journal of Economics And Administrative Sciences

ان الرأسمالية ليست بناءً هندسياً يتم انتظامه وفقاً للنظريات الهندسية والمعادلات الرياضية والفنون المعمارية، لأنها ببساطة نظاماً اجتماعياً يقوم على تشكيلة اقتصادية معينة، والأخيرة تقوم على مستوى معين لتطور قوى الانتاج (التكنولوجيا) والذي يقوم عليه مستوىً معين لعلاقات الإنتاج، ويقوم على التشكيلة الاقتصادية/ نمط الإنتاج نظاماً سياسياً، هو جزء من البناء الفوقي، ولأنها نظاماً اجتماعياً بالمواصفات انفة الذكر فهي ليست بناءً ابن الصفة الارادوية الذاتوية والقصدية، بل هي صيرورة ابنة عملية موضوعية لتطور عدد لا يحصى من المتغيرات واصطفافها في ظروف مواتية لتشكيل بنية اقتصادية تقوم على تقدم قوى الإنتاج، وتتطلب توافر طبقة ضليعة المصالح بالتغيير تعمل على تكييف وتغيير كافة الانظمة المؤسساتية والعلاقات والقوانين الحقوقية والتشريعات لموائمة الحركة الصاعدة المنبثقة من رحم القوانين الموضوعية .
اما تصوير الاقتصاد الانتقالي باعتباره اقتصاداً يمثل انتقالاً نحو الرأسمالية بالضرورة، ولا يحتاج سوى الى تعزيز البناء الرأسمالي، فهو لا يعدو أن يكون سوى محض نزهة مترفة في غياهب العقل خارج العناصر الموضوعية، التي يفترض انه نتاجاً لها

This research aims to identify the level of extension administration performance under comprehensive quality standards from the perspective of the working staff in agricultural extension at the level of the general extension body and agricultural directorates and agricultural division.this was to identify the extension administration performance under comprehensive quality standards from the perspective of vegetables growers , random sample was selected from the central region governorates Baghdad , Diyala , Babel , karbala and Al-Najaf , a random sample from the workers in the general body numbered 56 employee , sample of staff working in agricultural extension was selected at the level of agricultural directorates in proportional , stratifies , and preview manner numbered 41 employee , sample of staff working in agricultural extension was selected at the level of agricultural extension was selected at the level of agricultural divisions in proportional , stratifies , and preview manner numbered 100 farmer , so the research found that the level of extension administration performance in its different levels from the viewpoint of staff working in agricultural extension was moderate , that the level of extension administration performance in its different levels from the viewpoint of farmer vegetables growers was weak special at agricultural division , , the researcher recommends the need to create an independent administrative body concerns with the responsibility of quality assurance in the extension administrative work and works on the evaluation of extension administration performance in its different levels according to comprehensive quality administration standards to suit its work and geographical environment of iraq periodically

Facing industrial companies many pressures and challenges due to rapid changes in the business environment of contemporary, which requires them to do their performance look more inclusive rather than limiting performance evaluation on the financial perspective in spite of its importance, prompting companies to rethink their reality competitive through the adoption of methodologies and new philosophies to manage competitiveness of total quality management, and re-engineering of production processes, and knowledge management,... etc., as This study framework cognitive and practical "to evaluate the performance of a company Diyala General Electric Industries and how to rehabilitate in light of the options and alternatives strategy available, due to problems experienced by companies Diyala General under exposure trade of goods and services and weak competitiveness, and aims to stand on the results of evaluating the performance of the company for the development of alternatives and options Alstratejahlaadh rehabilitation company to correct its course to raise the competitiveness of the industry itself, in light of the speed changes in the economic environment domestically and internationally, in order to prophylaxis of their standard competitive to keep up with technological developments and industrial. study included three axes president, the first dealing with (the concept of assessment Aladaoualaguetsada and analysis strategic environment industry) The second phase offender Applied to study, which showed efficient economic performance of companies Diyala during the search, which led to lack of capacity utilization productivity of the company as required as well as the intensity of competition for industrial products, it all led to not to create added value to the desired level, which in turn led to low volume profit in the company as a whole, and the third dealt with ways to improve the competitive company Diyala within the vision and rehabilitation of the company. The study concluded with a number of conclusions and propose some solutions that suit and the possibility of the state and the requirements of the future stage to contribute to raising the competitiveness of the company

This paper discusses the subject deeply in human resource management, with intellectual and philosophical in modern administrative thought. The focus of the target on the identification of the strategic concept of human resource management practices in business organizations. It studied the scientific concept, in terms of how it has been the shift from personnel management, and to human resources management, and then to HR management strategy. The research has included extensive serious discussions about the nature of the changes, and how to determine the nature and content of the strategic perspective of human resources management in the changing and volatile world of business. It was also the explanation and clarification theoretical philosophies that came in various previous studies, and identify paths in the adoption of appropriate intellectual entrance appropriate in the management of human resources in the organizations of the third millennium. The paper included topics enormous focused mostly on substance philosophical human resources management and research interests in addressing the fundamentals of the roots of human resource management and its relation to shifts ongoing change, the shift from managing people to managing human resources, the transition from human resource management to human resource management strategy, strategic perspective human resources management, philosophies theory in the study of strategic human resource management, and the entrances to the study of human resources management strategy. And it has concluded the paper to the conclusion that a philosophy of human resource management perspective strategic as a function goes beyond the responsibility of executives for human resources, to put into consideration the role of each other managers, especially managers main activities of the organization as managers other human resources, each according to its location, and its role in responsibility hierarchical organization.
According to the strategic perspective that human resource management systems will serve as a sophisticated systematic multi-dimensional composed of elements that can combine in different ways to get an infinite number of possible configurations to achieve organizational excellence. The main idea is to basically select systems for human resources management "model - a standard" is perfect, do not necessarily reflect the concrete phenomenon experimentally.

The vision and philosophy of the economic system in Iraq after 2003 were not clear-cut because of overlapping internal factors was the novelty of the political system and the lack of political and economic decision makers to understanding and conviction full need shaping a new administration for the Iraqi economy is able to succeed economic development programs, and external factors was determinedly organizations international application of shock reforming style and contrary to the social reality and the security which reflected negatively on the work and consistency Lisseeash financial balance between stability and growth and raise the level of consumer spending and the importance of research lies in the ability of fiscal policy to achieve this balance in Traffic overlap both factors internal and external. as researcher believes that fiscal policy entered in basic contradictions including reconciling role stability and development on the one hand and the search for stabilizers dynamic wide spectrum of the public budget and avoid external shocks by raising levels of GDP non-oil and therefore taxation and collection of savings at the expense of maximizing consumption on other hand in the absence of the clear economic approach and the effecting independence of monetary authority which impact negatively on the financial and monetary stability, and economic and economic development plans .so The policy directions of the current financial sacrifice stability and growth and fueling inflationary trends favoring consumption over production and investment, in addition to the negligence of the new resources that provide general budget through a mechanism created from Central oil sources during the positive shock of Foreign supply positive for use the above was not devoid the models of equitable distribvion of what was done the fiscal policy in Iraq, which represents Based economic life and axes orientations of the beauties when embraced nearly half of the Iraqi labor force unemployed and in record time.

Research aims to shed light on the concept of corporate failures , display and analysis the most distinctive models used to predicting corporate failure; with suggesting a model to reveal the probabilities of corporate failures which including internal and external financial and non-financial indicators, A tested is made for the research objectivity and its indicators weight and by a number of academics professionals experts, in addition to financial analysts and have concluded a set of conclusions , the most distinctive of them that failure is not considered a sudden phenomena for the company and its stakeholders , it is an Event passes through numerous stages; each have their symptoms that lead eventually to company life starting from performance deteriorating then economic failure which leads to insolvency, bankruptcy, liquidation, hence, corporate failure could be predicted by using certain models containing a set of internal and external financial indicators in order to reach primary results that assist management in to diagnose performance strengths and weaknesses and take suitable corrective actions , of previously mentioned, recommendations have come out represent in applying the suggestive model to discover and report about the possibilities of Iraqi corporate failures to enable their management of predicting company future periodically; as it can through applying this model determining its continuity elements difficulties problems facing in the future and the alternatives to overcome them, In addition this models is considered one of many analytical procedures when evaluating the company 's ability of continuity for auditors.

This research aim to present theoretical and philosophical framework regards topic of intellectual capital readiness in Iraqi universities. That is, by using strategic map in balanced score card of Norton and Kaplan (2004). This research discusses theoretical content for three main aspects reflect in its nature elements of intellectual capital readiness in organizations. This includes human capital readiness, information capital readiness and organizational capital readiness. To clear each element, the authors relay on mechanism to determine gape per element of intellectual capital elements

the researchers Sought to determine the impact of the customer contact (Within a client contact there are two times, first is the total time required to create a service and within it there is contact time while the second time is the time of client contact ؛ where means a time that records the physical presence of the customer during the process of service) on operations performance by concentrate attention on the cost (labor productivity) and quality (patient ratio to the doctor) and speed (cycle time) and flexibility (the flexibility range) , as well as ruling out variable of innovation because of impossibility to measure this variable in the Specialty Center for Dental in al-alwia due to the center is lacking of mechanisms to explain the effect that the customer holds contact, research ,however, occupies great importance to being treated an important issue in the introducing service is to contact between the customer and the service provider, in addition , because of the importance of the topic and the expected results of the Center at hand, the researchers had conducted analyzing of qualitative data obtained from the reality of the records for the Specialist Center and for a twenty-four period, nature of this center combines two attributes: first is to provide the service , the second it is working according to a system like one’s of commodity organizations by working for certain hours where result in decline in number of quantitative measures that can be relied upon and it was analyzed data across a range of reliable quantitative measures, the most prominent results that have been reached refers to high impact to the average elapsed time during the physical presence of the patient with the service provider to perform operations through its four objectives of work productivity, the patient to the doctor ratio , cycle time and the flexibility of operations , Regarding the assumptions that examine interdependence between the decision of customer contact and operations performance, the result was inverse interdependence between the average contact time of the customer , labor productivity and the patient to the doctor ratio and the flexibility of operations , positive with cycle time , because of an increase in average of contact time will result in increase the production cycle time and thus lower speed in the service, but the main recommendations are the need to find correct mechanism to determine the time of contact, depending on information systems

This research aims to test the causal relationship long-and short-run between the price of gold the global crude oil price and the exchange rate of the dollar and how you can take advantage of the nature of this relationship, particularly in the Arab oil states that achieve huge surpluses, including Iraq and how to keep on the purchasing power of these surpluses or reduce the levels of risk.
The problem is that the Arab oil countries, adversely affected, as a result of that relationship, due to the fact that its role confined to the sale of crude oil only. They do not have control in the dollar, then they are not able to take advantage of its impact on the price of gold the fact that gold is effective protection against fluctuations in the U.S. dollar
Model was used Vectors Error Correction Model VECM) to test the causal relationship long-term and short-term between the price of gold the global crude oil price and the dollar exchange rate, using daily data for 86 observations for the period from 1 jan 2013 until 27 march 2013
The results showed that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between both the global price of gold and the dollar exchange rate with the price of crude oil. The study also shows that the price of crude oil in the short term have positive relationship with the price of gold, and have negative relationship with the exchange rate of dollar according to the results of Wald Test.
When taken The outcome of those the inter relationship between oil and gold, producing Arab states find themselves forced to bear the losses resulting from the relationship between the dollar and oil gold.

Research aimed to explore the Application Effect of the Conflict Management Strategies by the managements to solve conflict between and inside the conflicted parties within (IGEC) to increase the productivity of the workers. To collect data, 110 questioners had been distributed among managers and heads of departments of all managerial levels, 102 answered questioners regained, 5 of them were disqualify for statistical analytic, only 97 were taking in consideration for statistical analysis presenting 93% of the retained number.
SPSS Program supported with a group of statistical tools, had been used for analysis purposes such as Kronbach Alpha test to assure the validity & stability of the tool, mains, and standard deviation, hypothesis approved by using simple deviation.
The most important conclusions comes out of this research were;
• The existence sign of statistical function to the effect of applying the strategies of integration, conciliation, and avoidance used by managements in increasing productivity.
• There were no sign of effect in statistical function by the use of bargaining or domination strategies in increasing productivity.
The most important recommendations were:
• Pay much interest and consideration to the dialogue and discussion process between workers to solve the conflict among them by concession of part of their goals.
• Company should seek the persuasion of one side with the point of view of their opponents to increase productivity.
Procedural Definitions: Conflict Management, Integration, Conciliation, Bargaining, Domination, Avoidance and Productivity

The performa of evaluation process is a process that should be carried out by all industrial management in order to stand on aspects of development or underdevelopment of the various departments and activities in its industrial project for the purpose of identifying obstacles and find out the causes and then avoid them quickly. And intended to rectify the performance evaluation of the activities of industrial project or economic union by measuring the results achieved within a specific operational process and compare it to what is already targeted, and often the time for comparison of one year.
The process of performance evaluation depends upon several criteria and indicators within the various economic units, and can be defined the standards and performance indicators as (semantic that indicate information management health paths taken, they are a means of effective control, it is also a way of planning where supply scheme with all necessary information about the extent and effectiveness of any plan of multiple plans even done the necessary amendment and improve performance).
There are many indicators and criteria to be used in measuring the performance efficiency in industrial projects, but the study dealt with the indicators that fit existing activities in the company placed search during the study period. The company has faced many problems and obstacles that prevented the achievement of productivity plans, which led to low capacity utilization planned, especially after 2002.it faces huge forfeitures that are estimated billion Iraqi dinars since 2003 and the following years, a mtler that makes it to loan from ministry of Finance to pay the salaries of its officials and complete its other business

This research work as an attempt has been made to find robust estimations for Hotelling-T2 test when the data is from amultivariate normal distribution and the sample of the multivariate contain outliers also this research gives an easily high breakdown point robust consistent estimators of multivariate location and dispersion for multivariate analysis by using two types of robust estimators, of these methods are minimum covariance determinant estimator and reweighted minimum covariance determinant estimator.

The technology of reducing dimensions and choosing variables are very important topics in statistical analysis to multivariate. When two or more of the predictor variables are linked in the complete or incomplete regression relationships, a problem of multicollinearity are occurred which consist of the breach of one basic assumptions of the ordinary least squares method with incorrect estimates results.
There are several methods proposed to address this problem, including the partial least squares (PLS), used to reduce dimensional regression analysis. By using linear transformations that convert a set of variables associated with a high link to a set of new independent variables and unrelated with each other, which are called, the components. These components are orthogonal and independent from each other.
The method of partial least squares PLS is failed in dealing with data that consist of the presence of Outliers values and hence the success of this method depends on the absence of such outliers values that have undesirable effect on the results. In order to reduce the presence of these values, we resorted to use the robust methods.
In this research a method of PLSKURSD that applied SIMPLS algorithms on variance-covariance robust matrix. Also the proposed method MPLSKURSD are used which is a modified method to the PLSKURSD method. parameters linear regression model by partial least squares(PLS) is compared with modalities robust partial least squares through the simulation experiments depends on the presence of several types of outlier values of data for different rates of pollution, volumes of samples, and variables dimensions

The study aims to identify the fairness in the distribution of municipal services between municipal districts and areas, from point of view of municipal chamber staff and from the point of view of the citizen. It also aims to identify factors affecting the fairness of the distribution of municipal services. Municipal services were being studied : hygiene and waste, water supply, sewer, creating gardens, and street paving .Factors which examined its impact on municipal services are: resources available to municipal chamber, the managerial process at municipal chamber, and factors in the external environment surrounding municipal chamber.The results of the study showed that level of the equitable distribution of municipal services to various districts and areas were below average according to the opinions of employees in the municipal chamber while above average according to the opinions of citizens , and there is statistically significant variation between the views of the parties , staff and citizens ,about fairness in distribution of municipal services . Results showed also that there are a weakness in managerial process (planning, organization, leadership and control ) at the municipal chamber , low efficiency of the human resources available to municipal , lack of an effective and efficient system of information for decision-makers, and that those factors had a direct impact on the fairness in the distribution of municipal services distribution of municipal services

The industrial production sector has an important role in the national economy of the advanced countries as well as the developing ones to get higher levels for their economy . We in Iraq , just like most of the develpoing countries , our economy still suffers of great shortage in this active sector in spite of the repeated statements about the desire of activating the contribution of this sector in the national economy . The industrial sector in Iraq suffers in general of many problems , especially the public industrial sector (manufacturing) . These problems have been existed because of the unnatural conditions that Iraq has passed during the previous decades especially in the political and security sides . which reflected negatively on all sectors of the economy including the public industrial sector . The other factor is the policy followed by the administrative and economical parties in charge of this sector that have been responsible of depriving this sector of working in a competitive atmosphere . This situation has become worse after 2003 because of the illogical procedures used by economical managements with manufacturing sector in Iraq . This weakens the activity of these industries and weakens their production and adds to their inability to compete in the local market .
We attempt through this research to answer the following question
" Can the public industrial sector manage the sector of industry in Iraq as a leading sector?" . The objective of the study is showing the reality of the manufacturing in the public industrial sector in Iraq for the period (2000-2009) concentrating on the period after 2003 .
We conclude that there is a necessity to give the private sector the chance to enter as a partner in managing and financing the manufacturing in the public industrial sector in Iraq in a graduate way . This has an importance in rising the efficiency of the performance of industrial companies and increasing their productivity. In addition to that, decreasing the financial burdens on the government, and ending most of the problems that the economical companies face . The most important problems are the weakness of Administration and corruption.

The support qualitative information regards as an additional step in the process of decision-making where the method following by companies to provide information help in the creation of value because it is very important to deliver information to investors about their stratigies and what happen truly inside the companies i.e. every case relating with the expectations of stockhotslder and the prices of markets depending on those expectation ,and if the matter isn’t that there will be lack of confidence thate couldn’t be backed again. The decisions of the investors effected by security ,economic ,political, psychological, emotional ,and financial factors .investores always seek to gain big profits and ,buy and hold stoks by them could gain the highest profits ,and the indicators of the assessment divedided into two main catogarios :the traditional and standard ones depending on the value.
The aim of this study is to shed th light on the concept of economic value added as one aspect of optional disclosure and how to rely on the economic value added as an indicator supporting the financial reporting through its integration with traditional accounting income and making a link between them and the related variables helping to rationalize the decisions of investors .this study has been applied in twenty industrial company listed on the Iraq stock exchange (iex)for the year (2010).the hypotheses of the study have been tested by using the statistical analyses ,where the researcher depended on pearson correlation coefficient to test the degree and the type of the relationship and on the simple and multiple regressions analisis resulting in the following result:
In 2010 the correlation of EVA with (, ROA, EPS AR, ROE, ROI)is weak postitive . where Eva explaining R2 when the integration of each of the EVA and NI, 41.2% of ROE, 29.1% ROI, 19.4% ROA, 14.3% EPS, 10% AR.

In this paper, we made comparison among different parametric ,nonparametric and semiparametric estimators for partial linear regression model users parametric represented by ols and nonparametric methods represented by cubic smoothing spline estimator and Nadaraya-Watson estimator, we study three nonparametric regression models and samples sizes n=40,60,100,variances used σ2=0.5,1,1.5 the results for the first model show that N.W estimator for partial linear regression model(PLM) is the best followed the cubic smoothing spline estimator for (PLM),and the results of the second and the third model show that the best estimator is C.S.S.followed by N.W estimator for (PLM) ,the results also indicated that the lowest estimator and representation of the models used is the parametric estimator OLS followed by nanparametric estimator N.W.

Organizations must interact with the environment around them, so the environment must be suitable for that interaction. These companies are now trying to become Learning Organizations because it try to face that challenges may rise from its environments. The Learning Organization is a concept that is becoming an increasingly widespread philosophy in modern companies, from the largest multinationals to the smallest ventures. What is achieved by this philosophy depends considerably on one's interpretation of it and commitment to it. This study gives a definition that we felt was the true ideology behind the Learning Organization and Group Working. A Learning Organization is one in which people at all levels, individuals and collectively, is continually increasing their capacity to produce results they really care about. At the heart of a learning organization lies the belief that enormous human potential lies locked and undeveloped in our organizations. This research was applied at one of the Iraqi public sector, which is Public Company for Webbing Industries in Hilla. The central conclusion is the conviction that when all members of an organization fully develop and exercise their essential human capacities, the resulting congruence between employee empowerment, knowledge participation, environmental scanning and human involvement will release this potential and helpful at group working. Therefore, the behavior side of technical and managerial performance is very importance for reaching to group working. Organizations must to give its` employee some of freedom at workplace and managing of their performance, but that matter should be achieve benefits for both of organization and its` employee

The main focus of this research is to examine the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) and the methods used to solve this problem where this problem is considered as one of the combinatorial optimization problems which met wide publicity and attention from the researches for to it's simple formulation and important applications and engagement to the rest of combinatorial problems , which is based on finding the optimal path through known number of cities where the salesman visits each city only once before returning to the city of departure n this research , the benefits of( FMOLP) algorithm is employed as one of the best methods to solve the (TSP) problem and the application of the algorithm in conjunction with one .
Mathematical model has been established based on unit objective, regarding each objective of the problem, and then establishing a mathematical model, with many objectives to apply the foggy method of many objectives.

The aims of research is to identify the role of strategic human resource management Practices in organizational performance improvement in the Baghdad soft drinks company, as well as the implications of the results for both managers and practitioners.
In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher designed questionnaire included (40) items to collect the initial data from the research sample consisting of (53) Single. In light of that has been collecting and analyzing data and test hypotheses using the statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS21), and use a number of statistical methods to achieve the goal of the research, including the means, standard deviations and simple correlation and path analysis.
After conducting an analysis of research data and hypotheses, research found a number of results most notably refers to: the level of strategic human resource management practices for managers have a field respondent was above average and to the strong influence of compensation strategy to improve organizational performance and lowest power in the employment strategy.
The research found a number of conclusions was notably: The nature of work in Baghdad soft drinks company surveyed based on the need for strategic human resource management practices with the company surveyed, with appeared a correlation significant relatively strong among all human resources management strategies and organizational performance of the company surveyed, and this demonstrates the important role played by human resources management and strategies in promoting and supporting organizational performance. It was recommended by research need to work on developing a strategy and plan of private employment and adhere to the company's management that enjoys these strategic flexibility and focus long-term, taking into account the issue of the diversity of experiences and skills and capacities of individual applicants for jobs, it is necessary to fit these strategy with the strategy of the organization

Vocational education is the basis of contemporary educational movement that aims at satisfying human needs. Societies can develop their human resources via setting programs for the working class as an aspect of the comprehensive national development. Vocational education is the main source of technical cadres the Iraqi labor market requires of the vocational preparatory schools to provide after three years of schooling.
The vocational schools of the governorate of Basra have a number of problems that lead to the lack of proficiency of their graduates. This study is an attempt to identify these problems or obstacles on the way of having qualified graduates as their output and to trace the social and economic impact of this failure on both the graduate and the society.
The sample of this study includes the students of the morning and night vocational preparatory schools in Basra for the academic years (2004/2005-2010/2011). To them the research worker has added the school leavers or drop-outs that attended the final ministerial exams during those academic years as part of her representative sample.
Among the conclusions arrived at in this study are as follows: the industrial schools are at the top of the other vocational schools for their graduates form more that 50% of the population of this study. It has been found out that these schools need to be developed by starting new specialization sections that are of more practical and technical nature. Next to the industrial schools come the commercial ones. These schools need to improve their curricula so as to cope with requirements of the local labor market.
The vocational schools under investigation are all in need more and better machines and equipment to pave the way for giving better training. These schools have more than 300 students each. Such a large number of students is greater than what is agreed upon internationally. The school building is not suitable for vocational training. Finally, it can be noticed that sex is a variable that plays an important role in population distribution: Girls prefer commercial classes to the industrial ones whereas the boys would rather join the industrial , commercial and agricultural classes.