Journal of University of Babylon

Background: Menopause is an aging in women, it begins in most of them at 45 years old, the main reason of menopause is the decline of the Estrogen result from decline of ovaries function, it’s include many of symptoms such as nocturnal sweats, hot flashes, depression, elevated of anxiety, insomnia, sleep disturbance, genitalia include inflammation, dryness, urinary tract infections, painful urination, gaining weight, usually in the abdomen, hips and joint pain. Menopause leads to many disease include insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, chronic hearts disease, obesity, osteoporosis. The adipose tissue it\\'s secretes active proteins such as subfatin which is adipocytokines regulates food intake. Fetuin-A is adipokines and hepatokiens that generated mainly by liver it serves to act as carrier of free fatty acid in circulation.
Materials& Methods: Ninety women ages (50-65) participated in the study. (45) non-obese menopausal women with BMI (22.08±3.39) Kg/m2 as a control group. (45) obese women in the menopause with a BMI (35.38±2.52) Kg/m2 as the second group. Results: The results showed that there was a significant decrease at (P≤ 0.01) in the level of Subfatin and increase at (P≤ 0.01) in Fetuin-A in the second group compared to the control group.
Conclusion: This study found significant negative correlation between Subfatin and lipid profile and significant positive correlation between Fetuin-A and lipid profile.

Background:
Polymeric organic particles made by organisms or natural biopolymers, are considered as greener materials, more environmentally friendly and durable. Because of its exceptional structural properties, wide abundant, lack of toxicity, biocompatibility, simplicity of alteration and promised potentials, chitin is a sustainable material. It is composed of β(1,4)-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine units and represents the most abundant structural polysaccharide of invertebrates, including such marine phyla as sponges, corals, annelid worms, mollusks, and arthropods. This biopolymer is mostly found in the skeletal structures of invertebrates, and plays a crucial role in their rigidity, stiffness, and other mechanical properties. Chitin is recognized as one of the universal templates in biomineralization, with respect to both biocalcification and biosilicification.
Conclusion:
This review is concerned with chitin. For a set of uses, chitin with its derivatives are receiving more and more attention. The popularity of this plentiful biopolymer has skyrocketed in recent years. Studies on the use of chitin show that these biopolymers have a lot of potential for managing wounds, getting rid of toxic metals, farming, bone regenerative engineering, etc.

Background:
The primary use of this tool is to assist in calibrating the degree of clinical suspicion for a diagnosis, aiding in either confirming or excluding it. Additionally, it is employed for the purpose of illness monitoring. The amount of clinical suspicion and the probability of a specific test result might be positively associated in practical terms.
Materials and Methods:
The proposed method used to build the website is Visual Studio 2015 with SQL server Database to provide the possibility of electronic interaction and communication between the patient and the laboratory official, through prior online reservation and it is possible to create an account for the patient as well, allowing him to access information about blood analysis within the laboratory as well as the ability to print the report in the form of a paper report.
Results:
The proposed system website provides the ability to test blood for eight of the common blood test methods, represented by the following tests: Knowing the blood type (ABO), white blood cell count (WBC) / red blood cell number, platelet count, erythrocyte sedimentation time (ESR), estimation of hemoclopane (HB) to sixth experiment, hematocrit determination (PVC), The seventh experiment measured bleeding time (BTE).
Conclusion:
The current study is able to provide fast, accurate, and detailed analysis of blood samples without the need for manual processing and it leads to cost savings for healthcare facilities in the long run.

Background:
Files stored on a network are anticipated to be exchanged securely and efficiently. An internet-based file management platform that enables users to securely create, save, organize, collaborate, and share files. Sharing is a recently developed service idea that is frequently sought after by researchers and students. The suggested work offers many forms of data files, including documents and multimedia files. File storage has been a widely used storage method for many years.
Materials and Methods:
The proposed method used to build the website is Visual Studio 2015 with SQL server Database to provide file storage with different data type storage and it provides a service as an IT repository file storage system to help student and teachers to communicate with each other in academic way for publishing files in easy and in a flexible manner.

Results:
The proposed system results showed that the website can provide file upload with supported files are ".doc", ".docx", ".pptx", ".pdf", ".zip", ".rar", ".mp4", ".flv", ".avi", ".PDF", ".DOCX" and ".DOC". Results showed that the system uploaded file size 5M, 10 and 25 M smoothly.

Conclusion:
The work provides a flexible way to store and sharing files for different fields and we use it for education purposes. The results showed that the proposed system is very flexible in the process of uploading various files at a very high speed, due to the ease of uploading files to the server and accessing them by various students in the college.

Background:
This paper presents the utilization of phase shifters to manipulate and control the radiation patterns in Uniform Circular Array (UCA) antennas. UCAs, known for their 360-degree coverage and symmetrical radiation patterns, are enhanced by incorporating phase shifters, enabling dynamic beam steering and pattern shaping.
Materials and Methods:
A uniform circular antenna array operating at 900 GHz frequency has been intended for use in base stations using 4NEC2X simulation software.
Results:
A single-element dipole antenna having a 2.14 dBi gain is used as a base for constructing a uniform 0.5 λ spacing circular array. The number of elements gradually increased from 2 to 12, raising the gain to 12.3 dBi. HPBW decreased both in vertical and horizontal plans from 80o to 60o and 360o to 20o respectively this implies that the circular array antenna's directivity is enhanced. The eight-element array beam scanning was performed from 0o to 360o without any distortion in radiation pattern, gain, and directivity, contradictory with the linear array.
Conclusions:
The studied case and simulation output illustrate the impact of the element numbers and phase shifter configurations on properties of the radiation pattern of the uniform circular array can be obtained when increasing the number of elements, the gain increases too and scanning the main beam without any change and distortion

Background:
Main co-morbidities of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease that restricts physical exercise is osteoporosis. In this study we assess chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients for osteoporosis, osteopenia and determine correlation of body mass index, number of pack years, severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with bone mineral density
Method and patients:
This cross-sectional study was carried out on 61 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to evaluate the bone mineral densities at lumbar spine. According to WHO guidelines, patients with a T score greater than -1 were classified as having normal bone density, those with a T score of (-1 )to (-2) as having osteopenia, and those with a T score of less than -2.5 as having osteoporotic bone density.
Results:
Sixty - one chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients were included in this study, 11 patients (18%) had normal bone mineral density, fifty patients had abnormal bone mineral density .Also thirty - two patients had osteoporosis(52.5%) and 18 (29.5%) had osteopenia. .BMD correlated directly with BMI (P value=0.009) and inversely with number of pack years (P = 0.000), ,BMD correlated inversely with severity of COPD (P = 0.001) .
Conclusion:
Patients with chronic obstructive lung disease had a higher chance of osteoporotic fractures and decreased bone mineral density.A lower BMI, more pack years, and a rise in the severity of the condition raised chance of osteoporosis..

Background: This work aims to study the impact of 532 nm laser irradiating on the optical properties of the Polyvinyl alcohol/ Methyl Red (PVA/MR) solution before and after laser irradiation 32mW with various times (0, 20, 30 and 40) minutes.

Materials and Methods: The polymer (PVA) powder 500 mg was dissolved in 50 ml distilled water at temperature 80 ˚C and the methyl red (MR) 30 mg was dissolved in 10 ml at temperature 80 ˚C using solution dilution formula C_1 V_1=C_2 V_2 . A semiconductor laser with a wavelength of 532 nanometers was used to irradiate the solution.

Results:
The absorbance, reflectance, and transmittance spectrum of solution prior to and following laser irradiation were recorded. Then, the optical constants and energy gap were calculated.

Conclusions:
The irradiation with the 532nm laser leads to a break of the bonds (From the absorbance spectrum, it decreases as the irradiation time increases. This indicates the breaking of bonds.) that results in an increase in the transmittance spectrum, and the energy gap.

Background:
Pollution affects the soil and results in a change in its natural, chemical, or organic characteristics and properties, which directly or indirectly affect the geotechnical properties of the soil and make it unsuitable for engineering use. The aim of the study is to determine how adding various amounts of crude oil to the study area's soil affects the soil's geotechnical characteristics, including soil shear resistance, compaction coefficients, and California bearing capacity.
Materials and Methods:
The North Rumaila site was chosen for the study. At a depth of one meter, natural, pollution-free soil was extracted, and weight percentages of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% of crude oil were added. Grain size analysis, moisture content, direct shear, compaction, and Californian bearing tests were conducted.
Results:
The findings indicate that the soil at the North Rumaila site has a moisture content of 6.45% and is mostly silty sand with small amounts of clay and gravel. Crude oil was added to the soil, which caused the Californian to lose some of its bearing capacity, the optimal moisture content to raise, the angle of internal friction to decrease, and the bearing capacity of the soil to decrease.
Conclusion:
Pollution by crude oil effects negatively impacted the soil's geotechnical qualities.

The stock market, known for its unpredictable nature and complex workings, has been the focus of significant study. Conventional models frequently fail to fully capture the complex and diverse nature of stock market behavior. With the increasing complexity of financial markets, there is a rising demand for advanced strategies that can offer investors precise predictions and essential insight. There are several studies in this regard, from which we chose 24 modern studies from the year 2018 to the year 2023 in various ways to come out with results that are the focus of a new start in the prediction. This review collected different machine learning methods and deep learning techniques, including deep neural networks, which were then used to build powerful prediction models. Integrating behavioral finance theory with quantitative indicators and financial news provides a unique perspective on stock market dynamics. Also, The Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) highlights the significant impact of future information, such as news, on the valuation of stocks. Combining deep learning techniques in forecasting and examining the stock market represents an essential stage in financial research, it offers a more intricate comprehension of the intricacies of stock market dynamics. However, obstacles still need to be overcome, and it is essential to use prudence when applying reported accuracies to actual trading
situations. The convergence of behavioral finance, efficient market hypothesis, and deep learning
present opportunities for more investigation, offering a more comprehensive method of forecasting stock market trends.

The use of alternative stem cell sources, the growth of supportive healthcare facilities, and the expansion of indications for bone marrow transplantation (BMT) as well as partially matched donors from the same family are all continuing evolutionary trends as the use of BMT has been developed and expanded to include donors who are not related by blood but have Partial histocompatibility antigen compatibility. Although the outcomes of these transplants are not as good as those performed with first-degree siblings, patients with leukemia, aplastic anemia, and immunodeficiency disorders who cannot receive treatment otherwise they can receive it now. Patients suffering from diseases such as acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and Hodgkin lymphoma also show success with autologous bone marrow transplants. Furthermore, bone marrow or blood stem cell support is used after intensive chemotherapy. Patients with stage II, III, and IV breast cancer can benefit from treatment with bone marrow cells found in peripheral blood. In this review, the most important developments in autologous and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, the control of infectious diseases, and the use of gene therapy to alter genetic disorders that are transmitted from parents to their offspring through bone marrow or peripheral blood infusions are outlined.

Background: Rotaxane molecule consists of three main parts: wheel, axle, and stoppers. This study was conducted to increase the number of wheels to get the electronic, electrical and thermal properties of Nano molecular junctions based on rotaxane.
Materials and Methods: Calculations were performed to evaluate the transport properties and the geometrically optimization of these molecular junctions using a combination of DFT, SIESTA code, Gollum code and a non-equilibrium Green’s function formalism. Each molecule was attached to opposing 35-atom (111) directed pyramidal gold electrodes. DFT and GGA were used to compute the ground state energy of various molecular junctions.
Results: The results of the T(E) showed high values, and this is evidence of that constructive interference that is controlled and reinforced by changing the number of wheels in the rotaxane molecules, which affected the HOMO-LUMO gap and thus contributed to raising or lowering the T(E) values. The relationship between G/Go and thermopower showed that the highest G/Go yields to low thermopower. The decay constant is a fundamental property that influences the transmission of electrons, conductance properties, and threshold voltage in the rotaxane molecules.
Conclusion: Molecular junctions based on Rotaxane showed high values of the T(E), which increase the electrical conductivity, making them promising for electronic applications. The smaller value of threshold voltage is a useful property for different applications. The results of power factor bring to us an important conclusion, which is that the impact of G/G0 is more dominant than that of thermopower in the case of rotaxane molecular junctions.

Background: Abortion is a spontaneous termination of pregnancy with various causes, including infections like cytomegalovirus (CMV). Cytomegalovirus is a common viral infection that can affect various organs and systems in the body. Aim of study: This research aims to investigate the concertation level of Cortisol and ACTH hormones that may play a role in crucial processes during pregnancy.
Materials and methods: This study conducted at Maternity and Children's Hospital in Hilla from November 2023 to March 2024 focused on 250 women who had undergone abortions. Participants were divided into two groups: 200 women with abortions (Positive Group) and 50 healthy married women (Control Group).
Results: we found 60 Cytomegalovirus were positively obtained from women with abortion, The serological diagnosis for CMV-positive samples found that 6 samples were seropositive to CMV IgM, 14 samples were seropositive for both IgM & IgG, and 40 (samples were seropositive for CMV IgG only. The study investigated the concertation hormone levels of Cortisol and ACTH in women who had experienced abortions with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection compared to a Control group of healthy married women. The results showed that the patient group had significantly lower cortisol levels, at a mean value of 42.1158. On the other hand,(ACTH) of (78.1468).conclusion: High levels are present in the blood of women with CMV. There is a decreased level of Cortisol in women miscarriage with CMV infection which is statically significant.

High-energy electron scattering can be considered a crucial tool for interpreting the function of high-momentum nucleons (and quarks) in nuclei and offers a clean, accurate probing for investigations of hadronic and nuclear organization. The intense repulsion of nuclear contact at small distances is the source of short-range interactions in nuclei and nuclear matter. These connections have been verified in several nuclear tests using hadronic and electroweak probes.
Improved knowledge of the underlying structure of these high-momentum and short-range arrangements in nuclei will be crucial for a variety of high-energy observables. The short-range correlations also appear to be associated with changes in the quark distributions in nuclei. Over the past ten years, there has been a significant concentration on both theoretical and experimental efforts aimed at characterizing short-range correlations, namely their isospin dependence.
In this review, it will employ a theoretical framework rooted in many-body Green's functions theory. Specifically, review focus on the one-body momentum distributions as a fundamental variable. The objective is to provide a concise overview of the latest research findings in the field.

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 was initially identified in Wuhan, the Chinese province of Hubei, in December 2019, and it quickly spread to other parts of the world.
Objective: To assess the efficacy of MP in ARDS COVID-19 patients who admitted to ICU.
Patients and Methods: Prospective cohort study, the data collection was among COVID 19 positive patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome attending the Intensive care unit One-hundred patients were included in this study: MP treated group included forty patients who exposed to high doses of MP 1 gm first day then 500 mg for other 4 days with standard treatment for COVID 19.Non MP treated group included sixty patients with standard care for COVID 19 alone.
Results:
A total of 100 patients with ARDS-COVID 19 positive were included in this study (40 MP treated and 60 non MP treated control group). The outcome for both group after 5 days has shown that; in exposed group: (27) 67.5 % of patients were improved, (7) 17.5 %of patients were worsen and (6) 15 %of patients died. In non MP treated group: 21.7 %of patients were improved, ( 40) 66.7 %of patients were worsen and(7) 11.7 %of patients were died and there were a significant association in the outcome and MP expose.
Conclusion:
In patients with ARDS COVID 19 positive, early administration of pulse dose of methylprednisolone was associated with remarkable improvement of general condition, vital signs and SPO2 ,and inflammatory markers .

Background:
The purpose of this research is to ascertain how adding Portland cement and composite polymers, as well as the ideal ratios between them, will affect cohesive soils' geotechnical characteristics.
Materials and Methods:
A composite polymer was created by combining three polymers—isocyanide, unsaturated polyester, polyvinyl acetate, and thinner—as well as a solvent. Portland cement was added to the soil at a rate of 5% of the sample weight. Different percentages of the weight of the cement supplied to the sample—5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%—were utilized as the composite polymer. Several geotechnical tests were carried out, including compaction, unconfined compressive strength, California bearing ratio, absorption, and Atterberg's limits, to ascertain the ideal amount of polymer for the aim of improvement.
Results:
The findings show that adding cement at a rate of 5% by weight of the sample and a polymeric mixture at a rate of 15% by weight of cement can improve the cohesive soil's engineering properties. It was found that the maximum dry density, unconfined compressive strength, and California bearing ratio had increased while the values of the optimal moisture content, absorption rate, liquid limit values, and plasticity index had decreased.
Conclusion:
The composite polymer used in soil improvement not only improves the geotechnical properties and resistance of the soil, but it also efficiently enhances and activates the effectiveness of cement. When 15% of the sample's weight of cement was composed of composite polymers, the soil's engineering attributes increased the most.

Background: Cross-sectional research conducted in Baghdad province, women with breast cancer, both young and elderly, were evaluated alongside healthy persons to determine certain hematological parameters. This study aimed for evaluation the Hematological alterations in females with breast cancer.
Materials and Methods: The investigation was conducted in private hospitals, forty women diagnosed with breast cancer and ten healthy controls were randomly sampled between 2020 and 2022. From each female patient and control , three milliliters of venous blood were given, which was then dispensed into an EDTA container, in order to evaluate the hematological parameters. Additional analyses utilizing the (Auto Hematology Analyzer) were carried out on the EDTA samples, including PCV, WBC, RBC, platelet count, and lymphocyte count. Procedures followed in the handbook for the testing. Using the conventional Westergren technique, the ESR was calculated.
Results: The current results showed that there was a significant difference between the examined population and the control group in terms of mean RBC, PCV, platelets count, WBC, and lymphocytes, with a p-value of less than 0.05. In contrast, the control participants had considerably lower mean ESR levels (p < 0.05) compared to the breast cancer patients.
Conclusion: breast cancer can affect all blood components including RBC, WBC, platelets and its related parameters

Nanotechnology is increasingly being used for therapeutic applications, particularly as a new paradigm for infectious diseases. Infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) are becoming a major source of morbidity and mortality around the world. Antibiotic choices for infections caused by MDROs are frequently restricted. These clinical issues underline the crucial need for alternate and effective antibacterial treatments. Nanoparticles (NPs) can penetrate the cell membrane of pathogenic microbes and disrupt critical molecular processes, resulting in novel antibiotic actions. NPs have proven synergy when combined with appropriate antibiotics and may help to prevent the global challenge of growing bacterial resistance. In this review, we summarized current studies on the broad classification of NPs that have shown in vitro antibacterial action against MDROs, including the Pathogens associated with (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) ESKAPE.The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic properties of NPs, as well as bacterial resistance mechanisms to NPs, were also discussed.

Background: About 5-10 million people worldwide have HTLV-1, which causes ATLL, HAM/TSP, and inflammation. HTLV-1, first human retrovirus. HTLV-1's role in hematologic and non-hematologic cancers is uncertain.This study studied the prevalence of HTLV-1 infection in hematologic and non-hematologic malignancies and the role of Pol and tax/rex genes in cancer.
Materials and Methods: The study included 83 leukemia patients and 25 healthy people. Serological and molecular testing was done on 49 males and 59 women aged 20–80. Blood and serum from controls and patients were tested. Lab, clinical, and genetic tests indicated healthy Babylonian Iraqi 20–80-year-olds. Human genomic RNA was isolated from patient and control whole blood cultures. The US-developed Promega human genomic RNA extraction kit collected RNA and DNA from research participants and healthy controls' entire blood samples. GoTaq® 1-Step RT-qPCR enhances genes.
Results: Shows leukemia types and cases. ALL had 8, 9, 4, and 7, CML 64 (77.1%). Statistics on gender leukemia. Men outnumbered women in CML 37/83 (44.6%) to 27/83 (32.5%). Cancer is mostly male except ALL (4.8%) and CML (44.6%). Age and leukemia subtypes. Leukemia patients (82.1%) and controls (0.9%) had higher HTLV-1/Pol and Tax-Rex genotype frequencies than healthy people (P = 0.1, OR 2.1). Genes Pol and Tax-Rex induced CML. The study found 58.5% of CML patients received Pol and 23.6% Tax-Rex.
Conclusions: Tax/rex genes are supposed to suggest cancer connected with pol genes, hence there is a substantial correlation between this gene and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) compared to healthy people.

Background:
The rate of transmission, as well as the risk of death associated with COVID-19, is significantly higher than that of previous epidemics. Among the underlying health conditions frequently observed in affected populations, diabetes stands out as one of the most prevalent. Individuals with diabetes who contract Covid-19 face a heightened risk of disease progression compared to those with other conditions.
Materials and Methods:
A case-control study was implemented to assess biomarkers using classical lab work procedures and genetic markers using congenital PCR, then the association between ACE2 gene, COVID-19 and Diabetes Mellitus were implemented.
Results:
The analysis of the ACE2 (ID; DD) group revealed statistically significant differences between the groups. However, the II as well as I groups did not demonstrate any notable differences. The chi-square method employed, with a p-value set at < 0.05, indicating statistical significance. Among the manage organization, those with covid-19 , and humans with diabetes plus covid19, the ACE2 D genotype was the most common genotype, accounting for 72.6%, 85%, and 54% of the full population, respectively. After this, the DD, ID, and I genotypes have been applied to the samples.
Conclusions:
The ACE2 D genotype showed significant prevalence in COVID-19 and diabetes populations, while the II and I genotypes showed no notable differences, highlighting ACE2 D’s potential importance

A combination Artificial Intelligence (AI) with networks systems increases from efficiency and performance of the networks. Today routine life needs huge of data and applications shared between people that lead to a traffic load on networks, therefore intelligence networks produces are important abilities of AI in controlling and avoiding troubleshooting. Also AI improves from security and management of databases .Effective high-intelligent networks operate networks in automation systems .It is one of the most hopeful computer networks future. The development of artificial intelligence in the computer network relies on the importance of applications security and cloud computing.
In recent years, a big development has occurred in Artificial Intelligence and majority of computer networks that leads to the of AI in the applications of network techniques. This paper reviews a role of combination of Artificial Intelligence with Computer Networks. Discussed two topics combination of AI in the computer network (Cloud Computing and Security). AI in cloud computing increases efficiency and significant networking. In addition, reduced the cost and minimized base of clouding. Artificial Intelligence controls huge amounts of databases in the cloud avoiding problems in heavy traffic networks. AI is a good solution in cyber-attacks, also solving most problems of security. Today more intelligent interaction with computer networks. Automate solutions in more application applying successful training and testing data sets. Artificial intelligence contributes to all fields of life and encourages the development of new technologies and uses. More robots, data automation, and many applications in the Internet of Things are expected.

Background:
This system comprises the fog control node, access node, and Internet of Things (IoT) application. This study aims to reduce scheduling-related cloud costs. A user scheduling method and an economical task are carried out for this reason. The algorithm for job scheduling is constructed to determine the best strategy to handle several jobs in a fog access node. Reallocation technology ultimately reduces delays in both time and service. For analytical objectives, extensive simulations were run and performance metrics were compared with those of other currently in use methods. It was discovered that the suggested technique lowers task latency and offers extreme cost-effectiveness by improving the concurrent capability in the fog node, users, and task scheduling with improved performance statistics that made it possible.
Materials and Methods:
The research paper explores fog computing, a three-layered architecture consisting of IoT devices, fog computing, and cloud computing. The fog computing layer sits between cloud networks and Internet of Things (IoT) devices, providing fast access to these devices and handling computation locally at the network edge.
Results:
The research paper focuses on reducing cloud costs in scheduling. Although the proposed system showed many similarities in execution times compared to the diverse early completion-time method, it consistently lags behind the heterogeneous method by 5 to 10%.
Conclusion:
This research aims to reduce the cloud scheduling costs for Internet of Things (IoT) devices. A user-based scheduling algorithm and economical task allocation are implemented. A constraint-based and user-defined strategy is recommended.