Academic Science Journal

The aim of this work was to prepare fumed silica from tetraethyl orthosilicate and study
the effect of reaction temperature on physical properties of fumed silica.
This study was focused on indigenously a system built for the preparation, it consists of
four stages which these chemical reaction stage, agglomeration stage, separation stage and
calcinations stage. Chemical and physical properties of product “fumed silica” such purity
( SiO2 content ), acidity, porosity, pore volume and apparent density had been in measured
and evaluated.
The preparation step was performed by chemical reaction in various temperature
( 200 , 250 , 300 , 350 , 400 , 450 ,500 ) oC at (1) atmospheric pressure.
The chemical reaction occurred can be represented by:
Si(OC2H5)4 + 2H2O SiO2 + 4C2H5OH
After reaction the produced fumed silica is tend to agglomerate, separate from ethanol
vapour by cyclone separators, calcinated at (350 oC) to remove the residual ethanol vapour.
It was deduced that the chemical reaction at 200 oC give fumed silica with higher acidity
compered to the reaction at 500 oC, with small particle size and high surface area.

The rates of electropolishing copper cubiform surfaces in H3PO4 were studied under
natural convection conditions in a two-compartment cell. The following variables were
studied : anode shape and its dimensions ( cubiform ) , H3PO4 concentration, temperature and
viscosity of polishing solution.
The dimensions of cubiform of the anode were found to have no effect on the polishing
current density. Also it was found that the polishing current density to increase with
decreasing H3PO4 concentration and to increase with increasing temperature. The effect of the
temperature on the polishing current density was found to obey the Arrhenius equation with
an activation energy of 4.9 kcalmol-1. The polishing current density was found to decrease
with increasing viscosity of electropolishing solution .

The new four complexes of Co(II), Ni(II) ,Cu(II) and Zn(II), with a multidentate Schiff-base
ligand [H2L] derived from Bis[(2,4,-diformyl)-6- ethylenediamine phenol]and
Phenylenediamin were prepared.The complexes were synthesized in direct reaction of the
corresponding metal chloride with the ligand. The ligand and complexes have been
characterized by spectroscopic methods (IR,UV-Vis, 1HNMR,A.A),chloride content,melting
point and conductivity measurement.The data of these measurements suggest octahedral
geometry around Co(II) Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions and tetrahedral geometry around Zn (II) ion.

The study evaluated the effect of selected on crude Alkaloid and aqueous extraction from
roots of ( Convolvulus Scammonia) the microtubule network of CHO cell line (china
hamster) GFP tubulin labeled and the recovery of its disruption. Model experiments were
used for demonstration of the quantification of microtubule network changes induced by
crude alkaloids using computer-assisted image analysis.
Cells were treated with Alkaloid and aqueous extraction from roots of (Convolvulus
Scammonia) at various concentrations from 2 μg/l to 800 μg/l for 60 min, or with crude
alkaloid at a concentration of 4615 μg/l and 9230 μg/l for 60 min. Microtubules were
detected by means of indirect Immunofluorescence.
The damage was examined in a fluorescence microscope. Also, cells were treated for 60 min
with alkaloid at concentrations of 20 μg/l or 800 μg/l and the recovery process was studied in
time intervals of 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 hours, or 8 and 12 hours, respectively. Differences in the
arrangement of microtubules were assessed by means of quantification of the cytoskeleton
changes in cells treated with alkaloid at a concentration of 20 μg/l and in untreated control
cells.

Ablation rate and thermal conductivity for phenol- formaldehyde type novolac resin
reinforced with single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been studied via
experimental and simulation of Oxy – acetylene flame and Lee’s disc techniques respectively.
Simulation programs of heat transfer in three dimensions of ablative test for novolac and
novolac nanocomposites specimens were carried out using finite difference method (FDM).
Theoretical thermal conductivity was calculated according to microstructures model. Hotpress
technique was used to prepare the nanocomposites as well as novolac specimens using
flash molds at standard conditions. Thermal conductivity results show, that the values
increase progressively by succession of volume fraction of SWCNTs. Ablation rate behaves
inversely, where it drops at high volume fraction of SWCNTs. The thermal conductivity –
ablation rate relationship, displays two mechanisms, the first, associated with the starting of
ablation test, is recognized by ideal distribution of SWCNTs, which leads to good thermal
dispersion due to the formation of segregated network of thermal conducting paths. The
second mechanism is associated with in- run ablation test recognized by shearing cracks
appearance, which leads to earlier char production mechanism. Simulation thermal
conductivity results, , and when it compared with the experimental results, it observed, that
the experimental results, were located between the parallel and random direction simulation
values of SWCNTs, which is evidenced that the additives arrangement closed to parallel
direction more than random or perpendicular direction with respect to heat flux direction.

Tensile strength, compression strength, bending strength, and fracture toughness of phenol
formaldehyde type novolac resin (PFN) reinforced with randomly-oriented different fibers as
well as powders in terms of mechanical properties, which are subject to change in different
additives volume fraction have been studied. Tensile strength, σT , results show that σT
increases with the increasing volume fraction of additives. Failures display two mechanisms
according to the kind of additives. Where, it can be observed, pullout mechanism with respect
to fibers composites, and rupture mechanism with respect to powder fillers composites.
Compression strength, σc , results show that σc increases with the increasing volume fraction
of additives. Bending strength, σf, results show, that σf increases progressively by succession
of volume fraction of fibers. Fracture toughness Gc , results show that Gc increased with
increasing of volume fraction of additives. Failure takes place through two mechanisms,
according to additives kind. Where, the failure takes place by pullout mechanism with respect
to fibers composites, and by pining mechanism with respect to powder fillers composites.

Study of the adsorption of nickel ion (II) with Bis-(acryloylamino-methyl)-Phosphinic
acid from its aqueous solution at pH 6 was performed. The effect of different parameters such
as temperature and pH values wear evaluated. It was observed that the rise in temperature
decrease the adsorption of nickle ion (exothermic). The applicability of the Freundlich model
for the data was tested, and the best media was at pH 6. Various thermodynamic quantities
namely ΔH, ΔS and ΔG were computed from the equilibrium constant values.

Water and alcoholic extracts of Matricaria chamomilla flowers were investigated for
their antimicrobial activity(with concentrations 5,10,20,40 mg/ml) .Results of chamomile
flowers water extract showed better inhibitory effect than ethanolic one against:
Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus and to alesset to Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and Escherichia coli.It has been noticed that all extracts that anti-inflammatory effectat
concentraion of 40mg/ml . However,these extracts showed antibacterial activity at
acgncentration of 40 mg/ml that applied on laboratory rabbit eyes.

(CdO: Ag2O)thin films have been prepared using Chemical Spray pyrolysis technique
on glass substrates. We have studied the Structural and optical parameters such as reflectance,
refractive index, extinction coefficient and real and imaginary part of dielectric constant have
been studied.
XRD measurements revealed that the thin films were polycrystalline shows a preferred
orientation along (111) ,(220) planes.

New covert cryptography is a different trend in cryptography field, because it has the
features: (secrecy, covert, and simplicity). In this paper, a proposed new covert audio
cryptographic model is presented by software simulation. The proposed model has the ability
to cryptographically hide secret audio messages in image cover.
The proposed model was implemented using: (dual secret sharing method in order to
obtain secrecy feature, masking technique in order to obtain covert feature, and
psychoacoustics effects in order to obtain simplicity feature).
The performance of the proposed model has been successfully tested by computer
simulation and the results presented both quantitavely and qualitatively. Finally, the proposed
model has been implemented between two nodes through the Internet network.

Rheumatoid arthritis is the one of the most common inflammatory arthritis .one or multiple
factors probably predispose an individual to developing Rheumatoid arthritis that can be
treated by diod laser . laser is used in rheumatology practice for biostimulation The purpose of
this study to evaluate change in haematological value the most important value in this disease
is ESR test . The ESR is used clinically test to detect the presence of infection ,it has found
wide use ESR a means of monitoring the statues of chronic inflammatory diseases such as
Rheumatoid arthritis. The lights induced biological effect depend on the parameter of
irradiation the result suggest that the laser act as triggering factor while induces systematic
effects through the circulation when laser inter acts with living cells so it has systematic
effects throught circulation blood .
Blood samples for 14 patients suffering from Rheumatoid arthritis where taken before and
after laser treatment to stimulate the joint protection , pain control and trancutaneous nerve
stimulation .
The study showed clear change in ESR value because the light induce the biological effect
,depend in parameters of irradiation ,the result that suggest that the laser explained by action
of low intensity light on cll proliferation . This observation is due to the fact cell proliferation
is very action in Rheumatoid arthritis and regeneration is significant by laser irradiation .

Poly(vinyl alcohol) doped Ag films with different thicknesses were prepared by casting
method. The thickness of the prepared films were 10, 20, 30,and 40 μm. Transmission and
absorption spectra have been recorded in order to study the effect of increasing thickness on
some optical constants such as transmittance, reflectance, absorption coefficient, refractive
index, extinction coefficient, and real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant. This study
reveals that all these parameters affect by increasing the thickness.

One from the most problems of multiwavelet transform is listing by the existing image
coding standards generally degrades at low bit-rates and lose some of data after applying
image reconstruction because of the underlying block based. Due to implementation
constraints multiwavelets do not posses all the properties such as orthogonally, short support,
linear phase symmetry, and a high order of approximation through vanishing moments
simultaneously, which are very much essential for signal processing. New class of wavelets
called ‘Multiwavelets’ which possess more than one scaling function overcomes this
problem. This paper presents a new image technique scheme based on reconstruct
approximation of Multiwavelets coefficients along with multistage vector quantization
named as Multi Stage Vector Quantization using the inverse computation of multiwavelet
transform, after apply the multi-stage vector quantization named as (MSVQ-IDMWT). The
performance of the proposed scheme is compared with the results obtained from regular
technique of reconstructing (IDMWT) from the SNR and PSNR values.

Several virulence and pathogenicity factors have been described from enterococci that
enhances their ability to colonize patient's tissues, increase resistance to antibiotics, and
aggravate the infection outcome. The present study aimed to investigate virulence and
pathogenicity factors among enterococci species isolated from nosocomial and community
acquired infection in Diyala. The study was conducted in Baquba General Hospital and Al-
Batool Hospital for Maternity and children during the period from 1st. September/2005 to 30th.
September /2006. A total of 343 specimens were collected from 213 inpatients and 130
outpatients. 200 (58.3%) were females and 143 (41.7%) were males. The mean age of patients
was (32.8 ± 17.2) years. 44 isolates of enterococcal species were recovered from different
clinical specimens and identified according to standard bacteriological and biochemical
criteria. The presence of certain virulence and pathogenicity factors, namely; gelatinase and
hemolysin production, biofilms formation, agglutination of erythrocytes, presence of capsule,
and adherence to epithelial cells were detected. Data were statistically analyzed.
The results showed that all isolates of E. gallinarium and E. avium were biofilm
former compared to 76.7% and 70% of E. faecalis and E. faecium respectively. Furthermore,
all isolates of E. gallinarium and 76.7% of E. faecalis were β-lactamase producer.
Additionally, all isolates of E. avium and 76.7% of E. faecalis were agglutinated RBCs. The
presence of capsule was highest among E. faecalis isolates (26.7%). The results also revealed
that all E. galinarium and E. avium isolates were non-hemolytic. Furthermore, among 12
isolates which express β- hemolysis, 10 (33.3%) and 2 (20%) were E. faecalis and E. faecium
respectively. α-hemolysis were found among 10 (26.7%) isolates of E. faecalis and 2 (20%)
isolates of E. faecium. It can be concluded that Local isolates of enterococci species recovered
from different clinical specimens are multi-virulence bacteria.

Diabetic retinopathy is one of most important complications of diabetes mellitus that
can be treated by Nd:YAG laser. Laser is used in ophthalmic practice for photocoagulation
and photodisruption
The purpose of this study is to evaluate changes in immunological value after treatment of
diabetic retinopathy by laser.
Blood samples from 12 patients suffering from diabetic retinopathy were taken before
and after laser treatment to coagulate retina to prevent leakage and hemorraghe to avoid
deterioration of vision.
The study showed clear changes in the values of immunology. main changes were in
complemet(C3,C4) values which increased as noticed in after tretment because all lightinduced
biological effects depend on the parameters of irradiation, the results suggest that the
laser irradiation may play two principle roles in immunological changes. One , is stimulation
of cellular proliferation , and stimulation of cellular differentiation that is responsible for
different types of immunoglobulin.The other suggestion is that laser is acting as a triggering
factor which induces systematic effects through the circulation when laser interacts with
living cells so it has systemic effects through circulating blood.

This study was designed to investigate the effects of decorticated and defatted castor
seeds (Ricinus Communis) on the sperms functions and characters of male mice at two
consecutive spermatogenic cycles. Eighteen albino Swiss male mice with Ten weeks old were
used as animal model, they divided in to three groups (Six male mice of each), 1st group
served as control group and received distilled water only, and the 2nd group has been set as
treatment group which was treated orally with 1.76 mg/kg. BW from watery suspension of
decorticated and defatted castor seeds extract for 38 days (single spermatogenic cycle). The
3rd group has been treated with the same protocol of the 2nd group but was allowed a recovery
period (free from the treatment) of another 38 days (double spermatogenic cycles). The
measured parameters were: total sperm count, Sperms viability, abnormal sperm percentage,
and the turbidimeteric parameters of sperm motility.

Cadmium telluride thin films deposited by Co-evaporation technique on glass substrates.
UV-VIS absorption data of films grown at room substrate temperature, as well as to the
annealing thin films at the temperatures (373,473,573) K.
The absorption coefficient α and optical energy gap Eg of the films obtained from the
absorption data are measured in the strong absorption regime (300-1100) nm. Both the
allowed direct and indirect optical transitions occur in CdTe thin films. The optical energy
gaps for thin films deposited at room temperature that are associated with allowed direct and
indirect interband transitions are 2.75 and 1.45 eV respectively. It observed that there is an
increase in optical energy gap with increase in annealing temperatures.

Laboratory bioassays were done to determine the toxicity of crude phenolic extracts of
Nerium oleander leaves to whitefly Bemisia tabaci . Crude phenolics applied at
concentrations of 0.1 , 0. 2 , 0.5 , 1 , 2 % . The egg was generally the least susceptible
stage to all test treatments .The results indicated that the concentration of 2 % was the
most effective . At this concentration eggs mortality reached 45.02%, in crude phenolic
differences in nymphal mortality according to age was observed at all concentrations of
phenolic extract , both first and third nymphal instars had higher mortality with phenolic
extract at concentrations of 1% and 2% than second nymphal instar . Pupal and adults
mortality reached 82.63% and 60.45% when treated with crude phenolics at concentration
of 2% respectively . Cumulative mortality reached 100 % at concentration of 1% and 2 %
in second nymphal instar and adults respectively when treated with crude
phenolic.Development time of immature stages of B.tabaci also , affected by the
application of crude phenolic extracts of N. oleander leaves , generally development
period prolonged in all treatments of phenolics as compared with control treatment.

The antibacterial profiles of honey were examined against clinical isolates of
Staphyllococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Agar well diffusion method was used
in the antibacterial susceptibility studies. This study revealed that the honey obtained from
Agricultural college of Baghdad University was effective against bacteria.The highest
inhibitory zone of S. aureus reached to 20mm in diameter at 200 mg/ml of honey
concentration but not affected on P. aeruginosa. Wounds were done in male mice by using
shaver and then infected with 0.1ml of both bacterial suspensions with concentration 108
CFU/ml.Symptomes of infections were appeared after 24-48 hours. Three concentrations of
honey were used (100,200 and 300) mg/ml for treatment of skin infections by using 0.1 ml of
honey,also gentamycin ointment and normal saline were used. Symptomes of recovery based
on wound healing were noticed after 10,6,9,11 and 15 days for S. aureus and 12,8,13,15 and
18 days for P. aeruginosa when treated with 100,200 and 300mg/ml of honey,gentamycin and
normal saline respectively. 200 mg/ml of honey concentration showed the best concentration
for skin infection treatment. This study,therefore, suggest that honey could have strong
biocidal effect against S. aureus (both in vitro and in vivo) and against P. aeruginosa (in
vivo),therefore,have the potential effective role in the treatment of skin infection.

Data clustering is a fundamental operation used in unsupervised images generally
clustering involves asset of data (e.g.: image pixels) into specified no of clusters, the
motivation behind clustering is to find inherit structure in the data and to expose the structure
as asset of groups.
Our search concern with taking image clustering problem using four clustering algorithms
named K-mean, K-median, PSO and hybrid of two algorithms, PSO and k-mean. These
algorithms applied on three gray brain images then compare the results.

Rubella is the mildest of common viral exanthems. However, infection during early
pregnancy may result in serious abnormalities of the fetus including congenital malformation
and mental retardation. The objectives of the present study are to determine the seropositivity
rate of anti-rubella IgG and IgM antibodies among premarriage girls in Diyala province.
A total of 358 subjects were included in the present study. The study was extended
from 7/April/2007 to 30/September/2008. 186 (51.9%) were females with mean age 16.7±
2.1 years, and 172(48.1%) were males with mean age 24.5 ±5.5 years. Those subjects were
randomly selected from those attending the Public Health Laboratory in Baquba for
premarriage investigations. Further information regarding age, residence, educational levels
was taken by personal interview. Detection of anti-rubella antibodies was done by enzymelinked
immunosorbant assays (ELISA) using (Biokit, Spain).Data were statistically analyzed
using SPSS version 13 computer assisted processing. P value <0.05 was considered
significant.
The results showed that all males and females were negative for anti-rubella IgM
antibody. However, 168 (97.7%) of males and 170(91.4%) of females were positive for antirubella
IgG antibody. Therefore, the rate of non-immune females was higher than that of
males (8.6% vs 2.3%). In conclusion premarital screening for anti-rubella IgG and vaccination
of non-immune girls could minimize the risk of rubella infection during pregnancy and childbearing
period.