Adab AL Rafidayn

Translation is a method that allows the creation of links between different communities. It was also a unique component of language learning until new methods emerged.
Translation is an essential element in the language teaching/learning process, which is why it is included in the curriculum of the French Language Department at the University of Salahaddin/ Iraq as a core subject.
Teaching translation is somewhat problematic because it requires talent and experience in the field of translation. Teaching translation is more difficult than the translation process because it requires more techniques, knowledge, experienced teacher, comprehensive method, good materials and enough time, etc., which are the most indispensable factors in translation teaching/learning process.
Our work revolves around two main axes: theory and practice, so we follow an analytical, observational, practical and applied method. Observation and interview are two means of collecting data that support our method.
The lack of a suitable method of teaching translation, the location of the mother tongue, the ability and experience of the teacher are among the main problems that have become obstacles in the translation teaching/learning process. Work in one set can become a means of discovering gaps by the teacher as well as by the learner. Likewise, the diversity of exercises and the use of original texts will effectively improve the development of translation courses and increase the attitude of students to eliminate their shortcomings in this course.

The poetic text has a rhythmic structure which is different from other literary genres in form and musicality of words; hence it is more likely to be the most appropriate kind of texts to be tackled in phonetic lectures as an effective tool in teaching French as a foreign language. In order to find out the distinctive characteristics of poetic text as well as its impact on the acoustic aspect of French language, we tend to review the most common technical terms of poetic text; its conventional forms; its functions; the impact of literary registers when they are used in poetic text and how to associate it with multiple senses at the same time. The rhythm neatly and carefully chosen in poems captivates the ears of language learners due to its sonorous harmony that leads to improve the ability of visual and acoustic memory. The art of versification creates an element of entertainment while learning French sounds.

Communication, whether in actual daily interactions or in academic educational institutions, needs to meet the condition of mutual understanding, follow-up, the intended message delivered, received and inferred by the interlocutors. In this academic work, the dyads of teachers and students are taken into account from the perspectives of Relevance Theory and Teacher Talk, thus integrating applied linguistics with pragmatics. The study has reached theoretical and practical conclusions: interaction in the classroom should achieve the principle of relevance, fulfilling teaching goals. Stimulus, as interaction initiation, is the first step, ostension is evidence of the speaker\'s intention and this can be stated explicitly and/or implicitly, depending on a dedicated inferential mechanism, local pragmatic modulation which leads to relevance-guided comprehension, i.e., the result the addressee arrives at. The dyads analyzed showed coherence as a basic concept for the utterances to achieve the principle of relevance; cohesion being a marginal property of the interactions. The dyads also showed the different categories of teacher talk, as put forward by the models adopted in the current study.

This study focuses on the song as a preferred activity by teachers of French as a foreign language, French Department / University of Salahaddin as a model.
From now on, the value of the activities used in class does not only depend on the training and personality of the teacher, but also on the various materials and aids available to him. Today, the song is considered one of the activities most interested by students, and teachers prefer it for their French as a foreign language course.
In this study, we first deal with the definition of song, the forms in which a song is transmitted.
Then, we treat the classification of Tim Murphy concerning the types of the song.
Then, this study deals with the use of the song as a pedagogical support in the teaching/learning of French as a foreign language and the choice of the song for the class according to Pierre Dumont, Françoise Demougin and Swann Paradis, Gaëlle Vercollier.
Finally, we explain the results of the questionnaire intended for teachers of the Department of French/University of Salahaddin.

This research paper follows Quirk, et al. (1985) model, which deals with grammar from different perspectives; syntactic, semantic and pragmatic. Due to its multidisciplinary nature, this eclectic model is used here to study one type of dangling modifiers in English; that is, (-ing) participle. Used as a dangling modifier in English, (-ing) participle is often described, in the literature, as an ambiguous, and multifunctional structure. Since there hasn\'t been any research that focuses on this type of dangling modifiers eclectically, this paper might be of considerable value in this regard.
The problem of this study is to determine how we can investigate (-ing) participle as a dangling modifier eclectically, and how it impacts the sentence\'s comprehension. In this respect, there are a number of questions and hypotheses that are utilized as unconfirmed tests for the treatment of the problem tackled here. One of the most noticeable hypotheses given here is that (-ing) participle, as a dangling modifier, affects the entirety of sentences, including all of their constituent words, rather than just the words it modifies. To test the reliability as well as credibility, the data samples consisting 10 distinct texts, as typical samples of the overall corpus consisting of 50 texts, have been gathered from literary works, linguistic textbooks, periodicals, and news reports. These samples have been examined in accordance with the theoretical principles of the multidisciplinary approach depicted in Quirk, et al. model (1985) . One of the main findings of this study is that the examination of the nonfinite verb phrases of (ing) verb forms supports the idea that context has an impact on how dangling modifiers are analyzed. Furthermore, dangling modifiers change the meaning of the entire phrase rather than just the word they modify.

The main thrust of the study was to explore the Impact Values in terms of identity construction. To this end, 10 lessons out of the 30 lessons were examined in terms of gender, ethnicity, occupation, religious and culture membership. Analyzing the data, Van Leewen’s (2008) framework which involves two main dimensions of social actors and social actions were utilized and adopted. It was illustrated that men were mainly portrayed in association with active social roles wherein they play a more active part comparing their female counterparts who are passivaized through going under the influence of an activity. The results of the study indicated to a hybrid, multiple identities resort to the main strategies of inclusion and exclusion wherein the interaction between the two strategies of inclusion and exclusion resulted into differentiation in which a gender-based identity is expressed; However, the ethnic, religious, and social identities seem to be backgrounded with a few traces if any. Likewise, the most over identification is related to cultural identity in which the western identity is being portrayed and subconsciously penetrate into the minds of language learners which reminds us Skelton’s (1997) hidden curriculum. Accordingly, the three variables of content, strategies and realization were resemiotized in order to manifest a hybrid and multiple representation of social identity with its focus on gender representation.

This study looks at how the visual mode affects the translation of multimodal English texts into Arabic, using multimodal internet commercials for BMW vehicles as a case study.According to the study's hypotheses, understanding an advertisement's precise meaning depends greatly on its visual appeal. It posits that the verbal component by itself is insufficient to provide a thorough understanding of the advertisement. A visual mode can increase the impact and potency of the advertisements, though occasionally it is culturally specific, which may negatively impact how well the SL text is understood. The data in this study is based on a translation test of a sample of BMW's multimodal online advertisements that use binary modes (verbal &visual). The questionnaire of this study was administered to a sample of MA students at Mosul University's Department of Translation in the academic year 2021 and 2022. After examining the translations submitted by the students, the study discovered that a visual mode can significantly influence the end result of the translation process. This will be evident when examining the subjects' renditions, particularly when the visual mode is absent.

In view of the less significance that impoliteness triggers have received in the pragmatic studies of impoliteness, the current study aims at showing how impoliteness is triggered in a Kurdish drama TV series. Culpeper’s (2011) model of impoliteness triggers was drawn upon to investigate 28 extracts taken from Ax û Tax drama TV series as the data for the current study and then the utterances which contained impoliteness triggers were selected to be analyzed and interpreted via descriptive qualitative and quantitative methods. The study hypothesizes the higher rate of occurrences of implicational impoliteness than the conventionalized impoliteness formulae in the current data due to the communal nature of Kurdish culture. Four main conclusions were drawn from the results of the current study. First, the findings showed the higher rate of conventionalized impoliteness formulae compared to implicational impoliteness. Second, within all the categories of conventionalized impoliteness formulae, unpalatable questions as a category were the most dominant category, while condescensions and message enforcers with equal frequencies were the least dominant categories used in the selected data. Third, the results also found a new category belonging to conventionalized impoliteness formulae which was labeled by the researcher as unmitigated orders. Fourth, among all categories of implicational impoliteness, form-driven implicational impoliteness was the most used category, whereas context- driven implicational impoliteness was the least used category in the selected data.

. This paper presents a review of major recent contributions in the emergent field of ecostylistics. Moreover, this study deals with the issues, roots, and meanings of ecostylistics. The main focus is on how and why style is combined with ‘eco’ to become ecostylistics and how language is related to this subject. It also deals with the theoretical and methodological framework of the study. This paper is divided into three sections. The first section deals with the main definitions of key terms related to this study. The second section, reveals the major application of ecostylistics frameworks in the analysis of different data, for example, media discourse. Finally, the third section is about previous studies related to ecostylistics in analyzing literary texts poems, fiction and non-fiction works.

The present study deals with the translation of sport editorials and commentaries from English into Arabic from a semiotic point of view. Since the realm of sport has its own unique terminology and expressions, this issue can bring about difficulties during the process of translation, due to the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic differences between English and Arabic. The study aims at highlighting the form and function of some sport expressions within the framework of semiotics and how they are translated into Arabic as well as investigating the translator's understanding and ability to render these expressions appropriately and effectively. The study hypothesizes that the form and function of some sport expressions vary between the two languages, which pose difficulties when translated into Arabic; literal translation neither works nor gives an adequate and effective meaning; and the translator does not necessarily realize the equivalent effect even though he adopts the dynamic equivalence. Nida's "Formal and Dynamic" model of translation is adopted. Six sport expressions are selected and analyzed semiotically, and then assigned to five teachers in the department of translation. The study concludes that the majority of translators moved away from the formal equivalence towards the dynamic equivalence with its procedures of alteration, addition, and subtraction to provide an appropriate and effective equivalence in the TLT.

Machine translation, which refers to the utilization of computational programs for conveying a stretch of words from one language into another, is quickly gaining ground, taking over the whole realm of translation and thus overthrowing human traditional translation. The paper principally aims to address the topic by: (1) presenting a comprehensive account of dysphemism in terms of its definitions, motivations, major types and functions. (2) Defining and analyzing the strategies employed in translating dysphemistic expressions to show whether the renderings arrived at by the machine are appropriate or otherwise. To achieve the previously-mentioned aims, it is hypothesized that (1) English and Arabic employ a variety of dysphemistic expressions. (2) Translating dysphemistic expressions poses unsolved problems for the machine as it does not possess the proper systematized inputs that enable it to efficiently process the pejorative data and adequately transfer the pragmatic content of the SL expression(s). To test the validity of these hypotheses, many authentic English translation examples are selected to be translated by the machine, a translation model is adopted to subtly apprehend dysphemism, data analysis is conducted, and new renderings are proposed wherever the machine renderings are found inappropriate. The paper ends with some conclusions and recommendations that help translators know the whereabouts in which the machine might fail to come up with sound judgment of the text and fall short of putting forth proper translation. The human translator should always be on the alert and watch out for any pitfalls of the kind and correctly edit them manually.

The multitude of the scholar’s opinion on matter constitutes a mark of development، and scientific maturity، as it is the outcome of effort، persistence and self-denial for the sake of truth. Our Arab thought knew luminous examples of this phenomenon، as it is a phenomenon that impacts the depth of our Islamic thought and among the examples of the phenomenon is the multiplicity of the grammatical opinion of the same scholar on the same issue، as we find him going at one time towards one of the opinions and then tending at another time to another opinion for an argument that appeared to him. This research is based on the determination of this phenomenon with Abu Ali Al- Farsi ، who was known for his lofty scientific position in Arabic grammar، and his books were truly a good model for knowing this intellectual life، and our study endeavor to demonstrate the impact left by the transformation of the grammarian from his first saying in taking his other opinions ، and to stand on the most important factors calling for this transformation، and we have taken the analytical approach and its procedures as tool in analysis and study and the research has reached a set of results were in forefront: Abu Ali Al – Farsi has a distinguished scientific personality، and he was not satisfied with presenting the grammatical dispute، but rather we find him taking the position of the fair critic who builds his weighting on serious epistemological foundations، and logical ones that take into account the linguistic and mental reality. Abu ALI Al -Farsi was clearly affected with his sheikh Ibn Al- Sarraj،
We followed him on a number of issues، including his saying of literally of (not) and refusal antecedent its prediction and limited the addition of Ba’ to ( what) the Hijazi ، and the loss of many of Al-Farsi’s books prevented us from standing on many of his opinions، including the Book of Letters ، and the Ticket.

Al-Ta’: is one of the whispered letters, and its articulation is at the tip of the tongue and the origins of the upper front teeth, and it is one of the na’a’ letters (what appears from the upper cavern, which is the skin attached to the bone of the palate), and the Ta’a, the Dal, and the Tha’a are three in one space and indicate the feminine form such as:, he wrote and she wrote, and writer (male), writer (female) and the open Taa is written with the verb, and the round Taa is written with the noun, and it was called Feminine Haa; as it is pronounced as sound (h), and linguists mentioned fifteen types of it, and they gave details about it in the books of grammar and morphology,
The ta’ is of great plurality and great importance in the Arabic language, and its number reaches fifteen types, as it came in the books of grammar and this topic is not without the controversies between the linguists that sourced from indicating its types, describing its signs and determining its meanings. Therefore, we mentioned these types with brief explanation and providing proverbs, by relying on the grammatical and morphological sources, and we looked closely at the prominent types and separated the saying about them, and there are other types that were less mentioned in the sources, as we sufficed to mention their names with a brief explanation, and we identified Surah "Sad" because of the majority of the type of material studied in it.

This research, which is part of my doctoral dissertation, seeks to shed light on the strategy of direct guidance in the poetry of Saleh bin Abdul Quddus (The Command and the Prohibition) as a model.
He achieves it from the strength of the significance, and the truth of what is meant by its necessity.
The guidance strategy is concerned - in the first place - with the purposes of the discourse, and the way it is communicated to its addressees, through a dialogue channel in which they share the meaning. The discourse produced by the speaker is not accomplished except in specific contextual circumstances. The production of the significance of any of the discourses is based on the purposes that achieve the benefit from the discourse.

This is a summary of my research entitled (The Almu’awithatan, a Semantic Study). The research aims to study the Almu’awithatan semantically according to four semantic levels: (lexical , syntactic ,morphological and phonetic levels), in order to show the semantic effect performed by the four semantic levels . In revealing the meanings in the deep structure of the text, there is no doubt that the methodology for dealing with the Qur’anic texts is completely different from other texts because of its place in people’s hearts, and that the methodology of the semantic analysis of the two Suras (Al-Falaq and An-Nas) is based on reaching a different analysis from the Qur’anic interpretations which dealt with talking about these two noble chapters through the evidence results that support our analyses.

Nature intertwines with its two parts, the silent / rigid and the speaking / living, moving within the poetic text of Majnun, so it took up a wide space, and it may be considered the main dominant in his poetic text. Layla and nature. An image crystallizes for the reader, in which he senses the aesthetic dimension and the comparison between the beloved Layla and nature. The longing still haunts him whenever the winds blow and its breezes perfume his feelings. His heart softened and his tears spilled when he saw the flock of cats And chastity with him and Layla and he furnished the scene several times with nature for nature.

Researching the history of epidemics and the causes of their occurrence and their spread, especially when we note the recurrence of these epidemics throughout the Islamic centuries, is sufficient to prepare the tools for the prevention of these epidemics in the present and the future, and to prevent their recurrence, Egypt and the Levant witnessed the outbreak of dozens of epidemics, specifically during the period of research, and after careful investigation between the folds of historical sources, it became clear that many health and climatic reasons that led to the occurrence and spread of these epidemics directly. In addition to the availability of other reasons that indirectly contributed to its occurrence, for example, the many bloody wars that took place on the lands of those lands, and the resulting deaths and famines that paved the way for epidemics to enter the cities of Egypt and the Levant

The English Civil Wars transformed the Puritans into a new institution, the dominant thread in the Purified and Radically Reformed National Church. They appreciatively greeted the breakdown of the personal rule of the King in 1640, and enthusiastically anticipated the long-awaited reform of the Church, pastoral service, and the people. The years of revolution in England produced a huge amount of pamphlets and gave rise to an extraordinary controversy on thoughts and issues that became as serious and urgent as the controversy over toleration. Preaching before Parliament, the Puritan ministers encouraged the members to carry on God's work. While Parliament and the Westminster Assembly were drawing a religious settlement for the kingdom, there were forces moving outside their halls who would not only prevent the emergence of a Presbyterian scheme, but would radically change the trajectory of English religious policy and lead to Charles' execution in 1649. The New Model Army, established by Parliament in 1649, would achieve 1645, remarkable victories and soon have a political life of its own. Emerging as an independent, armed, religiously extremist power base, the army would present a serious challenge to Parliament's management of the war and control of the ensuing settlement. So ecclesiastical discipline was directly related to church government and toleration: while the Congregational Puritans (moderate Independents) would seek to locate discipline and caution within local congregations; On the other hand, Radical Separatists will see all members of Westminster Assembly as involved in a process that prefigures opposition to toleration, or hedges in giving a toleration so restricted as to be meaningless to their perception

The state of the Almoravids is one of the Islamic countries that were established on a religious and scientific basis. Since the departure of Prince Yahiya bin Ibrahim Al-Jedali to perform the Hajj and his meeting on his way back with the jurist Abu Imran Al-Fasi, Sheikh of the Maliki\'s in the city of Kairouan, Prince Yahiya admired the jurist Abu Imran and asked him directly to send with him One of his students asked him to teach the people of the desert the laws of the Islamic religion and show them what is permissible and what is forbidden. Finally, the choice fell on the young jurist Abdullah bin Yassin al-Jazouli, who did the task best and endured many hardships and difficulties for the sake of the objective for which he came. A strong unified state in the far west of the Islamic world, and he continued to carry out his message until his martyrdom in one of the battles with those who left the religion.
After that, the Maliki jurists inherited the religious and spiritual authority, which was a source of strength and support for the rulers of the Almoravids state, so that any prince among them would not cut off an order without consulting the jurists and obtaining their approval, and the situation continued in this form of friendliness and agreement between the prince and his entourage of jurists until the end of the state era.

The neoconservative movement in the United States of America is one of the most important poles influencing the decisions of the American administration during the administration of US President George W. Bush. This study deals with the neo-conservative movement, the definition of this movement by thinkers and researchers, their origins, the development of their ideology, and a stand at the historical roots of this movement. And their role in the American political system in particular in the Middle East region, and the research dealt with the intellectual foundations of the neoconservatives through the generations that passed on this trend and the most important thinkers who worked with the two generations.

Part of Tanzania (Tanganyika) remained under German control from 1886 to 1914 until its defeat in World War I، after which it became a British protectorate in the framework of the recommendations of the United Nations until Tanganyika gained its independence in 1961، while the second part of Tanzania (Zanzibar) remained Under British control from 1886 until its independence in 1963، after that، Tanganyika and Zanzibar were united in 1964 as the United Republic of Tanzania ..

In this study, I tackled Turkey's position on the US occupation of Iraq in 2003, explaining through this the Turkish-Iraqi relations before and during the war. Due to the geographical position between the two countries, Turkey's position on the war, whether official or popular, has a great impact on the course of the Iraq war.
Turkey is linked by religious, geographic and social ties with Iraq, yet Turkey does not want to lose its strategic ally, the United States of America, which offered Turkey too much temptation to resist. However, the Turkish government was unable to obtain a decision from the Turkish People's Assembly allowing it to participate in the war on Iraq and to provide logistical and military assistance to the United States of America during its war on Iraq. Despite that, Turkey tried in various ways not to lose its ally, the United States, by putting pressure on its parliament and obtaining approval for the use of Turkish airspace by American planes to pass through the airspace of Iraq.

The research topic deals with the statement of the impact that Sudan left within the Organization of African Unity, the organization that was formed in order to defend the rights of African countries living under foreign colonialism and to obtain their actual independence through the great efforts that were made for this purpose, the most important of them is the great role in which Sudan played, the role of Sudan in this organization was through its actual contribution to the strategies that were developed for the purpose of African liberation movements and the concomitant liquidation of foreign colonialism in those African countries; Sudan was directing many of these plans and contributing to many initiatives, so that its role and activity focused on supporting the struggle of African countries to gain their independence and resolve many of the conflicts taking place in the region, and its first initiatives were represented in the African Summit Conference, especially since it is one of the main members of the organization, and it had an important role inside it, as it actively participated in the conferences held by the organization, and it had positions on important events and issues, most notably the Palestinian issue and the Ethiopian-Somali conflict, as Sudan and its governments had an important role inside the Organization of African Unity, and this was evident through its contributions to the conferences held by the organization, especially the conferences of ministers of the organization held in Khartoum in 1978.

The current research aims to find out: 1.The level of domestic violence among high school girls’ students in Mosul.2. The level of Internet addiction among high school girls’ students in Mosul.3. The relationship between domestic violence and Internet addiction among high school girls’ students in Mosul. The final research sample consisted of (400) female students who were selected in a simple random way from high school girls' students for the academic year 2020-2021. To achieve the objectives of the research, a prepared scale for domestic violence was applied (Hadi, 2013), as well as the application of a prepared scale for Internet addiction (Al-Khalidi, 2014).The researcher verified the validity and performance of the research and then analyzed the research results and processed them statistically. As for the results of the research, it showed a decrease in the level of domestic violence as well as Internet addiction among the members of the research sample, and the results showed the existence of a positive, statistically significant relationship between domestic violence and Internet addiction. In light of the results, the researcher recommended: Strengthening educational media programs that spread awareness, combat domestic violence, rehabilitating battered female students in their families, and the need to build counseling programs for the prevention of Internet addiction among different samples of school stages.

Correctional institutions are considered among the social institutions that seek to achieve their preventive goals by rehabilitating criminals in order to preserve the internal system of this institution, and in application of the applicable social policy aimed at bringing about a change in the behavior of individuals. The study aims to determine the level of quality of services (social - psychological). And knowing the administrative procedures that enable inmates to benefit from the services of correctional institutions. This study is considered one of the evaluation studies, and the researcher used the analytical description method in its study. One of the non-probability samples is the intentional sample chosen by the researcher due to its suitability with the nature of the study. Due to the large size of the study population, the size of the sample was determined in the correctional institutions (Erbil, Sulaymaniyah and Dohuk), and their number reached (3779) inmates, and the researcher chose (348) inmates out of a total of (2824), and the selection of the sample was with the exception of those who were sentenced to death and whose sentence was less than 6 months Which numbered (955), within the criteria for inclusion within the sample and exclusion from it. The researcher relied on a scale for collecting data on the inmates. Among the results of the study, it was found that the effectiveness of psychological services from the inmates’ point of view was achieved to a small degree according to the inmates’ opinions, and it was found that social services were achieved Average rating according to guest reviews.

The aim of this research is to identify the extent to which male and female teachers of the Arabic language have the methods of resolving student disputes by peaceful means. To achieve the purposes of the research, the researcher followed the descriptive approach, and used two tools in collecting research data. A questionnaire consists of the values of tolerance included (81) paragraphs, and ensuring the validity and reliability of the two tools. The research sample consisted of (811) male and female teachers, and (821) male and female students. Peacefulness from their point of view is all high, and the results of the research showed that there are statistically significant differences between the averages of the respondents’ responses in the degree of Arabic language teachers’ ownership of conflict resolution methods due to the gender variable, and in favor of males, while there were no statistically significant differences between the averages of the respondents’ responses In the degree of possession of Arabic language teachers of methods of resolving conflicts by peaceful means due to the variables of experience and qualification, the results of the research also showed a positive correlation between the degree of possession of teachers and Female teachers of methods of resolving conflicts by peaceful means, and in the light of the results of the research, the researcher put forward some recommendations.

This study aims to reveal the types of theoretical practices in the research outputs in the field of sociology, within the scope of five Iraqi universities. The epistemological and applied importance of employing theories in a systematic manner is no secret. Especially since this practice has become marred by a lot of complexity and misuse, as a result of the complexity of the concept (theory) mainly and the general atmosphere in which it is taught within the field of sociology. Therefore, there was a need to examine some models of treatises and letters and explore their depths in order to reach a deep analysis of the most prominent employment problems and patterns of practice by using Veroclav's (critical discourse analysis method). With a theoretical reference (to the theory of practice) at Bourdieu, the study reached a number of conclusions, the most prominent of which is the existence of different patterns of theoretical employment, the most prominent of which are arbitrary and random, in addition to the fact that the scientific formation of the subject of theories still neglects the practical side and is concerned with the traditional and theoretical side. The study also concluded that the problems related to theoretical practice lie in three aspects (the technical side), (the epistemological side), and (the methodological side).

The research aims to understand the nature of the moral transformations embodied in the nature of the social behavior of individuals. Evaluating social standards in the process of social control, its cultural dimensions, and developing a strategy that contributes to limiting its repercussions. It is by overcoming the crisis of values that we are experiencing today, and limiting the expansion of the range of social phenomena with a negative feature that indicates social diseases in our society. The research arrives at important results, the most important of which are:
Results:
1. The social influence is a normative influence that is embodied in the manifestations of compliance behavior, and it is like the influence of the other that leads to following order that makes us related to them and accepted by them. This leads to general acceptance of the group's norms.
2. Watching directly how others act can influence behavior. Direct personal experience is not necessary for normative inclination.
3. There are two types of social norms that make an impact. Although the result is the same for the two types of influence, which is compliance. However, the motivation for compliance differs in each case.
4. Normative social influence helps to enhance social cohesion by having the majority of group members comply with social norms.

This study came to shed light on the phenomenon of political violence witnessed by some Arab political systems in the nineties of the twentieth century, and also to reveal the nature and manifestations of political violence and analyze them in order to reach effective treatments and solutions to reduce this negative phenomenon that threatens the security and stability of Arab societies.
In order to achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher relied on a complex methodology based on the analytical descriptive approach as well as the deductive approach of some studies and research related to the phenomenon of political violence in Arab regimes. The study reached a set of conclusions, most notably:
1. Political violence in the Arab countries took many forms during the nineties of the twentieth century, foremost among them (explosions and mass violence, demonstrations, disturbances and riots, assassinations and attempted assassinations, armed rebellions, and civil wars.
2. It turns out that the political and social forces that practiced unofficial political violence in the Arab regimes during the nineties were (radical Islamic organizations, students, especially university students, some minorities, forces involved in civil wars, workers, some army units, and some socially marginalized groups.
3. The study revealed that the phenomenon of political violence in the Arab countries was produced by a number of internal and external factors and variables, foremost of which is the increasing severity of economic problems, the escalation of the crisis of distribution of living resources, the growing manifestations of political and administrative corruption, the mismanagement of societal pluralism, the persistence of minority problems, the entrenchment of the phenomenon of political authoritarianism, the faltering of democratic development and the dependency of Arab countries for some regional and foreign countries.

The study aims to identify the method of organizing documents in criminal courts ( Nineveh Federal Court of Appeal ), and to identify the reality of the state of information containers in their archives in terms of their preparation , method of organization , the most important tools used in the process of organization , and how to persevere and retrieve them . It also aims to get acquainted with the working staff in terms of academic qualification , service intentions , and knowledge of the types of documents in the archives . The study followed the analytical descriptive approach and the comparative approach to study a sample of criminal court records . The study came out with a set of results , the most important of results , the most important of which are :
1-The court archive lacks indexing and classification tools to organize and retrieve document .
2-Arranging documents in files in a sequential order by giving them serial numbers .
3-The archive does not contain lists of subject reference files.
4-The number of employees is of documents and the group of documents and the large amount of work .
The study came out with a number of proposal , the most important of which are :
1-The need to provide indexing and classification tools and lists of subject headings ( traditional and digital objective analysis tools) .
2-particpation of employees in training courses in the field of office work to provide employees with sufficient experience in how to organize information.
3-There must be a sufficient number of office work specialists in the field of office work who have a bachelor's degree

As a result of the development of computer science and informatics, the amount of data has become greatly digested and does not end up storing this data, as it represents the memory of the institution and real wealth that can be neglected and forgotten or invested in a smart and academic way to draw up policies and future plans for the institution on a vision and insight that describes the failures and success of the institution and predicts the imposition of future improvement. It provides its users with the ability to explore knowledge from a huge amount of data and focuses on sensing and future predictions, exploring patterns, behavior and trends, allowing to estimate the right and sound decisions and take them at the right time, develop appropriate solutions to problems, plan, develop and update all areas of the organization.
In light of the huge amount of data in computer systems and networks in educational institutions, including university libraries, it was necessary to find a technique to collect, analyze and classify data of large sizes in order to reach knowledge that leads to making the right decisions and predicting unknown future values, so the study aimed to introduce the concept of the process of data mining and revealing its implications and showing its role in discovering knowledge and studying the types of relationships that arise between data, collecting and classifying it.To mine university library data. The study concluded that data mining technology has the optimal tools for analyzing and processing big data in university libraries that help a lot in predicting future values, and in light of this, the right decisions are made in improving services in this type of libraries.

From a decisive civilizational point of view, Hassan Hanafi expresses a cultural vision and desire in Islamic thought that works to address the reality of Arab thinking and strive to get rid of the restrictions of religious beliefs that stifle human creativity. With this step, the renewal of Islamic thought in the Arab world should result in a new concept of religion and introduce a free cultural revolution. She goes on to develop a new theology with a progressive perspective on life rooted in liberation and social justice. It aims to liberate the Arab-Islamic society from decline and fragmentation, and to produce a just, prosperous and civilized society.
Influenced by modern Western philosophy, Hassan Hanafi desires a major cultural revolution in the Arab-Islamic world, which can promote progress toward an integrated civilizational construction and limit the decline of religiosity in the Arab world. Hanafi raises his argument that this decline occurred because many contemporary Arabs view religion as an individual issue, and therefore it is a religious, institutional, and educational obstacle to the first epistemological bases on which freedom of thought is built.
From this standpoint, this study provides an intellectual framework for analyzing Hassan Hanafi's new theological ideas using a cultural perspective, as well as practical practice in an attempt to build societal and individual equality, justice before the law, and support for human rights.

Analytical thinking is a mental skill that requires the ability to segment situations, things, and relationships into their components. In fact, the analysis comes in the fourth level of complexity in the cognitive levels as defined by Bloom, whereas the analysis skill requires the learner to segment information into its small parts and find hypotheses or postulates and find differences between facts And postulates or exploring causal relationships. The research aims to identify the level of analytical thinking among students of distinguished schools in the city of Mosul. The study aimes to identify the differences in the level of analytical thinking according to gender differences (male - female) and stage (fourth - fifth). (284) male and female students of distinguished schools of both sexes (Male and female) who were randomly selected, and the analytical thinking tool that was built by the researcher was applied to them, and then the psychometric properties of the scale were verified, such as the apparent validity, which reached (95) and the stability of (82), as well as the stability was extracted by the Alpha Cronbach method, whose value was ( 87), and it was verified by conducting the discrimination statistic that no paragraph was dropped. After applying it to the sample, the results obtained showed that the students in general enjoy an average level of analytical thinking. It was found that there is a significant difference between the gender variable (male - female) in favor of females and the absence of a statistically significant difference according to the grade variable (fourth, fifth).
Based on the findings, the researcher recommends the following:
1- The need to pay attention to curricula that focus on thinking processes in all educational institutions that would develop mental processes.
2- Encouraging students to participate in all activities and benefit from all experiences by focusing on everything that exists in the environment.
3- Establishing training courses for analytical thinking processes that would develop the country by investing energies and exploiting them in appropriate places.
The results also presented a number of proposals, including conducting studies on:
1- Analytical thinking and its relationship to psychological pollution among university students
2- Analytical thinking and its relationship to the narcissistic personality of middle school administrations.

There is no doubt that the Holy Quran is the divine and ever-lasting message which revealed by Allah as the catalogue of life, constitution and programme of human life. One of the properties of this message is that it is self-explanatory to all the laws without being necessary going into detail except in some places, examples of such inclusiveness is drawing attention to principles, methods, entirety, and goals, to make it basis and fundamental principle on the rules are derived throughout the history. No doubt, the guidance from these principles, goals, understanding minor issues through its interpretation of texts is compatible with it and deducing legislation through its guidance. It is a good way to understand sharia and rejoice human beings in this world and hereafter. The idea of goals of sharia is a syllabus on which Islamic scholars follow from past and present and deduce the principles and laws from the Holy Quran. One of these Islamic, investigators, scrutinizer, and reformers is Sheikh Mullah Muhammad Jalizada known as (Malay Gawra -Mulla the Great-) who interpreted the Holy Quran through the goals of sharia that contains innovative ways to interpret the Holy Quran, calling for the study of the entirety of the sharia and avoiding the minor and argumentative aspects. Of his level of scholarship and knowledge he has, we started to follow his path to conduct this study according to his study methodology to explain the goals of the Holy Quran. The study falls into two categories: firstly, introduction to the method. Secondly, studying the goals of sharia.

The objective of the current research is to identify the level of strategic leadership of middle school principals in Nineveh Governorate.
The research sample consisted of (288) male and female teachers who were selected from the city of Mosul and the displaced schools affiliated to the Nineveh Education Representation in Dohuk Governorate for the academic year 2021/2022.
To achieve the objectives of the research, the two researchers built a tool to measure the level of strategic leadership among middle school principals from the point of view of male and female teachers, consisting of (46) items, and the stability was extracted using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which amounted to (0.83).
After collecting and analyzing the data, it was processed statistically using the t-test for one sample, the t-test for two independent samples, and Pearson's correlation coefficient.
The researchers concluded that:
- Middle school principals have an above-average level in practicing strategic leadership in general and according to scale areas.
- There is no statistically significant difference in the level of strategic leadership, as it was shown according to the variable of the teacher's gender and specialization, and this means that teachers, regardless of their gender and specialization, have similar views towards the strategic leadership of their principals.
A set of recommendations and proposals were presented, including:
- Instructing the Directorate of Training and Evaluation to involve school principals in giving lectures to principals in training courses.
- Conducting a research dealing with the relationship of strategic leadership with the personality traits of school principals at the secondary stage.

Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon the Seal of the Prophets and Messengers, our Master Muhammad, his family and companions altogether, and those who follow his Sunnah and are guided by his guidance until the Day of Judgment.
As for after:
The science of stopping and starting is one of the most important chapters of the science of intonation, and scholars have paid attention to it, past and present, and the reader of the Qur’an is indispensable for it.
The title of the research (the necessary endowment and its impact on the interpretation of the Holy Quran) included an introduction, two topics and a conclusion.
In the first topic, I spoke about the concept of the necessary endowment linguistically and idiomatically and its evidence, and it had two requirements: the first requirement is the definition of the vocabulary of the necessary endowment in language and the definition of the necessary endowment in terminology. The second requirement: is evidence of the necessary endowment.
The second topic was devoted to the effect of the necessary endowment in the interpretation of the Holy Qur’an and examples of that, and it came in two requirements.
Then came the conclusion, including the most important results of the research.

There is no doubt that the Holy Quran is the divine and ever-lasting message which revealed by Allah as the catalogue of life, constitution and programme of human life. One of the properties of this message is that it is self-explanatory to all the laws without being necessary going into detail except in some places, examples of such inclusiveness is drawing attention to principles, methods, entirety, and goals, to make it basis and fundamental principle on the rules are derived throughout the history. No doubt, the guidance from these principles, goals, understanding minor issues through its interpretation of texts is compatible with it and deducing legislation through its guidance. It is a good way to understand sharia and rejoice human beings in this world and hereafter. The idea of goals of sharia is a syllabus on which the Islamic scholars follow from past and present and deduce the principles and laws from the Holy Quran. One of these Islamic, investigator, scrutinizer, and reformer is Sheikh Mullah Muhammad Jalizada known as (Malay Gawra -Mulla the Great-) who interpreted the Holy Quran through the goals of sharia that contains innovative ways to interpret the Holy Quran, calling for the study of the entirety of the sharia and avoiding the minor and argumentative aspects. Of his level of scholarship and knowledge he has, we started to follow his path to conduct this study according to his study methodology to explain the goals of the Holy Quran. The study falls into two categories: firstly, introduction to the method. Secondly, studying the goals of sharia.

It seems that Muslim societies, at the present time, suffer from challenges facing their religious, social and family values system. In a way that makes those who are concerned with education, look for ways and mechanisms to protect their societies from retreat or values collapse. In this context, this study tries to highlight the role that Islamic education plays in confronting the threats besetting contemporary Muslim societies, from moral, educational, social and family problems and crises. Because, we believe that the Islamic education emanating from Islam, is the most powerful means that Muslims possess at the present time to protect their values that are in danger. And that they can use to raise individuals, educate and prepare them comprehensively in all aspects of life. This is because, it aims to build the human being in an integrated manner, in all aspects, in faith, theoretically, emotionally, mentally, socially and morally. The best conclusion of the study is that, the effective Islamic education is the strongest defense weapon Muslims have, to protect the individual and society from every value, moral and cultural threats that challenge them.

Hydrological water studies are among the researchers' greatest studies due to water's role in human communities and their economic activities. It is the primary component of every living thing. Hence, Allah says in the Holy Quran, "And we made from water every living thing, then will you not believe?" Because water studies have become very important especially with the increasing population in the research area, this research studied the underground and surface waters and the torrent valleys in the Harim. Moreover, the researcher employed remote sensing techniques and geographic information systems to find water and its sources in this area and determine the basins supporting torrent valleys in this area. Remote sensing and geographical information systems' technologies have become among the most important techniques giving researchers enormous data and great ability to analyze data and then treat them, whatever the geographical phenomena is. The remote sensing and the use of the Arc Gis 10.8 program to process digital elevation photos of the study area enable the researcher to trace the assemblages of the torrent valleys to form a base on which he can rely in future studies for exploring underground water. The most important approaches followed are the descriptive, statistical and analytical approaches. The most important result he reached is the extension of the study area on two underground water basins with good specifications and dating back to the Quaternary time and providing drinking water for the research area. The study showed that there are nine surface basins of varying size covering the study area in which water flows in large quantities in wet years. It also highlighted the importance of the Orontes River in securing irrigation water for the research area and its environs, and proposing to rely on it to secure drinking water after treatment in the event of a decrease in other water sources, especially groundwater. A set of maps and figures was made to show the distribution of water sources, the locations of ground and surface basins, and the directions of the torrent valleys.