Journal of Techniques

The study show that the poplar trees in Rashidia plantation (Ninevah governerate) were infested with poplar clearwing moth Eusphecia pimplaeformis Ob. at (40.86%). The infestation reached (42.72%) in Populus deltoides , (39.95%) in P. x euramericana , (13.13%) in P. nigra var thevestina and (56.25%) in local poplar. Eight strains were chosen for the study namely d-I 77/51 , d- IR -3231, d- Y -479 , Xeur I - 154 , Xeur DK- 38/2 , Tr -56/75 , Tr -56/21, and Iraq - 1. Depending on the protruded pupal exigua the results show that the heighest rate of infestation during 1996 and 1997 was in the strain Xeur-I-154 (75%) and the lowest rate was in Tr-56/21 (6.25%). General average of infestation for each of stems and tillers were (3.5, 4.08) in 1996 and (2,1.13) in 1997, respectively

This experiment was conducted to evaluate frequent lambing of Awassi sheep under private (commercial) farm condition. The Awassi ewes were exposed to rams in two mating seasons, 1109 Awassi ewes during summer mating season (1/5 – 30/8/1998) and 951 ewes during winter mating season (1/12/1998 to 20/1/1999) . The results indicat that percent of fertility (131.5%) , prolificacy at lambing (138.3%) and at weaning (126.0%) were significantly higher (P<0.01) in frequent lambing system than that in once a year lambing system. The number of lambs weaned per 100 ewes joined to rams was 126 lambs under frequent lambing system compared to 87 lambs under once – a year lambing system.
It was concluded that the return and profitability of a sheep flock can be improved under frequent lambing under private farm condition

Field experiment was carried out in AL – Musaib Technical Institute fields in the years 2000/ 2002 and 2001/2002,three culltivares of barely ( Samir,Barka and Shuaa ) which were produced in Iraq Atomic Power Organization compared with the cultivare Arifat . three cuts of Green forage had been made.Four stages of hay production (Elongation , Heading ,Milk and dough stage ) were used as comparision variables in this sudy. Results show that in terms of differences between cultivars in green forage , dry matter and protein yield.Samir CV.was superior in these three traits. In general, second cut gave highest yield of green forage,dry matter and crude protein , Shuaa cv. gave lower yield of hay compared with other cultivars. On the other hand, Cutting the plants of dough stage gave highest hay yield compard with other stages . While high yield of protein in hay was obtained from plants cut at heading or milky stage .

Afield experiment was conducted during the agriculture season in 1999-2000, in Mosul Tech. Institute fields AL. Namrod site, to study the effects of foliar fertitization compare with earthy fertitizer while the compound fertitizer N. P. K (0,27,27) was used as 100 kg/d, also the local fertitizer (AL - Nahrain) was used as foliar fertilizer to cotton (Ashore). Growth, yield and some morpholoogical and quality fiber were improved .
The results indicate that using one spray of foliar fertitizer with N.P.K has increased significantly some morpholoogical and quality traits , using two spray of foliar fertitizer with N.P.K has increased number of boll / plant , and using three spray of foliar fertitizer with N.P.K has increased yieid of fiber.

The antimicrobial activity of five plant extracts (Mentha spicata L.) “Spearmint”, (Mentha longifolia L.)“Butnij” ,(Citrullus colocynthis Schrad) “Colocynth”,(Cordia myxa L.)“Banbar”and skin of Punica granatum L. “Pomegranate” on various isolates of bacteria, fungi and yeasts was studied. Results show that extracts of spearmint and banbar have no effect on microbial growth. Whereas differente effects of butnij, colocynth and pomegranate skin were obtained, and all bacteria which were subjected in this study were susceptible to extract of pomegranate skin except Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The fungus Alternaria sp. was more susceptible than Rhizoctonia sp. to the extracts of butnij and pomegranate skin. The extract of skin of pomegranate was highly effective inhibitory against all tested yeast isolates

The interaction between insect growth inhibitor Trigard 75% W.P. concentrations and host kind on some biological measurements of cowpea weevil Callosobruchus maculatus showed that increasing the Trigard concentration increases the average period of eggs incubation , reducing eggs hatching percentage . The average of eggs incubation period which reached 13.25 days was obtained from insect reared on Phaseolus aureus treated with 3,5% of Trigard concentrations and the lowest period of eggs incubation was 9.25 days obtained from insect reared on vigna sinensis treated with 1% concentration. The lowest eggs hatching percentage reached 1.25% when insect were reared on Pisum satiuum treated with 5% Trigard in comparison with control which reached 67.25% and the highest eggs hatching percentage was 55% and 75% when insects were reared on Phaseolus aureus treated by 1% Trigard and control respectively. The study also showed that with increasing Trigard concentration increases the average period of larval and pupal stage of insect reared on legumes seeds with exception on Pisum sativum and reduce the percent of larval developing to pupae and to adult stage which reached 19.83 and 27.08% recpectively in comparisan with control treatment which reached 87.33 and 88.5% respectively.

The study was conducted in Ninevah Forest plantation for the period of ( 1996-2002) , to determine the best number of coppice leftedown tree stump which give the best of wood production through three levels of coppice lefted after tree felling : 1,2 and 3 coppice . The results show that 2, and 3 coppice treatments gave bigger wood volume production which differ significantly upon 1 coppice treatment. The mean production of one hectare for 1,2, and 3 coppice was 67.614 , 107.704 and 112.395 alternatively while the annual growth of these coppice was 11.267 , 17.95 and 18.75 m3 /h/year alternatively so the productivity of one hectare for the stumps contains3 coppice was higher than stumps with 2 and 1, coppice for sycamore trees which are in same age and site index .

Different hybrid cultivars of cabbage were studied at the experimental field of Genereal Comapany for Horticulture and Forestry (Globe master , K.K cross, Green coronet , Summer Glory and Tropicana) which were compared with the cultivar Cobenhagen market . The results show significant differences in plant weight and head weight between the varieties ، where the K.K cross and Tropicana cultivars had the highst significant increases. The study indicates that the K.K cross and Tropicana are superior to other cultivars in marketing yield because they gave 12.69 and 10.28 ton/don .v5 .7.27 ton/don. to Cobenhagen market cultivare as average during the two growing seasons and in total yield was 16.06 and 13.0 ton/don .vs. 8.4 ton/don as average to the two growing seasons respectively .

Field experiments, were carried out under rainfed condition at different locations in northern Iraq (Ninevah Governerate) during successive seasons 1996-1997 to investigate cereal losses through mechanical harvesting. The experiments were designed according to RCBD with 3 replicas under harvesting condition, four combined types (John Deere (J.D), Massy Ferguson (M.F), lavarda (L.V) and Yenissei (Y.S.) and two harvesting forward speed (3-4, 4.5-5.5) km/hr. The main result of this study shows: (Y.S) and (J.D) combined were superior for less total quantity losses, while (M.F) superior in assured rainfed region. The harvesting speeds did not show any significant differneces for losses in semiassured rainfed region, hile the first speed was superior with less losses compared with the second speed in assured rainfed region. The interaction was shown for (Y.S) combined at speed (3-4)km/hr with less losses in semi-assured rainfed region , While (M.F) combined was superior at speed of (3-4)km/hr with less loss rate in assured rainfed region.

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the use of local asphalt sheet product as a substution of polyethylene sheets in soil mulching in greenhouse and to evaluate their effect on some soil during the two growing seasons of 1999-2000 .
The results show the possibility of using local asphalt sheet for many seasons to save in irrigation water , control weeds and increase plant emergence .

Different media with different concentrations of animal manure ( 0.5, 1.0, 1.5,
2.0 )gm. per liter and Chu. No. 10 were used for culturing green algae Chlorella vulgaris . Results show that higher population (78.3 × 103)cell/L and higher quantity of Chl.a (6.40) mg/L were recorded in medium that contans (2.0) gm./L of animal manure after 12 days. Algal growth and reproduction continued after 25 days in medium containg (2) gm/L of animal manure.

This study was conducted to evaluate the response of ten soybean genotypes to infection by Macrophomina phaseolina under greenhouse and field conditions . The results show that all tested genotypes are susceptable , in spite of the clear variation between each other .The genotypes 17 ،Taka 3 and 15 are highly susceptable which showed disease severity of 0.22 , 0.39 and 0.26 while the genotypes 10 and 9 are the lowest which showed 0.08 and 0.01 respectively.

This study was conducted in greenhouse of Education College/Basrah University. This experiment was aimed to study the effect of infective by nematode (Meloidogyne spp) on some chemical composition of eggplant. Experiment included two cultivars (local and Black Beauty) and three ages after infective (35.70 and 105) days. Therefore consisted control plants. Complete random design was used at five replications. Duncan multiple range test was used at probability of 5%. Results showed that the black Beauty cultivar was highest in starch. Reducing sugar and total soluble sugar. Local cultivar gave highest content in protein. Plants age 35 days after infection gave highest content in starch. But plants age 105 days were had better in reducing sugar. Total soluble sugar and total phenol.The infective plants were gave less content in all characters compare with control plants. Interactions between factors were significant in all characters.

A field experiment was carried out in a loamy claim soil for the season 99 and 2000 to study the effect of levels of nitrogen fertilizer and seeding rates on local millet. The split plot design has been used with three replicates according to completely randomized design which includes four levels of nitrogen (0,80,160,240 kg N/Ha) and the rectangular of pricepcil pieces. Meanwhile the secondary piece includes the seeding rates of (12,16,20,24 kg/ha). The results show that the nitrogen level of 240 kg N/ ha affects significantly all the studied characters (plant height, number of panicles/ plant, number of grain/ panicle, straw yield and the grain yield which gave (2.02-2.06) tan/ha for the two seasons .The seeding rates of 16 kg/ha causes significantly effect on the characteris of grain yield which gave (1.84-1.92) tan/ha for the two season.The use of 24 kg/ha has significant effect on the characters of straw yield which gave (11.3-11.2) tan/ha for the two season. There was interaction between levels of nitrogen fertilizing and seeding rates on the characters of grain yield (2.25-2.37) tan/ha when used gave (N 240, 16 kg/ha) for the two season.

Some ecological characteristics are studied in the southern sector for the River AL- Masab AL-Aam at Nassirya city , for the period between November 2000 and October 2001 . Two locations were chosen . The first is situated at the enternece of the river to AL- Nassirya city. The second is at 7 km from the first one . The study was conducted to measure the seasonal changes of nutrientes, namely, nitrate , nitrite, phosphate, silicate and chlorophyll-a. Hydrogen concentration, water temperature and oxygen dissolved are also studied. This study shows monthly variations in value of nutrients and some ecological factors , associated within the two locationss . Nutrients values do not becom enough for growth . They show high values in some months . Statistical analysis shows no correlatios between silicate and , pH and nitrate and nitrite and chlorophyll-a at levels 1% and 5% between ecological characteristics as shown in the analytical table .

A field experiment was carried out during the growing seasons of 2000/2001 and 2001/2002 at abu- ghraib research station to find out the adaptation of eleven onion hybrid cultivars to the iraqi environment and evaluate their growth and productivity . whose were (sweet sunf 1, dessex rush , golden rush nun 7267 , rajof 1 , nun 2255, nun9513, nun 9505, nun 9512, solara and texas early grano, as control) .the desing of the experiment was randomized complete block desing (R.C.B.D) was used design for three replicates .
Results show that there are differences in the general bulb shape (height and diameter) . significant differences between the varieties in the total soluble solids and piguancy (sharpness of taste) and average bulb weight . In addition there is significant increase in the total yield for Nun 22555 , rajo f1 , Nun 9612, Nun 9513, dessex rush and nun 7267 Varieties which gave (12.6 , 10.4 , 9.6 , 9.4 , 9.8 , 9.2) Ton/Donum Respectively As Mean Yield For The Two Seasons. Nun 2255 , Rajo F1 And Sweet Sun F1 Varaieties Had The superior total yield which increased by 34.9 % 21.1 % and 20.4 % respectively compared the control varieity .therefore these varieties could be recommended for the central region conditions of Iraq except solara which gave the lowest yield

Electromagnatic energy in different wave longths was used in order to distinguish between different land features . Special reflactance curves were optained by calculating reflection intensity by using computer and ERDAS program for analysis of spectral images of TM and MSS sensores . The results of di and Tri-dimension relationships and soil brightness index indicate the precence of different main natural resource groups such as soils water and plants and their interrelationships , as reflected by reflection intensity . The results of visual interpretation of space images for both sensors indicate the presence of ten land units with different reflecation values. These units represent water , different soil types and plant units. This study showed that the land features and their locations can be distinquished and according to their reflectance characteristics . Also, some land covers , can be displane naturally , using one wave length , so multi – concept was used to recognize land covers. The results reveal the possibility to recognize the main and sub divisions of land covers and to determine soil maps and the ecological problems associated with salinity , desertification , soil degradation , and soil erosion according to their spectral reflection.

A field experiment was conducted in the field of Horticulture Department, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad during three spring seasons(2000,2001 and 2002). The objective was to evalute 10 varieties of tomatoes and their hybrids.The ten varieties of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill[1]دSuper strrain (2) Castel rock (3) IPA1008 (4) Hind (5)Shahad (6) Imperial (7) Imperial select (8) Red cloud (9)Amreia 56 (10) Super regina] were crossed in all possible combinations including reciprocal, using Griffing method 1. The traits for crosses; parents and commercial hybrid (Sun 6108) were tested in furrow irrigated field ( 2001) and under dripping irrigation system (2002) using partially balanced Triple Lattice Design with three replications. The hybrids(54) significantly higher in plant height While the hybrid (106) was significantly higher in the no. of leaves, leaf area, no. of inflorescences/plant. The hybrids(6×2) and (9×4) produced higher fruit set percentage (89.2 and 70.19 %). Hybrids(1 × 4) and (97×) showed earliness for flowering . The degree of dominance of hybrids was variable depending on studied character and growth season. Broad-sense heritability ranged from high to medium for all studied characteristiss Narrow-sense heritability was height in date of flowering and plant hieght for both seasons.

Many problems exist in the application of phosphorus fertilizers to the soils mainly because of the low availability of the added phosphorus to the plants .Soil samples were collected from seven locations ( Al – Mahmodia , Al – Musaib , Al – Mahaweel , Kamas , Shanafiae , Efak and Albder ) after fertilization and growing wheat .Cations and anions were displaced by saturated calcium sulfate , ionic activity ion pairs and solubility diagram were determined by solving the related chemical equations .Results of this study indicate the formation of dicalcium phosphate ( DCP ), dicalcium phosphate dihydrate ( DCPD ) and octa calcium phosphate ( OCP ) in different locations under study . The degree of saturation by the above chemical complexes was related mainly to the differences in the chemical properties of the different locations .

The experiment was conducted during winter seasos of 2001/ 2002 and 2002/2003 at Safwan / Zubair – Basrah. The aim of the experiment was focused on the effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer levels ( 0, 20, 40 ) kg/donum for each of them on the vegetative growth, yield and quality of the local red onion variety. Results show that , nitrogen fertilizer level of (40) kg gave significant increase in the length leaf blade, d bulb diameter and yield (5.11 and 5.3 ton / donum) and dry matter percentage (12.3% and 12.1% ). Potassium fertilizer level of ( 20 ) kg gave significant increase in the yield ( 5.24 and 5.31 ton / donum) and percentage of total nitrogen in the bulbs( 3.15% and 3.4% ) for the two seasons respectively. The interaction between the application of nitrogen at (40) kg and potassium at (20) kg gave significant increase in length of leaf blade, bulb diameter, total yield and total nitrogen in the bulbs, whereas (51.0 cm,51.0 mm,5.72tons/domun,and 3.85%),the interaction between 20 kg/donum potassium gave the best results in bulb diameter that was 52.3 mm in the first season 2001-2002 , while in the second season 2002-2003 the application of 40 kg/donum nitrogen and 40 kg/donum potassium gave 49.1 cm and 51.7 mm results in length of blade and bulb diameter. On the other hand, the application of 40 kg/donum nitrogen and 20 kg/donum potassium gave the best results in features of the total production and the percentage of total nitrogen that was 5.42 tons/donum and 3.69%.

The research includes a study based on microbial examination of ten trade marks of imported full cream milk powder of different origins, which are “Renypicot”; “Matines”; “Dielac”; “Crystal”; “Al-Mudhish”; “Elmoroug El-Khadra”; “Al-Badie”; “Murooj”; “Safa”; and “Euro”. All samples of these trade marks were examined for total viable bacteria count, thermophlic bacteria count, lipolytic bacteria count, proteolytic bacteria count, coliforms count and (molds and yeasts) count.The presence of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp. was also examined in all tested samples. Results show that all tested samples of imported powder milk do not exceed the limits recommended by the Iraqi standards (IQS) and International Specifications Organization (ISO) and also are free from Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp.

The present study to uses food manufacturing wastes mixed with different levels of mung bean straw for the growth of edible mushroom.Results indicate that mung bean straw is possible to be mixed , but it should not be more than 50% of the composition of the growth medium which is prepared by mixing with wheat at different levels.

Total yield of four flushes grown in wastes peas, broad bean and beet pulp mixed with mung bean straw was almost similar , it reached 2.56 , 2.36 , 2.00 , 0.64 and zero kg/10kg waste compost respectively when waste was added to mung bean straw at 0 , 25 , 50 , 75 and 100% respectively. It is concluded that some food manufacturing wastes could be added to mung bean at ratio 1:1 for edible mushroom growth