Journal of Studies and Researches of Sport Education

In order to prepare the students of the College of Physical Education, whom the college aims to graduate as competent teachers capable of assuming the responsibilities of their profession, aware of the dimensions and implications of their responsibility, and conscious of the implications of their role in promoting individual education and developing society, the practical teaching curriculum, which is called in Iraq practical application, has received great attention and has become one of the important subjects that the student takes during his years of study.

The development in all areas of life has given games, events and sports activities a prominent and prestigious position in the lives of nations and peoples. This development is the result of the connection between sports education and other sciences, which has given sports a great impact on the lives of human societies, which countries boast about. Since football is the sport of most of the world\\\\\\\\'s population, which means the world\\\\\\\\'s great interest in this game through training and proper and modern planning to rise to a high level to achieve the best results in all international tournaments, and football is characterized by its offensive nature that develops according to the development of game plans and modern methods and the multiplicity of technical skills in it, especially the skill of scoring, which has become one of the most important skills that must be mastered by all players because in the end the match must be won.

motor learning, one of the sports sciences that has received the attention of many researchers due to its importance and great benefit in learning and acquiring various motor skills, educational means and devices play an important role in learning sports and motor skills. They have become a major part of the educational process. The process of conveying information about motor skills to the learner or player through the teacher or trainer has become completely dependent on the use of educational means and devices of various types, whether visual or audio-visual, etc., replacing the method followed and based on explanation and clarification and the use of a live model in the process of learning sports skills.

Sports training plays a major and essential role in the development of any sport due to its prominent and important role in preparing players physically, skillfully, tactically and psychologically to reach a high level. Handball is one of the games that has developed rapidly and noticeably by relying on the correct scientific foundations of sports training science supported by advanced scientific studies and research. This is clearly evident through its short life compared to other team sports and the advanced level it has reached globally. The technical level in the game depends on multiple parts that complement each other. One of these important parts is (the player), who is considered the main element in holding handball matches.

Planning in the sports field has become absolutely linked to science, due to the role and importance of science in building the coach, referee and administrator and in all aspects of sports. Through this and down to the desires of players to continue their non-sporting lives to continue practicing the profession after retiring from playing, we notice that the desires of many athletes are to practice the coaching profession, while others are more inclined to practice the management profession in the sports field, while we notice some of them tend to the control profession... etc. Through this, it became clear to us that it is necessary to plan and prepare to program the athlete\'s work within these professions.

One of the most important duties and characteristics of sports training is to acquire a level of physical fitness through maximum functional efficiency as a result of skilled sports training and regular practice for long periods in selected sports activities based on clear scientific foundations. It is self-evident that any physical activity performed by an individual on a regular basis leads to regular and tangible physiological effects on the body's systems as a manifestation of adaptation to the nature of this body. Walimore states that regular training for a long period gives the body's systems physiological effects called chronic adaptation (2: 224). Given the importance of the cardiorespiratory system and the relationship between them through the immediate response to physical exercise as well as chronic adaptation to them, this appears in the physiological work of delivering blood to all cells of the body's tissues and systems, loaded with oxygen to sustain metabolic processes for the continuation of life, as well as accomplishing external loads during the performance of sports activities and sports competitions, in addition to the other duty, which is the transfer of carbon dioxide and waste resulting from the process of energy production in the working cells. The immediate response of the heart muscle is also noted by increasing the heart rate to increase the amount of blood pumped to the working muscles, accompanied by an increase in the number of times and depth of breathing, in addition to the participation of the respiratory pump in the process of returning venous blood to the heart muscle, which is a dimension of great importance in the continuation of the heart's work.

The remarkable development witnessed by basketball in the world in all technical and physical aspects has led to a change in the nature of the game and the multiplicity of its modern methods, through programmed and accurate planning and reliance on sciences related to the sports field to raise the level of teams towards the best levels to obtain the point in the shortest possible time and with the least effort expended.
Biomechanics is one of the sciences that has become helpful in finding the best ways to get the athlete to the ideal performance, as this science is interested in applying all knowledge, information and research methods related to the structural and functional composition of the human motor system ( ). Which consequently reveals weaknesses and provides kinetic solutions for them and their evaluation, in addition to enhancing strengths and setting appropriate kinetic paths for skill performance.
Long jump shooting is one of the main offensive skills that helps in achieving victory, as it helps in scoring two or three points from the farthest possible distance from the defenders. This is what all basketball players aim for in being able to score points in the shortest possible time, especially in the last seconds of matches when a tie or close score takes on the nature of the game in those matches.

The human body contains many functional and chemical variables that the body needs to perform a specific task as a result of the interconnection between them or with other variables. This can be clearly observed in athletes as a result of sports activity so that athletes can rise to a high level.
Therefore, middle-distance runners who have a set of responses, adaptations and changes to the body\\\\'s systems as a result of continuous training in terms of the high importance that the body needs from vitamins and the resulting effects on the body\\\\'s cells as they are auxiliary factors in producing the energy needed to supply the working muscles with oxygen through the blood components to continue the physical effort.

The rapid and continuous progress in sports activities has led to the importance of ways to raise the physical, skill and mental level of players in order to keep pace with the development of playing plans in all games
And the game of tennis is one of the games that is characterized by individual play and strong competition, which leads to the player when he wants to win the match, he must have a serve characterized by accuracy and speed, because the serve is the key to offensive play and striking force in modern tennis.
And the progress in the level of any player and his success depends to a large extent on the degree of his mastery of that skill, and this can be achieved by following the correct method of training and learning methods and their means.
The skill of serving requires strength, speed and accuracy in varying proportions, and in order to achieve success in performing this skill, the factors of direction, speed and rotation of the ball must play an important role in the serve strokes within the limits of the designated court.
Therefore, skill capabilities in general and serving in particular are requirements that tennis players cannot dispense with a small part of in order to continue playing with high effectiveness without dropping in level throughout the match and thus overcome the difficult situations that occur during the match.

The world and Arab countries are experiencing a major sports awakening, the most important of which is one of its manifestations, the bright results achieved by sports teams in recent years. In order to keep pace and ensure continuity with those countries and in the hope of developing sports in the country, it requires careful and organized planning and reconsideration by expert specialists and trainers, unless they make their way until they reach what the world has reached today in terms of development in scientific thought for the various applied aspects and topics in sports in general and handball in particular.

Reaching the top in handball is not difficult, but what is more difficult is continuing to maintain this level and trying to get closer to the goal. This can only be achieved through seriousness, perseverance, and finding appropriate solutions by those concerned with the reality of this game to advance it through the optimal choice of scientific means and modern methods in training, which makes the two (the coach and the player) in continuous continuity and cohesion in performance Their duties in the best possible way.

The development of sports in any country depends first and last on scientific planning that uses all sciences and knowledge consciously to establish the components of sports construction and its progress on strong and solid foundations, and among these sports (gymnastics). Gymnastics has developed greatly to the point of creativity and admiration in performance, and this development was not a coincidence, but rather came after analyzing the movements theoretically based on other sciences such as anatomy, physiology, kinesiology, sports psychology, biomechanics, sports medicine, history, sociology, and applying these sciences in practical aspects. The theoretical aspect of each activity is concomitant and complementary to the practical aspects, as the theoretical brings the player\'s mind closer to the image of the movement, its technical aspects, and how to perform it. Therefore, the relationship between the mental aspect and physical performance has become a matter of interest for coaches and athletes. In gymnastics, like any other type of sporting activity, the player’s success depends on the degree of compatibility between physical abilities such as strength, speed, flexibility, etc. and skill aspects, and between mental abilities such as mental visualization, focus, etc.

In recent years, we have witnessed tangible progress in all fields of science, including physical education sciences, which had a great impact in defining new tasks for the educational process in modern schools that call for updating curricula and developing their content and teaching methods in order to achieve better and faster learning in all sciences, including physical education.
It is not possible to rely on the athletes\' own abilities alone to achieve sports achievements, as it is necessary to adopt scientific foundations and the results of research and studies that are the basic pillar of every work that is intended for success and progress. Among these scientific foundations that have an effective impact on the learning process in general and learning motor skills in particular, especially in the early stages of learning, are the methods of teaching motor skills, represented by (the comprehensive method, the partial method, the comprehensive partial method), which is considered one of the important factors that affect the effectiveness of learning motor skills and improving them, which helps the learner to identify the extent to which he has achieved the desired goal, and the extent of the progress he has made.

The cognitive activity accompanying the motor activity is one of the distinctive characteristics of man that made him unique with a sophisticated civilization that carries within it obstacles and pillars of its continued strength and growth, and sports activity as a means of physical, bodily and mental growth has its importance, since long ago experts recognized sensory perception as a vital part of the natural growth of the individual, as perception is one of the basic abilities in cognitive mental processes, and these processes seek to explain and determine the sensations emanating from sensory stimuli, which gives us the right to call it the process of perception. The real success of the player is confirmed in combining the practice of the game and knowledge, and advancing age may distance him from practice, but it does not distance him from scientific knowledge. That is, he can retain knowledge and information for a longer period than he maintains his physical and skill level. In other words, the cognitive field must continue alongside the spatial, motor and psychological fields, and there is a necessity for each player to be familiar with the sports information and knowledge related to the game he is playing. In addition, this sports information is retained in the memory even after he loses his physical fitness and skill level, as this information gives him the opportunity to enjoy his favorite game when he turns into a spectator.
Send feedback

Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for the body, as they are stored in the muscles and liver in the form of glycogen, where its importance increases in long runs. On this basis, the carbohydrate loading rule appeared within the phenomenon of overcompensation developed by the scientist Veigert, which states that the consumed carbohydrates are replaced above the original level (9:56) in three stages (depletion, decline, compensation)
Within the rapid physiological adaptation (534.155) The glycogen mobilization rule was used by biologists such as &GEORGE E. HEIMPEL) HENRY) in the early nineties of the last century. The research was related to the speed of plant growth and extending their life spans, and they came out with good and amazing results about this phenomenon *). It is worth noting that the carbohydrate loading rule, which means depleting glycogen, then decreasing the percentage of carbohydrates, followed by an increase in the percentage of carbohydrates in the athlete's food, and based on the compensation rule, the body works to increase the reserve stock (2:16), as the glycogen loading rule is considered one of the most important strategies before the competition, especially long-distance running. The pioneer of this study was (ASTRAND) and then expanded by (COSTILL in 1993 & SHERMAN in 1995 BROUN & & HUBINGER). Everyone who is interested in athlete nutrition knows this rule well, which has achieved important results in improving achievement and delaying fatigue. This rule may be misunderstood to mean that improving achievement depends on the amount of carbohydrates that the athlete consumes without using the mechanism of depriving the body of carbohydrates for a period and then compensating for it, which is a strategy to deceive the body's cells to increase the reserve stock **The phenomenon of mobilizing glycogen (building and rebuilding carbohydrates CHO (Intracellular) is not only increasing the stock but also activating the functions of cells of enzymes and substrates in the process of metabolic pathways to build energy. This phenomenon (glycogen mobilization) and the rule of glycogen loading have one basis, but they differ in terms of function, discharge mechanism and cell mechanics. To the best of the researcher's knowledge, it has not been used in the sports field. Therefore, through the three energy systems for each of 100 m - 800 m - 3000 m to know its effect and the results obtained from this phenomenon.

The science that studies phenomena related to biorhythms, known as rhythmic biology in our country, is still taking its first steps towards emergence as a result of the lack of studies that have addressed this science, although it represents one of the important aspects of psychological sciences, as knowing the components and types of biorhythm helps to know what can be expected from the athlete at a certain time. Accordingly, researchers formulate the problem in the following question: What is the type of biorhythm as a dependent variable in fencers and what is the nature of its impact on some independent variables such as age, gender and environment.
In the sports field, we increasingly need such studies in terms of concept and application, since human capabilities and everything related to the athlete constitute the focus of our work through which we seek to overcome obstacles and move towards achieving advanced results and not stop at a certain point.
Therefore, the study we are conducting may help us to give a general idea of ​​the type of biological rhythm in fencers and its impact on some variables (age, gender, environment).