Kufa Journal of Arts

Scientific progress has imposed on education responsibilities towards society and its progress and helping its individuals adapt to it to solve the problems facing them in various fields. As a result, the nature of curricula and their content have changed, their materials have diversified, and teaching has become a difficult process that requires teachers who have high efficiency and the ability to use modern scientific methods in order to help learners acquire knowledge and sciences, as verbal explanation and reliance on memorization and recitation are not sufficient. Therefore, it has become necessary to use modern educational methods, not traditional ones such as the blackboard and pictures, but rather to use more advanced educational methods such as still and moving films, radio, computers, and other modern methods. We will review the importance of using these methods:

The grammarians did not cite the words of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) in grammar except a little, and the grammarians who cited his words the most were Al-Radi Al-Istrabadi, for whom we counted twenty-six witnesses, and Al-Farra’ cited one witness from his words the most, as for Ibn Malik, about whom it was said: He cited the noble hadith and the hadith of the family of the Prophet and the companions the most ([i]), he only had one witness from his words the most, as for Ibn Hisham, who frequently cited the hadith and the trace ([ii]), we did not find for him except three witnesses only from the words of the Imam the most, and in this research we will discuss these few witnesses that these scholars cited.

Adorno is not alone in his criticism of the instrumental mind in this field, but rather he embodies that criticism in Western culture as a whole. Therefore, Adorno and the critics of critical theory were influenced by the philosophies that emerged from the core of Nietzsche's nihilism, which opened the way for interest in man and the problems in Western societies, on the basis of which diverse philosophies of discourse and non-unified knowledge emerged. Therefore, Marx presented a critique of societies dominated by capitalism, and accordingly, Adorno made this Marxist critique an important reference for criticizing instrumental rationality. Adorno also drew from Max Weber about the rationalization associated with rationalizing society and the extent of its impact on man in light of the modernization process, that rationality that came as a result of the repercussions of scientific progress and the process of rationalizing society. It is also appropriate for us to show the extent of Adorno's influence by his teacher Martin Heidegger in the issue of criticizing the essence of technology, and we will try to show Adorno's position on these philosophies and the extent of his influence. We will study those positions that appeared as a prelude to the Frankfurt School.

The district of Al-Mundhir is an ancient administrative district, as its formation dates back to the Ottoman era. It was the seat of the Ottoman authorities and was called the district of (Abu Sakhir). After the British entered Iraq as occupiers, the district of Al-Mundhir maintained its importance. The city of (Abu Sakhir) is considered one of the ancient cities known for its antiquity in history. The city was named with this name because of the presence of a rock or a rocky area in the middle of the Kufa River (Euphrates River). Near these rocks there is a village called Abu Sakhir, Umm Sakhr, or Sakhirat until the name was fixed on “Abu Sakhir” and remained until the issuance of Republican Decree No. (511) on 9/11/1976, and the name of the district was replaced with the name of the district of Al-Mundhir in reference to the Arab king Al-Mundhir bin Amr Al-Qais bin Ma’ Al-Sama’. It contains a cemetery dating back to the Phrygian and Islamic periods ([i]).

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the issue of water scarcity emerged on the international scene as one of the most important challenges of this century, as water uses increased globally during the twentieth century by four times what they were before, and it is expected that the per capita share of fresh water for future generations will decrease to reach (1/3) a third of what it is now by the year (2035), according to estimates by the World Bank worldwide, and the majority of these individuals are from developing countries.

Water scarcity - one of the two aspects of the water problem - represents a real challenge that humanity must prepare for by all means and methods in order to preserve the ecosystems that support life, and in a way that achieves sustainable development. Therefore, providing sufficient quantities of water, whether for drinking or for other uses, has become a prominent problem worldwide, due to the increasing population, urbanization and environmental degradation.

It is necessary to reconsider the plan for managing permanent surface water resources by developing strategies aimed at preserving this resource on the one hand, and rationalizing its uses in a sustainable and effective manner that particularly achieves the requirements of the principle of sustainable development on the other hand.

The study of permanent surface water resources is of great importance, especially in dry regions, including the study area of ​​Najaf Governorate, due to the importance of these resources in achieving economic development. Therefore, drawing up any development policy, whether in the civil, agricultural or industrial aspect, must be accompanied by a study of the available water resources and a study of current and future requirements. Neglecting this aspect may lead to the failure of development plans, if not their failure.

The most prominent thing that rhetoric has reached since its first roles is: -

1- Rhetoric was known as the art of persuasion and one of its first roles in addition to its moral goals.

2- Rhetoric carried its humanitarian goals that linked it to sociology, so it was the only art that demanded human rights from tyrants, so it was the link between logic and language and linked it to sociology.

3- Because man is a social being, it met his needs that he did not reach through other arts.

4- It represented the means that the prophets armed themselves with since the descent of man to earth until the Islamic religion, in which the orators were known for their frequent quotations from the Book of God, which resulted in effects that contributed to the development of rhetoric in what is considered in later ages.

5- The multiple functions of rhetoric, hence it had functions such as defending lofty principles and avoiding vices, and its value was clear from being a weapon for societies.

6- Contributing to factors that helped its emergence such as freedom and democracy, hence the speeches varied according to the type of need for them, so the quarrelsome was to respond to complaints, the affirmative was for the purposes of praise and blame, and the consultative was for blame and prevention.

7- Rhetoric has three pillars, which are the addressee, the ruler, and the audience, and it is not possible to neglect any of these pillars because rhetoric is meaningless when one of these pillars is missing, hence it developed through instinct and external and internal methods that represented the material of rhetoric, hence the division of speeches appeared.

8- Rhetoric determines the tasks of the orator, so the orator had to prepare the introduction to the sermon and its topic, and the conclusion, which are three stages that contribute to building the sermon, and none of them is less important than the other, which are: -

A- The orator must adhere to the sources of evidence, style and delivery, and from here other methods were taken, so they were linked to poetry, imagination and rhetoric, but the most important link is its relationship to logic, so logic was used as a tool to evaluate the art of rhetoric.

B- The connection of rhetoric to the purposes of logic has links with argumentation, both the topic, the purpose and the goals.

C- Rhetoric supports the orator's opinions with demonstrative arguments, and Aristotle used the debate method for the first time in rhetoric.

9- The connection of rhetoric to different civilizations, as the Romans used the artistic prose style in rhetoric, while the Greeks had speeches characterized by democracy and used the aspect of rational analysis, not just verbal.

Two Egyptian poets were known by the title of Shihab al-Din ibn al-Attar, one of them is Shihab al-Din Ali ibn Ahmad ibn al-Attar al-Damiati, the famous mawwal poet who died in 811 AH, and the second is Shihab al-Din Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Attar al-Danisari al-Masri, whom we are about to introduce, collect and document his poetry.

The status of Shihab al-Din ibn al-Attar al-Danisari among the poets of his time is evident in many things, including: that he is one of the leading figures in thought and literature in the eighth century AH in Egypt, with the intellectual and literary heritage he left behind, in addition to the fact that his poetry is considered an important historical document in which he recorded the events of his time with complete honesty and accuracy, such that there was no occasion or incident in which poetry could be said except that he exploited it and composed about it, so this poetry was full of those events, and acquired a social and historical value for this purpose.

Shihab al-Din ibn al-Attar was a creative poet, proficient in his art, and he remained among the obscure poets who were not touched by the hand of study and research, and his poetry remained neglected and not scientifically investigated, and the sources of his biography did not reveal much about his life and poetry, which is one of the obstacles that the researcher faced while following his biography, collecting and documenting his poetry.

His poetry is a true image that reflects the nature of the life that the poet Shihab al-Din ibn al-Attar lived, and the characteristics of his era full of political anxiety and social unrest; therefore, I found that this poet deserves to have his poetry collected, studied and documented, as it contains a wealth of images and a breadth of meanings that make it worthy of research and study.

This study concluded that Nietzsche's thought in the philosophy of art is a revolution against the prevailing beliefs in the Western world, whether those prevailing beliefs are ideological or intellectual, so his ideas became roots with the emergence of philosophical trends that call for liberation from mental, ideological and social restrictions. In order to re-evaluate values, or overturn values, we can say that despite the multiplicity and diversity of issues that occupied the philosopher Nietzsche, including the will to power, eternal return, nihilism, and which were the focus of the writings of researchers in his philosophy, which analysis shows us is concerned with existence, truth, reason, knowledge, art and interpretation, it is basically nothing but an overturn of Western metaphysics and the replacement of the problem of existence with the problem of value. The literary texts written by contemporary thinkers and writers who belong to philosophical trends and directions, whether structural, deconstructive, or positivist, are truly seeds that have ripened at the hands of the individuals of society, so that reform and progress are what will be reaped in the future as fruits through those trends and directions. Since Nietzsche considered aesthetic value to be the creation of life, so that life can continue... because the value of life is the decisive thing in the end. Nietzsche also called on the tongue of Zarathustra, ((Zarathustra came only to make you feel your fatigue from repeating old sayings, so that your self may be manifest in your work as a mother is manifest in her child)) ([i]). Nietzsche sees the creation of a system based on individual abilities, distinction and diversity, and attributes beauty to the artist's psyche and his increasing sense of power. It is in the service of life understood as a will to power. Art is a symbolic state of human superiority and the philosophy of eternal return. Nietzsche considers that the artist's mission is to create the coming humanity, and this is what is evident in most contemporary literary schools of the development of the literary effect in literary texts in contemporary art schools and interest in popular and national literature, and also in the local color that imprints the writer with his character, especially in narrative and theatrical works, and especially manifested in the theory of the higher man (the superman).

Nature (silent and soundless) is one of the most important elements of literary imagery. Literary imagery is a form that highlights the writer's special vision of existence, and works to enrich it. It also enables him to internalize life experiences and gives him the ability to deeply explore meanings, which gives his creativity a kind of privacy and uniqueness. The writer who derives his symbols from nature, bestows upon them his emotions and colors them with his own self, which makes them emit radiations and waves full of suggestions and connotations. The writer does not look at nature as a mere material thing separate from him, but rather sees it as an extension of his being. Using nature to express the deep meanings that go through the writer's mind requires the orator or writer to dress it in the garment of simile. Simile depicts the inner feelings that ordinary language cannot express, as it brings it closer to the mind, and then its meaning is reflected on the recipient, who interacts with it and with the meaning latent in it. The simile is an expressive process that causes the two sides of the simile to lose their real identity and establish a new identity on their ruins, which is the semantic result that seeped into our minds as a result of this process. The simile is an art of the verbal arts that constitutes in Arabic rhetoric a basic element of creativity in the process of sentence composition - so we find that the intended meaning of the creator within the product is not achieved without it.

The population of Khanaqin city according to the United Nations for the year (2003 AD) is approximately (170,400 people) ([i]). Khanaqin is located within Diyala Governorate and includes the districts of (Khanaqin Center, Jalawla, and Saadiya). As for the administrative division of Khanaqin city according to the classification of the Kurdistan government, it includes the districts of (Khanaqin, Qora To, and Midan).

In his correspondence with Muawiyah, the Imam (A) was working on two fields. The first was the great psychological impact it would have on the enemy's psyche, as his words and sarcastic style seemed to have a stronger impact on Muawiyah than iron bars. The second was to spread reassurance and increase determination in the souls of his companions, because verbal warfare is no less important than warfare on the battlefield, and victory in it paves the way to achieving actual victory on the battlefield. Therefore, the Imam (A) was keen to express himself in a strong, influential style that would have a strong impact on the soul, which would silence, silence, incapacitate and exhaust the enemy on the one hand, and raise the morale of his companions and strengthen their resolve to stand firm against the enemy and storm the abyss of war to achieve the expected victory on the other hand. Then he showed the insignificance and insignificance of the world and the confusion and reversal of time by making Muawiyah a rival to Ali and mentioning his name as his own and writing to him and conversing with him and each one being harsh to the other in his speech and shooting him with a hail of his arrows. The matter is as Ibn Abi al-Hadid describes it in his saying: “The most amazing and delightful thing that time brought was that Ali’s affair led to Muawiyah becoming his rival and a similar counterpart, contradicting each other in writing and answering and being equal in what each one confronts the other with.” Rather, Ali (A) expressed that with words that contained intense pain and deep wounding, astonished with the utmost astonishment, complaining with a groan and pain about what time had come to of linking Muawiyah’s name with his name and making him a rival, saying: “How amazing is time that I have become likened to someone who did not walk with my feet and who did not have a precedence like my, which no one can match.” The researcher tried to shed light on the stylistic and technical aspects of the texts of these correspondences, and this crystallized in four topics. The first dealt with studying the styles of (command, prohibition, interrogation, oath, indefiniteness), the second dealt with the structural aspects of the texts of the correspondence represented in (presentation, connection, nominal structure, verbal structure), and the third was concerned with studying the types of artistic image (simile, metaphor, contrast), while the fourth was concerned with deducing the meanings of the verb forms. The researcher relied on the analytical approach to clarify the meanings of the texts and reveal the speaker’s purpose and clarify the intentions of the speech

Planning for tourism development is no less important than planning for other economic activities, due to the great importance of tourism in regional development in terms of economic, social and environmental development, which has positive effects on the development and prosperity of the region.

Tourism takes many forms, and among these forms is medical tourism, which plays a role in attracting capital that can be invested in building tourism projects, through which job opportunities can be obtained to employ those who have the ability and competence to work. Despite the exposure of tourism activity in Iraq to major economic and security obstacles, the availability of political will and material capabilities has led to the adoption of tourism as an important tributary of the economy. Perhaps the decision to establish the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities is evidence of this trend and interest after it was a small body in one of the previous ministries.

Based on the importance of tourism in the national economy and its role in achieving integrated development by increasing the country's foreign currency reserves and improving the deficit in the balance of payments, Najaf Governorate is characterized by the prevalence of religious tourism activity represented by the religious shrines that are widely spread in the governorate and visited by millions of Arab and Muslim visitors from all over the world. However, relying solely on this tourism activity does not achieve the required economic integration, especially since Najaf Governorate has raw natural and human tourism potential that has not been invested in tourism, which requires developing plans and scientific studies that help in drawing up the country's economic policies in the coming years, in a way that ensures the development of environmental tourism, tourism of archaeological landmarks, and tourism of cultural festivals.

This study investigates the practical performance of EFL students at all levels of their education in an attempt to identify the possible practical failures they commit when using English. The study assumes that (1) the students under study commit practical failures, both linguistically and socially, at all levels, and (2) their teachers allow this type of practical failure as long as the students produce well-formed sentences. To achieve the aim of the study and test its hypotheses, the study sample is subjected to a questionnaire consisting of twenty cases, each of which includes four well-formed utterances, but only one of which practically fits the situations that occur. The study sample consists of different levels of students and teachers to verify the results at different levels. The subjects are first- and fourth-year EFL students at universities and EFL teachers of different titles, degrees, and academic specializations from the Department of English, Faculty of Education for Humanities.

تقليديًا، يتم تدريس النطق من قبل الطلاب الذين يشرحون النطق، ويقرأون الأصوات بصوت عالٍ أثناء يتدربون جيدًا على المعلم، ثم يكررون من بعده، ثم يمكنهم ، وإذا لم يتمكنوا دائمًا ، والاستماع إلى بعض التسجيلات. هذا يعني أن برمتها تقوم بالاستماع والتحدث ؛ الكتابة والقراءة مجرد عرضية من أجل الامتحانات.

Prince Caspian: Return to Narnia is part of the world of C.S. Lewis writing in The Chronicles of Narnia (1950-1954), Albert Lewis myth is a primary source for his writings, both religious and literary. His adherence to myth comes from his belief that myth, even if pagan, traces civilization back to human thought and imagination. Lewis's myth, as with his other friends in the Inklings family, is the primitive type of religion that paves the way for current religions, and in this story Lewis addresses, through the world of Narnia, the skeptics of their faith who are obsessed with religion and love of power because it silences rivers and trees and kills most of the living creatures that speak. Lewis relies on his standing and the tendency of people to a materialistic lifestyle who forget their faith and commitment to religion.