Kufa Journal of Arts

The methodological principles of scientific research and studies require defining the concepts and terms on which they are based; as a methodological necessity that would guide the reader towards a specific and clear vision, in light of what the study wants; as the term is a major factor in forming and crystallizing knowledge, and is the basic pillar in all scientific fields, as it is an expressive tool that performs the process of compressing concepts and abbreviating them in an intensive abbreviation in one word, or in two compound words; this is because the lexical situation may be incapable of expressing the concept, without using more than one word to convey the idea ([i]). The cognitive field in which the term is formed works to direct its concept and determine its meaning by dissolving the lexical words expressing the idea and pouring them into a word that communicates the subject by way of abbreviation ([ii]). All sciences and arts share their need for the term; However, ((the keys to the sciences are their terminology, and the terminology of the sciences is their ultimate fruits, for it is the sum of their cognitive truths and the title of what distinguishes each one of them from the others, and there is no path by which a person can reach the logic of science other than its technical terms, so that it is as if they stand for every science in the place of a system of indicators, and their meanings have nothing but the axes of the science itself and the contents of its amount of certainty of knowledge and the truth of statements))([iii]).

The field of poetic text based on caricatured linguistic formation is considered one of the most important fields through which we can enter the field of semiology and, consequently, the icon; since the signs in that descriptive verbal space - which creates a mental image - can be called the mental visual icon that is promoted by cognitive means and produced by the relationship of similarity between the imagined and the perceived from things.

The phenomenon of motif is linked to the issue of repetition in the Arabic rhetorical lesson, and we note that this modern theory that has entered human literature has origins in ancient criticism and rhetoric. The phenomenon of motif means in literature the main idea or the subject that is repeated, and we note that this phenomenon is present in our poet Adeeb Kamal Al-Din; the contemporary Iraqi expatriate poet who currently lives in Australia and still translates his emotions and feelings into his poetic language. He was known as Al-Harfi because he focused on the letter and delved into focusing on it. The motif of the character of Noah A in the poetry of Adeeb Kamal El-Din has many connotations. The poet has assumed the character of this great messenger and demonstrated injustice and oppression through the use of religious symbolism in the character of the Prophet Noah A. I studied this research from the perspective of repeating the motif of Noah A, showing the struggle of this prophet that the poet referred to in the folds of his poetry. We also notice the poet’s struggle through his use of this great character. This research aims to reveal the struggle that Noah A fought through reference to the Quranic intertextuality. All of this is done to establish the idea of ​​the motif on which the poet built his poem. I will study this research on the basis of the descriptive-analytical approach, showing the reasons for the poet’s tendency towards this motif or that. We will notice that he took the motif as a safe haven to which he resorts.

The interest in economic, political and social studies in Ottoman history remains at the forefront of researchers interested in the history of the regions that were subject to Ottoman domination in various stages, including the North African region, due to its proximity to Europe, which in modern history has possessed the engines of historical conflict not in the Arab regions but in the world, after it shook off the dust of the past, and began to lead economic and political developments in partnership with the Ottoman state, which emerged at the beginning of the modern era, and quickly transformed into a global empire extending over three continents, and became the most prominent representative of all Islamic trends in the face of extremist Christian trends, especially those that accompanied the national (reconquest) movement in the Iberian Peninsula and the pursuit of Muslims (Moors) to the Muslim regions of North Africa, which led to the emergence of the Barbarossa family, who dragged the Ottoman state to the western Mediterranean basin (Tyrrhenian) in the face of the Italians, Spaniards and Portuguese, and confronting force with force. The Barbarossa family won the sixteenth century round of the conflict with Christian Europe, and the Islamic forces were able to expel the Christian forces from North Africa, and the Ottoman navy had absolute control over the Mediterranean throughout the following century before the gradual decline in the functional performance of the Ottoman state appeared with the decline of the military feudal system on which the Ottoman systems were based.

Al-Sharif al-Radi is a prominent scientific figure in his era, which was characterized by a scientific renaissance and was full of great giants of thinkers and scholars in various sciences, especially the humanities and religions. He is an encyclopedic figure in his knowledge. In addition to being one of the great poets, he had important achievements in the sciences of jurisprudence, hadith, interpretation, theology, and the arts of Arabic and its rhetoric. His books (Metaphors of the Qur’an) and (Metaphors of the Prophet) are considered to be among the distinguishing marks of his scientific achievement; because in them he dealt with the process of revealing the true meanings and implications of the Qur’anic and prophetic texts in their inclusion of the foundations of belief and the system of legislation. The research stopped at an issue that had its place, importance, and presence in these two books; namely, the interpretation of descriptive attributes. Which is one of the basic demands in the study of divine attributes, and therefore it is clearly present in the principle of monotheism, which is the doctrinal principle agreed upon by all Muslims, indeed all monotheists, and perhaps its danger can be felt when we discover that it has been transformed in a long period of time and in many directions into a criterion for faith or disbelief according to the position of dealing with the phenomena of the texts that they contain, and the main directions and positions here were four, which are:

Accepting the phenomena of the texts and proving the descriptive attributes of God Almighty.
Accepting the phenomena and proving the descriptive attributes but without explaining how these attributes are.

Stopping and delegating the matter to God Almighty and not delving into explaining what is meant by these attributes.
Interpretation and transferring the meaning from the apparent meaning of the words contained in these texts to the true meaning intended by them according to the rules of reason and under the standard of the religious Qur’anic and prophetic text.
This fourth direction is what Al-Sharif Al-Radi followed and committed to based on the principle of absolute transcendence of God Almighty from everything that resembles Him with something of His creation, or attributes deficiency and composition to Him or embodies Him. Thus, we found in his two books that he rules that all the texts that were mentioned that attributed these informative attributes to God Almighty are metaphorical uses, similes and similes that can never be taken literally and must be interpreted. This is what he directed himself to, using the tools of the text, reason, the Arabic language and its arts and the expressive energies it has stored, to present to us a unique thesis in dealing with the religious text; interpretation, explanation and analysis to reach the true meaning of it. Thus, the texts that include informative attributes in the two books were distributed into three main categories that the research addressed in three demands as follows:

Texts that give the illusion of direction, such as encompassing, nearness, companionship, incarnation and elevation, etc.

Texts that give the illusion of composition and embodiment, such as the eye, hand, leg, side, spirit and soul.

Texts that give the illusion of deficiency, change and simile, such as movement, transition, coming, love, hatred, deceit, wonder and mockery, etc.
The researcher made an effort to allocate a fourth requirement in which he addressed Al-Sharif Al-Radi's position on seeing God Almighty, and this chapter on the subject was linked to the breadth of research on it and its relevance to the three previously mentioned categories combined, and the research revealed a number of results, the most important of which were:

The seriousness and sensitivity of the subject of descriptive attributes.
The multiplicity of trends and positions on it and Al-Sharif Al-Radi's adoption of the interpretation method.
Al-Sharif Al-Radi adopted the principle of absolute transcendence of God Almighty as a basic criterion and determinant for the course of his treatment of these texts.
Al-Sharif Al-Radi presented all the texts he chose as models for his research in the two books according to the standards of the religious text, reason and language.
The research revealed a theological ability in Al-Sharif Al-Radi, as he did not limit himself to linguistic and rhetorical analysis of the texts, but rather set standards and rules that determine the process of understanding them.
Al-Sharif enjoyed a high rhetorical style that was reflected in his expressive style and his analysis of the texts, and this added to his research what distanced it from the expressive dryness and logical style of theologians.
Al-Radi thus established for himself a unique and distinctive theological approach that occupied an important space within theological research.

Before the outbreak of World War II, a new international structure crystallized, consisting of the bipolar bloc between the Axis powers (Germany - Italy - Japan), and the Allies (Britain and France), joined by the United States of America.

Italy was allied with France and Britain within the framework of the Stresa Front due to the conflict of its interests with Germany, especially in Austria, but the twisted position of Britain and France against Italy in the Ethiopian issue led to its shift towards Germany, as it left the Stresa Front in 1936 and signed the October 1936 Protocol with Germany, and Germany signed the Anticoventern with Japan in the same year.

The British and French inaction towards the Italian aggression on Abyssinia was a fundamental point in the change in the polar blocs between the major powers at that time. Britain and France’s apparent commitment to the League of Nations, collective security and commitment to peace stemmed from British interests and were the most important apparent pillars of British policy, but they directly sought to appease Italy by sacrificing Abyssinia, as in the Hoare-Laval project. They also sought to appease Germany after the conclusion of the Anglo-German naval agreement and the Munich Conference. However, the British policy orientations failed to shift the direction of the coming war towards the Soviet Union and the East, which led to the outbreak of World War II on September 3, 1939 with the allies Britain and France.

The presence of women was felt by the ignorant poets of the third class; they ate each according to what he saw as aesthetic values, and those values ​​were distributed between the sensual and the moral. The nature of the search warrant was divided according to what appeared to them from the aesthetic features attached to each course, which created the beauty of the face, eyes, hair, mouth, etc. Others attached to Glita, her clothes, and her scent what they added of aesthetic values

It is known that the school of Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) produced scientific figures on the level of structure and application, and influenced Islamic knowledge with its distinguished cognitive foundation in the legal product, and this is what we clearly notice in the Imami school, considering that the door of ijtihad is open, which expands their cognitive horizon, and with broad horizons, therefore we notice the depth of production whenever research is rooted and deepened, and the influence of the cognitive achievement in this school, and this is what we find clearly in the school of the martyr Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr, where his school was characterized by the comprehensiveness of all branches of Islamic and human knowledge. It is diverse in all aspects of life, and was not limited to specialization in the sciences of Islamic law from jurisprudence and principles only, although this field was the broadest of his scientific achievements and innovations. His school included studies in jurisprudence, the principles of jurisprudence, hadith, men, logic, philosophy, beliefs and Quranic sciences, economics, history, law, financial and banking policy, educational curricula and seminary education, and work curricula. The political and Islamic systems of government, and other aspects of human and Islamic knowledge. This comprehensiveness came as a result of the great encyclopedic mentality enjoyed by our martyred Imam, which can be considered a breakthrough that the history of science and scientists enjoys between one era and another, and each one of which constitutes at the beginning of each era a new historical turning point in directing and guiding the movement of science and knowledge. He (may God have mercy on him) was a sign of scientific brilliance, broad horizons, and unique genius. It shone since his childhood, the beginning of his life, and his scientific attainment, as witnessed by everyone who contacted him directly, or met him through studying his valuable works and research, where the method was consistent with the application, and to prove that we chose the men’s documentations that are the basis for refining the minor premise of the legal evidence, and since the martyred Sayyid did not devote an independent study to these documentations, we followed them in his evidence-based books, and we found that there was cognitive consistency in the evidence-based output. Therefore, the research problem focuses on proving this major premise that was established by Sayyid al-Shahid. We have chosen a group of his books on the principles and evidence-based jurisprudence to demonstrate his principles in the men’s documentation and their applications in his evidence-based books.

The use of methods of collecting, analyzing and interpreting data and information to reach accurate, advanced results that keep pace with scientific and technical developments that have transferred geography from description to application. These methods are the most appropriate tool in studying geographical phenomena, as they link the place and the data related to it in a digital form through which information can be inferred more accurately. Given the existence of this huge amount of data and information, there was an urgent need to save, process and analyze this data to reach accurate information from it. It was necessary to use modern techniques and methods in completing geographical research, and hence the urgent need to clarify the role of the geographer, whether a teacher or a student, in using these techniques in the field of developing geographical research. The researchers relied on the questionnaire form to determine this. The lack of delving into such research areas for many reasons has led in one way or another to weak levels in general, and even at the level of interest in filling out the questionnaire, so it was necessary for us to write on such topics. Therefore, this research came to show the extent of the use of these technologies by teachers and students in a simplified graphic manner, and in an attempt to reveal the most important of these gaps so that future researchers can address them.

The current research aims to know the measurement of the two dimensions of functions and forms from the activity approach and its relationship to academic ambition among students of the University of Kufa. According to the specialization.

To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher applied the test of the scale of functions and forms from the activity approach after extracting its validity, reliability and the discriminating power of its paragraphs and the test of academic ambition prepared by Salem after extracting its validity and reliability on a sample of (150) male and female university students who were selected by the random stratified method with equal distribution from (4) colleges distributed as two scientific humanities colleges from the students of the University of Kufa.

After processing the data statistically using the t-test for one sample and the t-test for two independent samples and Pearson's correlation coefficient, the research reached the following results:-

University students have all the measures of the activity approach to different degrees according to the research variable.

University students have high academic ambition in general.

All values ​​of the correlation coefficients between measuring the activity approach and academic ambition are moderately significant.

In completion of the aspects related to this research, the researcher came up with many recommendations, including:

Taking into account the individual differences between university students in the two dimensions of functions and forms of the activity approach

Including curricula in all educational stages in a way that develops the activity approach among students by creating a state of activity that allows them to think. He also suggested a number of proposals, including:-Conducting a study that addresses measuring the activity approach using other cognitive methods.

Al-Tartushi is considered one of the pioneers of the intellectual renaissance in the fifth century, who influenced the Islamic intellectual and scientific outputs, including his achievements at the level of philosophy, jurisprudence and Islamic doctrine. Especially when he entered into his demand for the correct scientific path, the United States and the policy of rulers towards our people, and summarized it in his book ((Siraj Al-Muluk)) which included wisdom, advice and calculation. Every governor tries to reform his country and strive to achieve justice and reform the general trends in the state, because this reform of the state and the people will lead to prosperity, progress and prosperity. In fact, we should not forget the scientific role of ((Tartushi)), this role that began in his hometown (Tartusha) then went to (Zaragoza) then to the East to (Mecca) and (Iraq) and (the Levant) and (Egypt) the information he obtained from many during his meeting with a large number of scholars and benefiting from their research and experiences in the field of philosophy and religion. He was able to write many books on doctrine and letters on building civilizations and the politics of rulers. We have received from his writings more than thirteen books on doctrines, debates and conditions, such as the book (The Great Secrets), the book (Siraj al-Muluk), (Al-Ak al-Rasul), (Hadiths and Innovations), and other literature.

This research deals with the Quranic intertextuality in the poem (Bilad Ma Nehreen) by the poet Ahmed Matar, which is characterized by a clear influence of the Quranic text in terms of words, meanings, expressions, images, stories, and others. Therefore, I tried as much as possible to study these aspects in this poem. This influence constitutes a phenomenon in this poet, especially in this poem. Therefore, the researcher tried to clarify it through the influence of the Quran on literature in general, ancient and modern, and the opinions of some critics and scholars in this aspect, and clarifying the Quranic quotation in this poem, by talking about textual quotation and indicative quotation, the influence of Quranic words, and the Quranic comma in it, and discussing the influence of the Quranic story, and Quranic stylistic effects in it, and then clarifying the influence of the Quranic image, and the influence of Quranic meanings in the poem. The researcher summarized in the conclusion the most important results he reached.

The deterioration that has increased in severity in recent times is one of the most serious environmental problems created by man as a result of his irrational dealing with his environment, especially environments that are characterized by fragile ecosystems, characterized by a rapidly deteriorating environmental balance, which can be disturbed under the influence of mismanagement and irrational exploitation of natural resources such as natural plants, water and soil. This imbalance in the natural environmental balance leads to deterioration. There is no doubt that the marshes are no longer able to renew their natural resources and restore balance to the environment and restore nature to its health after the multiplicity of factors and causes that led to an imbalance in the environmental balance and an increase in the severity of biological deterioration and the extinction of many living organisms of various types. The marshlands region constitutes a unique natural geographical environment with its various plant and animal resources that can be invested in different ways and in themselves constitute an economic and natural pillar if such environments are optimally exploited in all their aspects, then they undoubtedly constitute a new turning point of its kind due to the diverse environmental features and characteristics it contains. For all this, the marshlands region is considered one of the sites that possess diverse natural, economic, cultural and civilizational components. This region also possesses a historical dimension and a deep-rooted civilizational legacy. The marshlands were exposed to drying operations that constituted the largest environmental disaster and changed the features of the natural environment, which had a significant impact on the ability of ecosystems to achieve environmental balance and disrupt biodiversity. It also led to the emergence of a number of environmental problems resulting from the scarcity of water resources and the high rates of pollution and salinity due to human and economic activity.

To preserve biodiversity as much as possible, methods must be followed to limit this severe depletion of natural resources. Nature reserves are an attempt to preserve the natural environment and biodiversity, by identifying some areas of marshland to protect them and develop their characteristics for use as a nature reserve. In light of this, the problem can be defined by the following question:

To what extent do nature reserves contribute to protecting and maintaining the environment and preserving biodiversity in the marshlands?

The current research aims to identify the training needs of Arabic language teachers from their point of view. The research sample consisted of (198) male and female teachers from government schools in the Middle Euphrates region, for the primary stage. A questionnaire was applied that was prepared to measure the training needs, consisting of (47) paragraphs distributed over six areas: the field of (lesson planning, lesson presentation skills, teaching methods, the specialized aspect, educational and behavioral, and evaluation). After analyzing the necessary data, the research results indicated that male and female teachers have high training needs, as the general weighted average reached (4.11), higher than the hypothetical average of (3). On the other hand, the results showed the absence of statistically significant differences in teachers' training needs attributed to the variable of gender and years of experience, and the presence of statistically significant differences attributed to academic qualification. In light of these results, a number of recommendations were proposed, the most important of which were: designing training programs for Arabic language teachers, male and female, that include training needs related to the areas of the questionnaire, using modern technologies in training, and the necessity of involving male and female teachers in determining the training needs required in the educational field and teaching strategies.

For several years, the Dominican Republic suffered from American control, which took various forms, including investments of capital belonging to American companies that brought in huge sums of money at the expense of the Dominican people, or interference in political affairs and influencing political decisions by appointing figures loyal to them. However, things changed in 1963, when Juan Bosch took power, who adopted a policy of fighting the United States, causing it to lose many of its investments and threatening the interests of its companies. The years following 1963 witnessed an unstable political situation, which forced it to intervene directly militarily in April 1965, and returned things to what they were before 1963. Another dimension of the issue is the Soviet-American competition and the attempts of the parties to the conflict in the Dominican Republic to control areas of influence in their favor, as it was initially between Dominican figures loyal to the United States or adopting communist thought. After losing the balance between those figures and the United States feeling that things were not in its favor, this competition turned into direct military intervention by the United States of America in April 1965.