instruments, they are not the only party responsible for ensuring the implementation of those rights. Individuals themselves have a duty towards their society to observe, respect and promote those rights and freedoms and work to protect them by means. All, and this is confirmed by Paragraph (1) of Article (29) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948, which states: “Every individual has duties towards the society in which it is only possible for his personality to grow freely and fully.

Throughout history, many individuals and groups emerged, whether at the international or national level and with their different names “activist, defender, worker, observer” who had a great and effective role in calling for the implementation and activation of human rights in their societies, and they paid their lives and freedoms for that, as well as for Restrictions, intimidation, and monitoring by various means to limit their effectiveness, we mention the human rights activist \"Martin Luther\" and the activist \"Nelson Mandela\", who spent their lives fighting racial discrimination .

On the other hand, we find that there is no real endeavor by governments to deal with the attacks that affect them or a political will to protect them as an important component of the necessary components to create a more secure and just world, especially in our beloved country, and the international community later alerted the importance of the role that individuals play in that aspect, and the need to provide International protection for them, when the United Nations General Assembly in 1998 adopted by consensus the declaration on the \"right and responsibility of individuals, groups and community organizations to promote and protect universally recognized human rights and fundamental freedoms\", which was a major step as it gave the activist legal status, powers and rights in addition to being between Protection measures that must be adopted by states.

Therefore, through our research we sought to identify the human rights activist, the statement of the international legal status and the international and national protection mechanisms available to activists, as well as shed light on the most prominent obstacles, challenges and violations that faced their work, and we reached in conclusion a set of results, the most important of which are:

1.The 1998 Declaration on the Rights of Human Rights Defenders represents an important achievement at the international level, as it recognizes the defense of human rights as a right in itself, and has granted activists in the field of human rights defense an important legal positionto conduct their work.

2.Take the necessary measures to ensure that the laws in force, such as those related to security, are not abused to restrict the work of activists and limit their freedom, including Article (200) and Paragraph (5) of Article (372) of the Iraqi Penal Code in force of 1969 .

جرت التجارة الدولية على اشتراط تسوية دين الصفقة التجارية عن طريق الاعتماد المستندي، وذلك من خلال شرط يدرج غالباً في عقد الصفقة التجارية الأساس. ورغم شيوع هذا الشرط، فإن هذا الأخير لم يحظ، خارج الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، بتنظيم تشريعي وطني، كما لم يحظ باهتمام الأصول والاعراف الموحدة للاعتمادات المستندية. ويشير التطبيق العملي إلى نزاعات متعددة ظهرت بشأن تنفيذ الشرط المذكور، وخاصة بصدد تحديد موعد التزام المستورد بفتح الاعتماد المستندي من جهة، والجزاء المترتب على المستورد في حالة الإخلال بالالتزام المذكور من جهة ثانية. وسيتولى هذا البحث دراسة المحورين المذكورين في ضوء القانون العراقي والقانون المقارن.