journal of Language Studies

The current research aims to identify the impact of the S.N.I.P.S strategy on the achievement of fifth grade literary students in Literature and Texts and the development of their deductive thinking. In order to achieve the two goals of the research, the researcher relied on the experimental method in explaining the impact of the strategy. For this reason, the researcher formulated the appropriate hypotheses for his research. The current research was limited to students of the fifth literary grade in secondary schools for boys affiliated to the General Directorate of Education in Salah al-Din for the academic year 2022-2023. The researcher relied on the experimental design, and the research sample consisted of (63) students from the fifth literary grade. In Al-Bahili Secondary School, there were (32) students in the experimental group and (31) students in the control group, and parity was conducted between the two research groups. The researcher prepared an achievement test consisting of (35) items, which he applied at the end of the experiment. The researcher prepared a deductive thinking test consisting of (60) items. It was applied before the beginning and at the end of the experiment, and the validity, stability, and psychometric properties of the two tests were verified. The results showed: The students of the experimental group who studied according to the S.N.I.P.S strategy outperformed the students of the control group who studied according to the usual method in the achievement test and deductive thinking.

The current research aims: ((The effect of the SHOR strategy on the achievement of fifth grade literary students in rhetoric and the development of their positive thinking)). In order to achieve the goal of the study, the researcher relied on the experimental approach to demonstrate the impact of the strategy on the literary achievement of fifth grade students in rhetoric and the development of their positive thinking, the researcher formulated the appropriate hypotheses for his research. The current research was limited to students of the fifth literary grade in secondary schools for boys affiliated to the Directorate of Education of Salah al-Din for the academic year 2022-2023, and the researcher relied on the experimental design with partial control with a pre and post test. The research sample consisted of (63) students from the fifth literary grade in Yathrib High School, with (31) students for the experimental group and (32) students for the control group. the research, consisting of (40) items. He also prepared a measure for positive thinking consisting of (30) items of multiple-choice type. The results showed that the students of the experimental group who studied rhetoric within the steps of the SHOR strategy were distinguished over the students of the control group (in the traditional way)

This is a research with titled: "Explanarion of the illiteracy of actions by Sheikh Yahya Faruq Chedi, a descriptive and analytical study".
The research contains Introduction, three topics and a conclusion.
The first topic was about Sheikh Yahya Faruq Chedi's personal and scientific life, and introduced his explanation to the illiterate actions in the second topic.
Then the third topic is a explanations in the curriculum, sources, evidence.
The research has been concluded with results of the research, and recommendations.
Praise be to Allah, the chorister and sustainer of the worlds.

In This research focuses on prison poetry, which has an ancient history in Kurdish literature, and many famous Kurdish poets have been imprisoned in different eras because of their political attitudes and different opinions, and the famous Kurdish poet researcher Faqe Qadiri ham He has chosen Awandi to talk about one of the poets who recorded the most poems in prison. Prison poems are the result of the situation and reflection of the lives of the days in which the poet lived. Faqe Qadir's works describe a day when The situation in the region has caused many problems and complications because of the collapse of the Baban Emirate and the invasion of Southern Kurdistan by the Ottomans, the imprisonment of Faqe Qadir because of some of his poetic products to confront the invaders of Kurdistan and to express his sense of nationality, pride, nature, religion, suffering and suffering in prison... dedicate… In this research, based on the psychological method of some of Faqe Qadir's poems in prison, they have been put under the light of investigation

The subject of our research is how to refer to the national theme in qubadi Jalizadeh's poems. We have tried to express patriotic thoughts and intentions in all its dimensions within our discussion, as well as in detail the signs by which the poet expresses his mentally distressed feelings for his country.
One of the most important points we have reached is that the poet has spoken the most beautiful poem for his country, with a warm and passionate passion, which was a high imagination, a creative thought, an emotion, and a poetic imagination, the family of his simple words, simple expressions, which always carried a national and patriotic message.

As the poetry is the reflection of the poets thinking & meditation, in the History of Kurdish poetry, the aim was to illuminate the community, especially in the decades after the 20th century. It was the message and tool of changing. Therefore, the Kurdish poets had realized they would be able to raise awareness in society and making difference in life aspects through poetry. They believed they could introduce the community to the progression and prosperity of the other societies, values & new manners. This will have impacts on the psychology and senses of the readers and auditors.
Definitely, accepting and welcoming these changes was not easy. That is why conflicts and struggles will occur between either the author and the community or the author and himself/ herself. This is an attempt to display these conflicts and express them through poetry and to what extent they could have influence on the individuals and make difference in the community.
According to the above explanation, “The Conflicts of Social Phenomena in Mufti Penjweni’s Poems” will be the tile of this research so as to show the conflict which the mentioned poet had demonstrated through his poetry. The research has followed the descriptive & analytical school

This research presents the identification and development of students' emotional intelligence and implementation and use in the curriculum, which is a scientific research of educational language, the main step to improve students' abilities, thinking, problem solving and developing self-abilities Emotional in the textbook in order to develop and transfer information, stimulate, activate and guide students, which is achieved through education and training, based on the theory of emotional intelligence and learning theory and the main tasks that should be in the program The results of emotional intelligence have been worked on. Because of the importance of discussing the theory in detail, only the theoretical aspects of the study have been presented

The main aim of the current study is to determine how all types of nonverbal communication including “facial expression, kinesics (gesture), paralinguistic (voice), body language and posture, proxemics (space), eye contact, haptics (touch) and physical appearance” affect university students’ social relationships. The main research questions for the current study are: Do types of nonverbal communication affect university students' social relationships? Should the effects of all types of nonverbal communication be taught at university? In order to obtain data, an open-ended questionnaire is used involving 115 senior students, (60 boys and 55 girls), at Salahaddin, Cihan and Lebanese French Universities/College of Languages/ English Departments. For analysing the obtained data, the researcher used a mixed methods research approach involving both quantitative and qualitative methods. The study concluded that all types of nonverbal communication affect university students’ social relationships, both in university life and in the future. Therefore, the effect of all types of nonverbal communication should be studied and taught at the beginning of university life in order to pave the way for all university students using them correctly and appropriately.

This study aims at finding out the impact of Microselection (MS) and Cooperative Script (CS) on EFL students' achievement in reading comprehension (RC). To achieve the aim of the study, a quasi-experimental nonrandomized control group, pretest-posttest design is employed. Three groups are randomly selected from the fifth preparatory stage in Asma Preparatory School for Girls for the academic year (2021-2022) to represent the sample of the study which is (90) students. The three groups (each group consists of 30 students) are submitted to the same pretest in RC to ensure equivalence among groups. Then the first group is taught according to MS strategy, whereas the second group is taught according to CS strategy and the third one is taught according to the conventional method. After achieving the validity of the test, a pilot study is conducted to (30) students of the fifth preparatory stage /Ali Alhadi Secondary School for Girls. Then the three groups are subjected to the same achievement post-test in RC. The data are analysed statistically by using ANOVA. The results show that there are statistically significant differences between the two experimental groups and the control group in achievement post-tests of RC, in favour of the two experimental groups. The results also show that the second group taught according to CS strategy is better than the first group taught according to MS strategy.

This study aims at showing the effectiveness of dual learning strategies on language skills of EFL students. The experimental design of the study involved three groups which are chosen randomly where two are experimental groups and the other is control one. The sample of the study are 1st intermediate class students. The experimental groups are taught by different dual learning strategies , whereas the control group is taught by traditional method of teaching. It is hypothesized that there are significant differences between the two experimental and control groups. The instrument of the study is students’ performance in word recognition test. After collecting data and analyzing them , conclusions are drawn according to the finding of the statistics of the study.

The purpose of the current study was to explore computer, information and multimedia literacy of Iranian EFL teachers with regard to their demographic background. In order to collect the data, Computer, Information, and Multimedia Literacy Questionnaire for EFL Teachers was distributed to 70 male and female Iranian EFL teachers from Sistan-Baluchestan and Hormozgan provinces. Demographic information of the teachers was operationalized through age, educational qualification, gender, and years of teaching experience. To analyze the data, a number of descriptive and inferential statistics were conducted. The results of the study revealed that there was a very weak positive relationship between CIM literacy and age of teachers. In addition, the findings confirmed that there was a significant difference among male and female teachers’ CIM literacy. Furthermore, CIM literacy was not significantly different among teachers with respect to their educational qualifications. This study addresses some pedagogical and theoretical implications as well.

A riddle is a discourse type of an associative dual textual structure. It is a form of humor which is found as a word game in any culture. The resolution of incongruous meaning and surprise on the semantic, cultural or grammatical level are its most important aspects that cause humor. This paper aims to discuss how to translate riddles from English into Arabic in order to see whether the equivalent riddle acts in Arabic as the same in English. The paper also tries to show how riddles under discussion are realized in Arabic under the above mentioned theory and whether their realization are effective as those of the SL texts. In addition, it is an attempt to give some remedies to the problems that may arise from translating these riddles into Arabic due to the differences that exist between Arabic and English on different levels. It is hypothesized that riddles are translatable in spite of any linguistic or cultural divergences between the SL and TL. It is also assumed under this new theory (VTT) that using communicative translation is more effective than using semantic translation in rendering riddles. It has been found that semantic translation succeeds in reproducing the humorous effect in the case where there is an accidental culture or linguistic systematic correspondence between the two languages.

The present study tackles the linguistic creative ability of Audre Lorde’s poetic language to change the concepts and perceptions of Negro image signification. It is a sensitive issue that is affecting the life of African American community, namely the Blacks. The researcher in this study aims for seeking vicissitude and reverse the black image signification to indicate it as a graceful one. Besides, the researcher aims to document the black’s agony out of the dominant conceptions by the harsh white society over them during 1960 and 1970. This is done through selecting poems from Audre Lorde’s ‘’Coal’’ volume as a Data analysis under approaching the poststructuralist Susan K. Langer and her book entitled ‘’ Philosophy in a new key: A Study in the Symbolism of Reason, Rite and Art’’ (1954). Therefore, the paper discusses a rooted and renewed problem, which is judging on skin color. The researcher applies in his investigation a quantitative descriptive methodology that starts with an introduction, literature view, Theoretical background and concepts that are affecting language and black culture in addition to Lorde’s poetic language quality. The study concludes that the signifier is not a must to represent the signified. This is true with Lorde’s call of the black ‘’Coal’, which is a source of fortune and energy, despite being black. Thus, it shows the importance of the self and the black identity.

This study aimed to know the effect of filter thought and their achievement in English on EFL . The sample consisted of 60 randomly chosen from EFL preparatory students in Salaheddin Governorate. The sample is divided into two groups, group (A) representing the experimental group comprising (30) pupils who have been taught according to the filter thought activities. Group (B) signifies the control group which also includes (30) pupils who have been taught according to the communicative method, Both groups have been equalized in such variables as parents' educational level, English scores achievement in the preceding schooling year, and the pre-test of both groups. Questions are composed to combine the post-test. The filter thought activities have been used to confirm the reliability coefficient. The discrimination power and difficulty level for each item has been determined via statistical analysis of the items. The entire sample has been exposed to the post-test as a result. The data gathered from the post-test findings have been statistically examined using the formula for the T-test of two independent and paired samples. According to the results, there is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group who is taught by using filter thought activities, and the control group who is taught by using the communicative method there is also a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group in the pre-post achievement test then a conclusions of this study is presented forward.

The field of cultural, human and literature has taken the entire study of the concept of resistance, as this concept is linked to the French theorist Michel Foucault. He asserts that power is what caused us to be in the place where we are now. There is no separation between resistance and power, both come through the other.Chinua Achebe is the greatest and most famous writer in African literature. He attempts to find an escape from the colonial turn that invaded African literature, The goal of Achebe's writings is to enable the African people to have pride in their history.

His novel "Things Fall Apart" focused on showing the tragic situation of the people of Africa, the impact of colonialism on Africa, its history and culture, and how the colonialists tried to obliterate the African identity.

The study aims to analyze the novel "Things Fall Apart" in the light of the Foucauldian concept of resistance and how the characters demonstrated the rejection of colonialism and its resistance in the novel.

Language is the finest means of communication that man has ever had, so when people feel the need to express their ideas and opinions to others, they may do so by using it. Such voicing one’s opinion might be done verbally or in writing. being an excellent form of communication because of the shared opinions. Its importance to one’s ability to breathe makes it comparable to the value of a breath. This article analyzes Barack Obama’s political speech from a rally in Columbus, Ohio on October 9, 2012. This study adopts Halliday’s Systemic-Functional Grammar as a methodology to carry out the study. The aim of this study is to identify the linguistic sets made during Obama’s speech to Halliday’s model. A description of the six process-type for identifying the more recurrent processes that president Obama used in his speech. It is concluded that the process types in president Obama’s speech of 2012 manifests that the most recurrent forms are material processes. Through analyzing the parts of the speech, it is shown that Halliday’s theory can be culturally and situationally, and timely applied.
Keywords: Halliday, Functional, Theory, Obama, Political, Speech.

The present paper is aimed at providing information on the interaction of syntax and morphology within Lexical-Functional Grammar (hereinafter LFG). It is to introduce how c-structure and f-structure as levels of representation in LFG are assigned to sentences in English Language. This paper is also an investigation of how distinct syntactic relations are obtained when changing words or phrases in sentence structures. This is obviously shown in c-structure and f-structure. The former denotes the constituent structure of sentences which entails the composition of words into phrasal constituents hierarchically. Whereas, the latter represents the grammatical relations between the units of a sentence, which includes subject, object, complement, adverbial, and so forth. Further, the aim of the paper is to cast light on different important phenomena that are the principal concern of LFG viz head mobility, passive, and wh-movement. Finally, how changes of lexical forms of processes and participants assign verbs with different functions and changes the structure of sentences.

Technology development has had a significant impact on translation. This research paper attempts to uncover the impact of technology on translation from translators and translation experts’ perspectives. It explores how translators view the effects of technology on their profession as well as the difficulties they encounter when dealing with such machine tools. An eclectic method is followed in the study, viz., expert interviews and a survey of professional translators, to grasp the attitudes towards technology in the translation industry. The findings show that people in the field of translation inconsistently opine about the current situation and varyingly speculate about the future of the relation between translation and technology. The study reveals that the accuracy of machine translation, the requirement for ongoing learning and training, and some moral issues with the application of translation technologies are the major concerns among human translators.

Translating the Quran enables a broader global audience, including those unfamiliar with Arabic, to connect with its teachings, fostering engagement among individuals from diverse linguistic backgrounds. It employs an elegant approach to elucidate this intellectual concept by employing figurative language to present ideas for better comprehension.
The primary objective of this study is to assess the most effective approach for translating figurative language, such as similes and metaphors, found in the Holy Qur'an. Selected translation samples are used to analyze the different techniques applied in translating these elements within the Quranic text. Furthermore, the study seeks to identify processing methods followed by translators when dealing with Quranic similes and metaphors, analyzing them to gauge the level of equivalence between translation techniques and the intended meanings. The analysis is based on three specific translations: Abdallah Yusuf Ali's English translation "The Holy Quran", Al-Hilali and Khan's translation of “The Nobel Quran, English Translation of the meanings and commentary”, and Arthur John Arberry's translation "The Holy Koran".
Through a careful examination of selected samples, this study highlights that the chosen translators employ diverse techniques and procedures to convey the authentic meaning of these figurative expressions. However, due to the inherent challenges and obstacles faced when translating similes and metaphors, there are instances where the translators fall short of reproducing the same imagery and impact as the original expression. In essence, they found in the source text.

Vocabulary when learning a new foreign language is often taught in class, but this poses problems for learners of all levels. Teachers use different methods but end up at the end of the lesson with a list(s) of words to learn by heart.
This study aims to teach vocabulary in the classroom for learners of the French language and to reveal the means and strategies for all learners at all levels. In the beginning, we will present a theoretical part related to knowing words, using words, fixed expressions, playing words, ... etc. to interpret vocabulary and their meanings. Next, we calibrate some techniques and models that aid in the acquisition of new words, enhancing the dynamics of vocabulary learning from activities in textbooks and others created by the teacher and the learners. What remains very important are the steps to take, knowing how and why.
Our aim is to study effective strategies for teaching French as a foreign language in the classroom in the Iraqi context. So that learners of all levels can deal with the foreign language and use a rich vocabulary in correct, meaningful sentences. Creating and building, and playing with language, is certainly fun in itself and we can go further than that by knowing how we manage it in the lesson.