Journal of Al_Anbar University for Language and Literature

It is no secret to the reader that studying implicit patterns requires a critical sense and a poetic horizon that enables the recipient to reach the creator’s intention and identify hidden meanings through the context of speech or evidence of circumstances, and this matter requires knowledge from the recipient An accurate understanding of the poet’s mechanisms and trends, as well as an accurate reading of his experience Creativity, because the process of discovery does not come through superficial reading, but rather through deep reading of the poetic discourse away from social or political bias, that is, being knowledgeable in dealing with the poetic context, as surrendering to preconceived judgments does not allow the recipient to reach the essence of the poet or What's going on? His mind or what is stirring in his chest, here the value of poetic creativity lies in not directly giving leadership to the systems except after careful investigation and examination, especially since our poet in question - Ali bin Al-Jahm - lived in an era full of contradictions, political conflicts and social fluctuations, so poetry came to be a mirror of that era It echoes its culture, thought, and civilization, and conveys the thoughts, feelings, and sentiments of its individuals. It depicts the transformations and developments that have taken place in that society in its principles and values. Perhaps the great transformation that took place in the opulent Abbasid environment, and the absence of many of the harsh aspects of nomadism that preceded it. And what accompanied it Cultural, intellectual, and civilizational development had its repercussions on Abbasid poetry. This era witnessed great political and social conflict, as well as the cross-pollination of civilizations through contact with foreign cultures at the time.
Therefore, we find it necessary to study the poetry of this era in accordance with the cultural vision of a modern critical approach, namely: (cultural criticism), and in accordance with the implicit patterns that prevailed in that era and influenced, in one way or another, the creativity of its poets.

Objectives: The study conducted a comparison between the explanations of the educational systems in morphology, organized by Sheikh Sharaf al-Din al-Jandi, died in the year (669 AH), namely the explanation of Rayhanat al-Ruh, the explanation of Uqood al-Jawahir, and the explanation of Qala’id al-Tarif. The study also aimed to prove which of these explanations was first composed.
Methodology: The study adopted the descriptive approach to address the objectives of the study, and to compare between the introduction and content of the explanations of these systems based on length and brevity, morphological sections, and the number of verses, weight, and rhymes. The comparison was also conducted depending on the explanation of the linguistic meaning of the problematic words, evidence, and the end of each of them and their content.
Results: The study concluded that Al-Jandi’s three systems are important educational morphological systems, reflecting Al-Jindi’s literary and linguistic education. These systems showed that Rayhana Al-Ruh’s system was the first of the systems composed, but the explanation of Uqood al-Jawahir was earlier than the explanation of Al-Rayhanah and the explanation of Uqood al-Jawahir. The Rayhana system is ahead of Uqood al-Jawahir, and the explanation Uqood al-Jawahir was is ahead of Al-Rayhanah’s explanation.
Conclusion: The study concluded that there is a similarity between the explanations of the system of Rayhanat al-Ruh and Qala’id al-Tarif based on the length of the two explanations and their inclusion of analytical and explanatory details that are abcsent in the explanation of Uqood al-Jawahir.

Apparently, pragmatics seem to deal with the question of meaning but differ in the way they consider the type of meaning. This study is a practical study that examines the speech acts in Dryden's poetry. The study aims to achieve the following objectives:
Examine different types of needs and recognize strategies employed in Dryden's poetry for meeting those needs. This research is qualitative and descriptive in nature, utilizing visual analysis to interpret and analyze the data.
This study is an attempt to pragmatically explore poetic form in English poetry. This study aims to investigate pragmatic differences due to poetic expressions in English. The results of the analysis were compared statistically to uncover linguistic similarities or differences in the selected poems of Dryden. The purpose of this study is to apply a supporting tool which is the theory of speech acts in the field of language to understand poetry in the field of literature.
It is hypothesized that speech acts are considered as a type of pragmatic meaning. Expressions and directives are statements intended to get the listener or reader to do something according to the wishes of the speaker or author. The poem as one of the literary works is the expression of the author to the reader. As an expression of authorship, poems can contain more expressive statements than direct ones. This study attempts to examine poems written by Dryden, an English poet. The poems written by Dryden will be used as data for analysis by pragmatic theory.

This study shows the way "peaceful co-existence" is used in modern time ,specifically, in English literature. Peaceful Co-existence, in this study, does not treat subjects of political or territorial meanings, but it clarifies an aspect of humanistic relationships. The possibility for creating peace springs from the real intentions of being peaceful and accepting the other's life. The study, then, examines the possibility of creating a world of peace and understanding through the application of the concept of Peaceful Co-existence for cross-cultural relations and for the acceptance of the "other". This meaning comes in Muriel Rukeyser's poem "Poem"(1968) and Denise Levertov's "Making Peace" (1987). These two works discuss the idea that peace is a decision chosen and made by humans all to live in a peaceful world. This notion represents the essence from which peace poetry puts its roots in modern age. At the final step, this study comes to an end with a conclusion of the meanings, points and major things mentioned in the body.

One of the most important topics of contemporary literature is the interest in women and their place in the family and thus society. The topic of women and their centrality in literary works is one of the most important topics and discussions in the last two centuries, and it has received the attention of many researchers in various fields of society, culture, politics, and even literature.
Women have had their special position and position in the society and culture of various countries and in all eras. Women had a prominent presence in the ancient history of Iran, which is the same period of civilization and culture of the Semitic Arabs among the Rodanians and after them the pre-Islamic Arabs who lived in the desert, such as the Arabs of the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, Syria, and others, where There were clear differences and similarities between these two cultures in the social and cultural status of this human race. In this research, we discuss how female symbols entered contemporary literature as one of the indicators of social developments, taking into account the social realities of Iranian and Arab society. The entry of female symbols into literature, especially contemporary poetry, is not an accidental event, but rather the result of the transformation of social relations in the world. The applicant. The change in the status and role of women in today's advanced world has led to the formation of a kind of harmony between the groups of society. Under the female symbols of poets and writers, broad mythological meanings were revived as they attempted to revive a part of society that had been hidden for many years, namely women and their functions. In the mythology of Iran and the world, women have diverse and different positions, based on their societies and cultures, and sometimes these roles conflict with each other, and this application is not a feminist effort. However, breathing the delicate spirit into the poems of the current era, going into the field and describing the hidden society, which was able to grow and emerge in light of modernity, and these efforts have examples in Persian and Arabic literature, is one of the important issues related to mythological and epic discussions.

Modern linguistic research deals with metaphor as a mental and cognitive phenomenon that rises to the level of universality due to its presence in the conceptual structures of human thinking.
There are several types of metaphor, including physical metaphor. Physical metaphors rely on analogies with the human body and the work and functions of human organs. It is also part of the communication strategies and techniques in the speech of Arabic- and Russian-speaking politicians. The physical metaphor is used to achieve emotional impact on listeners and has a significant role in Russian and Arab political discourses.
The study of techniques for explaining hidden meanings in the internal form of the physical metaphor helps to move on to the study of other indirect speech acts, such as sarcastic phrases and allusions, for example. The results of the study can form the basis for creating educational materials to teach students to recognize and understand hidden meanings in political discourse.