Adab AL Rafidayn

The current research is concerned with the analysis of two characters who were the access points in State of Terror(2021) written by the former United States Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton and the Canadian mystery novelist Louise Penny. Characterization is an area in literature where writers do their own best to create their own characters creatively. The current research is an attempt to shed light on an important character created by Hillary and Louise. A systemic functional analysis SFL is applied as a framework to analyze the characters.Concentration was on the role of transitivity in showing the hidden ideologies in the Ellen Adams the fictional US secretary of State and the Pakistani nuclear physicist Bashir Shah. A quantitative research methodology was used to stand on the levels of transitivity in which the basic unit is the clause. The corpus linguistic tool used in this research is the UAM software. The ideology that the research tries to show is Islamophobia, terrorism, and patriotism. The research aims to show how linguistics has helped to an extent in literary text analysis.

The current study examines and investigates multiple translations of Arabic journalistic texts into English, performed by MA translation students. The texts that are taken from a pan-Arab daily newspaper offer some translation challenges related to news writing conventions. The analysis of the translations is based on the news writing objectives or (goals) discussed by Cotter (2010), which include a well-formed lead, the accuracy of the information, precision, and clarity of writing, and standardization of lexis, syntax, and style. The study hypothesizes that news writing objectives are difficult to maintain in translation and reveals that most translations collapse when they attempt to maintain the ST-intended news writing objectives or conform with the TL ones due to the translators’ lack of knowledge of the said objectives, the multifaceted nature of news texts and their overall inclination to employ literal translation strategy

This study aims at contrasting the metadiscourse items in Arabic and English. Metadiscourse plays a key role in organizing text, engaging readers, and unfolding text producer’s stance towards a certain subject matter. The study sets out to examine the comparison which shows the difference between both Arabic and English Languages. The concept of metadiscourse is still fuzzy and under-theorized. Contrary to English, Arabic is in need of well-categorized items of metadiscourse. This study is intended to bridge this gap between the two languages as metadiscourse is universal.
The study aims at exploring, identifying, and analyzing the linguistic and rhetorical function of metadiscourse items used in both Arabic and English languages.
It is found that Arabic uses metadiscourse items as English does, despite the fact that the classification system of metadiscourse in these two languages is somehow different.
It is concluded that metadiscourse, to some extent, is complicated area but very important part of language use; the role of metadiscourse is strategic in discourse and its misinterpretation leads to weakening the discourse and affecting on its intended meaning. Further, metadiscourse items are of importance for understanding discourse texture and intended meaning. The study also provides that categories of metadiscourse used in Arabic are applicable to English.

Micro level and macro go hand in hand to create the argumentative text. Micro level refers to the evaluative elements (verbs, collocations, conjunctive, and modality) that unfold the text producer's attitude towards certain subject matter whereas macro level refers to the strategy (counter- argumentation and through argumentation) that contributes to the macro structure of the argumentative text. This study tackles the problems encountered by the student translators when translation of argumentative texts from English into Arabic is involved. It is assumed that the key problem of this study lies in how to capture the pragmatic equivalence of evaluative items employed by the text producer in order to convey the attitudinal meaning of ST into TT.
This study aims at identifying the evaluative items at the micro level in SL; analyzing these items to recognize their rhetorical functions in the ST depending on the analysis of argumentation strategy at macro level; examining to what extent failure to grasp the rhetorical functions of these items may lead to distorting the focus of English argumentative texts when translated into Arabic; and finding out the most dominant evaluative item that blurs and depletes the text type of argumentative function.
This study hypothesizes that inappropriate renditions of evaluative items at micro level lead to violate two standards of textuality: intentionality and acceptability, and distort the macro level structure of argumentative text. It is also hypothesized that student translators are not well aware of the rhetorical functions of micro level items used in argumentative text, and that pragmatic equivalence is the most appropriate equivalence of evaluative items.

This research deals with the concept of readership and its influence on the translation of literary texts in general, and figurative language in particular. The research aims to determine the relationship between the readership and the translation process, and to determine the method of translation used by a translator for each type of reader. The research hypothesizes that readership affects the selection of a translation strategy. Therefore, the research suggests an evaluation of the translation in terms of the nature of the reader to highlight the translator's knowledge of this variable.
Theoretically, the study presents an account of the concept of readership as well as a brief account of literary texts , especially the figurative language as a representative of such texts. Practically, a group of texts, specifically five types of simile from Shakespeare's comedy “The Merchant of Venice” and four translations were selected as research samples to determine the extent to which the translators adopt certain strategies towards the intended reader.

This paper aims at investigating the translation of the degree of strength of English expressive verbs in “Wuthering Heights” into Arabic. It hypothesizes that neglecting the degree of strength of the expressive verbs results in inappropriate translation. It also hypothesizes that the source language-oriented translation strategy is considered appropriate for rendering expressive verbs if and only if the literal meaning equates to the intended meaning. In order to prove the validity of the hypotheses, the researcher selected 4 texts from Wuthering Heights with three different Arabic translations of expressive verbs with their renditions into Arabic and analyzed their renditions in terms of achieving the same degree of strength in the target language. Finally, the paper concludes that the use of the degree of strength of expressive verbs as a distinctive feature helps in choosing the most appropriate translation..

Explanative ( or exclamatory ) texts are vigorous statements expressing a high level of feelings or emotions and showing no affiliations to other parts of discourse. This paper aims at investigating the varied meaning implied in this class of texts in William Golding's Lord OF The Flies. It is hypothesized that the interpretation of exclamative texts as syntactic, semantic, or pragmatic phenomenon is situational. Eight texts have been selected indiscriminately from this novel and translated into Arabic by Abdulhameed AL- Jamal , Samir Izat Nassar , and Muntadayat Alsakher. The model adopted in the analysis of data is Nida's formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence .The analysis reveals that exclamative texts, in addition to their exclamation function , are situationally motivated and implicitly convey different meanings depending on the context in which they are used. That is, they are realized more pragmatically than syntactically .The study concludes that exclamative texts are multipurpose ones and thus require more attention to be paid, particularly by translators when they come across such a class of texts.

Today, using propaganda becomes very prevalent in the world and it is easier to spread than it has ever been. It can be used by politicians, military states, advertisers, media, and social matters. The present study identifies propaganda techniques that are used by the ex-prime minister Haider Al-Abadi in his speeches. Also, it accounts for the pragmatic functions of these techniques. A lot of attention is being paid, as well to the (im)politeness strategies that are interrelated within these techniques. It hypothesizes that politicians use propaganda because they have certain intentions and these intentions are reflected in the choice of the techniques. Also, it hypothesizes that Iraqi politicians try to be polite in that they do their best in order not to use impoliteness strategies and use politeness strategies instead. The following procedures are adopted: (1) choosing certain speeches of Al-Abadi (2) Analyzing six political speeches according to the synthetic model that we have adopted. The findings of the analysis confirm the above-mentioned hypotheses.

Colloquialism is a remarkable language level that reflects the social and cultural influences of certain people. This study is an attempt to figure out the problems of translating Egyptian colloquial proverbs in Naguib Mahfouz's novel "Children of the Alley" into English. In fact, it is challenging for a translator to correctly convey the meanings of these aphorisms while preserving their content and effect. Hence, unless a translator understands the intended meaning of such colloquial proverbs, he/she may make blunders in translation and may not elicit the same emotional response as the original. One possible explanation is that the TL has a different level of formality than the SL. The study aims to identify the appropriate translations and the best strategy to adopt in addition to clarifying whether the translator maintains the same level of formality or switches to another one to preserve the meaning. To realize the previously-mentioned aims, the study hypothesizes that translators face difficulties when translating colloquial proverbs since they are linked to socio-cultural ties and reflect the author’s unique mindset. Also, there is no obvious translation equivalent for several common colloquial proverbs. That’s why translators may switch to the formal level of language when dealing with colloquial proverbs. Vinay and Darbelnet’s model (1958/1995) will be applied to colloquial proverbs selected from Naguib Mahfouz’s novel "Children of the Alley" in terms of analyzing and evaluating the two translations submitted by the two translators: Stewart’s (1981) and Theroux (1999). The study finds out that the absence of equivalence in most cases plays a vital role in making the process of translation more problematic. Therefore, a translator is preferred to switch to formal TL expressions over informal ones, despite the fact that he/she does not maintain the author’s attitude behind using such an expression.

The aim of this study is to apply Newmark's approach to (10) excerpts from translations of Al-Jahmani (1999) and Hosny (2017) of The Pearl novella (1945) by the American author John Steinbeck in order to test the extent to which the translators choose the accurate and suitable approach. It was found that Al-Jahmani adopts communicative translation which aims to convey meaning and effect taking into consideration the target reader, a communicative translation is supposed to preserve the exact contextual meaning of the original text, so that both content and language are conveyed in a clearly meaningful way; communicative translation tends to create the same effect created by the SL text on the TL reader. Hosny, on the other hand, tends to use semantic translation which looks back to the ST and tries to preserve as many of its features as possible, it places a strong emphasis on the original text's author.

Don DeLillo’s White Noise has a direct discourse in dealing with various themes such as modernism, postmodernism, and Americanism. It also has an indirect discourse or a subtext in dealing with gender. This novel represents the performance of gender within the cultural context and its limits. It has a cultural scenario in a gender performance more than a gender performative and how the gender performance colonizes man’s actions. This research exposes the differences between gender performance and gender performative in White Noise according to Judith Butler’s perspectives on gender. Thus, this article disputes how the novel depicts gender roles as performance more than as performative actions. It further uncovers how DeLillo subjugates the gender performance of each sex to limited actions. For this reason, the male and female characters perform their regular gender practices within the domain of a patriarchal ideology. The gender theory of Butler’s “Gender Performativity” will be adopted to support the main argument of this paper.

The construction of the theatrical text relies mainly on conversational sequences among characters. Therefore, this type of literary text seems the most appropriate type to be tackled in French oral lessons such as conversation, comprehension, and expression. In order to have a clear idea of theatrical text’s characteristics as well as to employ it for language’s sake, we highlight two points. The first point concerns the most common technical terms in the theatrical text, its conventional forms and, its functions. The second point tackles the idea of using theatrical text as a communicative supplement in French as a foreign language through sections of plays.

Translation is a method that allows the creation of links between different communities. It was also a unique component of language learning until new methods emerged.
Translation is an essential element in the language teaching/teaching process, which is why it is included in the timetable of the French Language Department at the University of Mosul as a core subject.
Teaching translation is somewhat problematic because it requires talent and experience in the field of translation. Teaching translation is more difficult than the translation process because it requires more techniques, knowledge, experienced teacher, comprehensive method, good materials and enough time, etc., which are the most indispensable factors in the translation teaching/teaching process.
Our work revolves around two main axes: theory and practice, so we follow an analytical, observational, practical and applied method. Observation and interview are two means of collecting data that support our method.
The lack of a suitable method of teaching translation, the location of the mother tongue, and the ability and experience of the teacher are among the main problems that have become obstacles in the translation teaching/learning process. Work in one set can become a means of discovering gaps by the teacher as well as by the learner. Likewise, the diversity of exercises and the use of original texts will effectively improve the development of translation courses and increase the attitude of students to eliminate their shortcomings in this course.

This study focuses on the impact of using the song as an authentic document in FLE classes, the case of students of the French Department / University of Salahaddin / Iraq.
The song is an authentic support to teach the foreign language to our learners, but also to make them understand the culture of the foreign language, it is also for the learner, a way of looking at the outside world outside the school context, and this is why we encourage the development of the current study.
In this research, we treat the song as an authentic document, its exploitation in a class of FLE, and the beginning of the appearance of the song in class.
On the other side, our research deals with the criteria for choosing the song for the class and the advice of specialists in this field.
Finally, we explain the program of the French Department of Languages faculty, in the University of Salahaddin: the nature of the courses and their timetable, the exploit of the song in the curriculum of the French Department / Salahaddin University, and the analysis of the questionnaire intended for students of this department

The present study sheds light on the production of weak forms by Iraqi Secondary School Teachers (ISSTs). A weak form is one of two possible pronunciations for a word in the context of connected speech. It is the result of a word being unstressed (Crystal, 1991). This study aims at presenting and identifying the different weak forms that are found in standard English. It explains the rules of using weak forms. Moreover, the study aims at testing the teachers’ (ISSTs) linguistic performance in their attempt to produce weak forms according to the variable of age - both on the sentence level and on the utterance level. So, (45) teachers were tested. These were divided into three groups: Young (25-36), middle-aged (37-49) and old teachers (50 years and over).Their speech has been recorded, listened carefully and then analysed.
It is found that those teachers face difficulty in using weak forms. They often tend to use strong forms and they neglect to apply the correct rules of using weak forms. Moreover, it is observed that young teachers followed by old, used more weak forms than middle-aged teachers.

Balancing is one of the mechanisms of comparison and superlative between poets, and accordingly. This study emerged called (Balancing between Zuhair bin abi salma and Al-Asha from a verbal perspective- the column of poetry as a critical criterion) to balance between two pre- islamic poets (Zuhair bin abi salma) and (Al-asha), represent the first of the poets of narrative or poetic skillfulness. As for the second, he represented the talented poets by adopting the study on the poetry column as a critical criterion from the verbal side. On this basis, the research was divided into three paragraphs: the abundance and integrity of the pronunciation, the sameness of the pronunciation for the meaning and the severity of their relevance to the rhyme. So that there is no conflict between them and the fusion of the parts of the systems and their fusion to choose from the delighted metrics, and that is after theorizing about it and what was mentioned about it by the old critics and their differing opinions about the quality and poor quality of poetry, and accordingly the balance was conducted by bringing poetic evidence of poets and balancing Between them on the basis of these aforementioned pillars and to show the characteristics of narration according to Zuhair and the characteristics of talent and mastery with Al-Asha’, which the study took the tasteful and scientific character together, because the process is literary criticism

Ibn Jinni (d. 392 AH) wrote his book (Al-Lum’a fi al-Arabiya) on grammar. To be a body for the students of this art to study with their sheikhs, and he made it into (66) chapters, including (61) chapters on grammar, and five chapters on morphology, namely: the chapter on plural fractions, the chapter on descent, the chapter on diminutiveness, the chapter on adverbs of severance, the chapters on conjunction, and the chapter on tilting, and when it is presented. For the subject, he suffices to mention the rule and cites evidence for it from the Qur’an and poetry, as for the hadith of the Prophet, he did not cite it at all, and he may suffice with prosaic examples, and he does not mention grammatical ills, nor the differences of grammarians in a single issue, so you do not find in his book, for example, a mention of the name of one of the grammarians, nor the group of Basrans Or the Kufans, as he drives the rule on the most correct doctrine of the Basrans and does not attribute that to them, and what indicates that the book was prepared to be a body for students of this art to read to their sheikhs is the large number of its explanations, which reached (19) explanations.

The scholars of meaning divided speech in terms of its meanings into two types. Meaning that comes in terms of truth, which is the use of words in what they were placed for in the origin of their linguistic status; And meaning that comes by the way of metaphor, which is the use of words in a way other than what they were placed for as a metaphor, provided that there is a direct presumption from the real meaning that becomes figurative, even if the words do not acquire a new character, according to which they are transformed into real meanings.
Accordingly, they intended the linguistic and mental metaphor; where allegory is a part of metaphor. In the language of the Arabs, metaphor is often employed in the language of poetry and artistic prose that requires figurative images, because these contexts depend on the element of imagination and the method of imagination. In studying the language and style of Qur'an in Surat Juz' (qad sami'), it was found that the Qur’anic expression and style breaching the rules of employing the allegorical images in the contexts of poetry and artistic prose; and this is found in the Arabs' style. We found that Qur'anic expression or style employ allegory in the contexts of that concerned the legalization of Islamic rulings, as well as the contexts of social and psychological matters, which can be entitled as Qur'anic psychology

The study combines two topics of grammar, namely: (deuteronomy and addition), and not every duality, nor is it every addition, but rather it is the addition of the contained parts to each other if they are dual, and the idea of research is based on the issue of the additive if it is multiple, and the additive is to him including it, whether the addition is in the wording or in the sense, the one who chooses in the additive the face of the plural on its own, or to bring it in two, we say, for example: I cut off the head of the two rams or the heads of the two rams, or the heads of the two rams, and this is permissible in every such installation, and did not The position of scholars on this issue is not the same, rather it is part of the grammatical dispute between the two poles of the grammatical lesson (Kufa-Basra), and this is undoubtedly affected by the curriculum of each school and the way it sets the rules.

The situation (occasion) occupied a huge space in the books of the rhetoric in the past and recently. The study of the position was derived from the saying: (certain words for a certain situation) and this denotes that there is a relevant context of words for every situation that has its own effect on it. situations in the Holy Quran are many according to the context. The Quranic style is considered miraculous for its marvelous standard of rhetoric and other miraculous issues that exceed the limits of the human capabilities and this made the Quran unique that no one can imitate it or compose a text that is rich in its denotations and connotations. One of the situations that were presented in the Holy Quran is the faith rules situations, which are considered of the miracles of prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him). Islam and Muslims were characterized with these rules compared to other nations and peoples because on these rules and situations the Islamic society is pivoted and constructed. These faith rules represent the guidance and instructions of Almighty Allah to the people and they are for their good and welfare and they prevent them from making mistakes and sins. The material (Ta Bi A' = follow) was mentioned in the situation of these faith rules so many times and with various forms that ranged between the nominal and verbal forms taking into consideration the convenience with the situation in which they were mentioned and the text in which they were used

Scholars who study the lives of Arab poets have noticed several points of convergence between Abu al-Tayyib al-Mutanabi and Muhammad Mahdi al-Jawahiri, two giants of Arabic poetry. They were born in two towns, Kufa and Najaf, respectively, with almost identical atmospheres regarding the abundance of eloquent people, rhetoricians, and senior linguists. Additionally, the conditions of the two eras they lived in were similar regarding revolutions and political fluctuations. Unfortunately, time did not do justice to these two poets as they were exposed to several unfair dealings with life, kings, and ruling authorities, causing them to live in alienation. This prompted them to revolt against the events of their times, and they wrote many satirical poems in which they mocked the senior ruling class and the audience of ordinary people. However, the meaning behind these satirical poems was not to make people laugh but to explain people's suffering and pain and to raise awareness of the oppression and tyranny in their country. It was an attempt to reveal the reality and deal with it. This study aims to refer to most of the poets' poems in this field and define the dimensions of their purpose through a descriptive and analytical-critical approach to obtain the best results. The research consists of an introduction to the concept of irony and two chapters: the first chapter deals with irony from the view of Abu al-Tayyib al-Mutanabbi, and the second chapter focuses on sarcasm at Al-Jawahiri. The conclusion includes the most important results of the research.

Arabs paid a great attention to the birds and their names according to their names frequently pronounced and known from the days of the Arabs and until now. Most of these names are not mentioned in the Holy Quran, but with time, the number of these names increased as Arabs became open to other peoples who are in distant places and countries.
The core importance of the research is manifesting the connotations of these names in addition to showing the efforts the Arab scholars made in terms of distributing their scientific materials in their books improved the semantic field before the emergence of the semantic fields theory. The research was divided, in accordance with the into (the predator birds), ( بهائم birds), (predator trained birds), (بغاث birds) and (night birds). The names of the birds were arranged alphabetically in each semantic field.

In fact, any creativity is a summons to what has accumulated in the memory of images, accidents, people, environment, ideas, and much of modern Arab creativity and its means is rooted in the depth of heritage and history, the root of the true creator in his land.. and this Khairy Shalaby who grew out of the mud of the earth in a village Shabas Umair, educated and imbedded in its soil, assuming the position of thinker among marginalized people or living in the shadows, and he was really the one who knows and is immersed with them, agonizing with the pain of the simple and suffering their suffering.
The topic of dialogue, which is the subject of our research, is an important topic, as it reveals the strengths of the writer’s management of his characters: their movements, thoughts, and tendencies. Rather, it descends through dialogue to the smallest details of their lives.. Without dialogue, there would be no people, nor would there be a story, and without dialogue Speech is only structurally random.
In this research, we dealt with the external and internal dialogue with their logical divisions in the critical container of narration and storytelling, which we talked about by searching for the aesthetics of that dialogue, which depends mainly on the strength of the narrator (the writer) in managing the theater of the novel, and the novel (Al-Kharraz) takes place in an impressive dialogue atmosphere in which it is exchanged The roles are like angels and demons, men and women with naive mentalities, and many diverse feminist personalities that gave them traits of maliciousness, envy and stubbornness.

Higher education is the first pillar of the development of education and culture in the city of Duhok during the period from 1991-2003, with the existence of the Technical Institute, which was established in 1988, the year 1992 can be considered as the beginning of the development of higher education in the Bahdinan region. The first building block for the establishment of the University of Duhok began with the opening of the Colleges of Medicine and Agriculture, whose official working hours began on October 31, 1992. After that, many colleges were opened at the University of Duhok. In the year 1994-1995, the College of Engineering and the College of Arts were inaugurated, and in the years 1997-1998 the College of Administration and Economics was inaugurated. Studies began in the College of Veterinary Medicine in the year 1998-1999, and the Department of Mathematics and Physics was opened in the year 1999-2000 as the nucleus of the College of Science. The Law and Politics branch, which was affiliated to the College of Administration and Economics since 1997-1998, became an independent college during the academic year 1999-2000.
The Department of Research and Postgraduate Studies at the University of Duhok, with the expansion of the university and the increase in the opening of new colleges and departments, completed the requirements of postgraduate studies, and accepted students to obtain a master’s degree and a doctorate in various specializations starting in 1997. In addition to the opening of the university many scientific and social centers that had a major role in leading the development of higher education in the city of Duhok

The current research studies the social and economic variables that occurred in the Umayyad community. It also attempts to reveal changes in the agricultural sector and analyze their positive and negative effects on the state’s public finances (revenues - expenditures). It further investigates some variables that have caused a significant surplus and increase in the financial resources of the Umayyad state. This was reflected in the increase in public expenditures by the state in general and the agricultural sector in particular, while others contributed to the decrease in the state's financial revenues and its impact on the decrease in public spending on the agricultural sector and others. This led to the occurrence of the financial deficit because the agricultural sector is the largest economic sectors that generated the money for the treasury

Ancient and modern poets have utilized the eulogy as a poetic aim
It is defined by its true emotions and sensations. It is one of the most essential arts that deals with human nature and emotions; it can only originate from a sad person and his or her self-tendencies. The eulogy is a picture painted in a dress of sadness and self-indulgence. Antonyms abound in the poet's eulogy poetry (i.e. life and death, absence and presence, mortality and survival, etc.). The two antonyms come together to generate a lyrical image centered on conflict and controversy. The research is divided into two sections: the first one is about eulogy of parents and relatives, whereas the second one is about eulogy of kings and notables.

China still faces complex external challenges in the present time and in the future; so we must strengthen our military relations abroad to raise the level of military cooperation, expand the areas of international military cooperation, continue reforms in some areas to stimulate the vitality of military diplomacy, launch military diplomacy with Chinese characteristics, and use this to protect state sovereignty and security of the homeland and maintain reconciliation.
Accordingly, the Chinese determinants in the Middle East region lie in the security and military field, in cooperation with the countries of the region in their need for advanced military technology, the development of Arab-Chinese military cooperation, support for military manufacturing and the joint manufacture of weapons and spare parts to benefit from the Arab market to sell its products, within the framework of mutual relations.

The honor of a Muslim in the service of the book of Allah Almighty is learning and teaching, including looking at its language and its structures. It gives us an important aspect in knowing the style of the Holy Qur’an, and understanding its structures in a distinct way, and the study reveals the highlighting of the knowledge of these distinguished scholars, and the work of the infinitive is one of the topics that were not satiated with study as far as we know, so the title was: (The difference in the work of the infinitive in the adverb and the prepositional phrase in the Holy Qur’an ). The importance of the research lies in giving a clear image of the dispute in his work from esteemed scholars, as well as shedding light on this topic and showing its axes to be the nucleus of another research project

The research dealt with Libyan-Egyptian relations from the independence of Libya on December 24, 1951 until the end of the monarchy in 1969. The research focused on the nature of the relations between the two countries, which are characterized by complementary and intertwined relations. Although the Egyptian government did not agree to help Libya economically to bridge its budget deficit upon its independence, it did not skimp on providing Libya with advisors, employees, and teachers with the aim of attracting Libya to its side. Libyan pro-Western policy angered the Egyptians. Despite the position of the Libyan government in support of Egyptian issues, the mere presence of foreign bases on its territory made it an automatic target for Egyptian provocations. Nevertheless, the Kingdom of Libya was keen to strengthen its relations with Era and preserve the independence of its political decision, with the courtesy of the Egyptian government by paying substantial financial aid to it, after the discovery of oil in Libya in substantial commercial quantities.

This research aims to study a phenomenon that is hidden from many, and only the scholar of the language, the one who is guided to its methods and the revealer of its secrets and facts, is aware of its use in the Arabic language, which is Interpretation on Meaning.
As the veil is revealed about a unique mentality whose impact cannot be erased from the history of Arabia, so Abu Al-Tayyib Ahmed bin Al-Hussein Al-Mutanabi (d. 354 AH) who fills the world and preoccupies the people, the disposer of his poetry all the way, and the masterful in his methods and expressions.
The commentators followed him, headed by Abu al-Fath Uthman ibn Jinni (d. 392 AH), that scholar of linguistic and morphological genius, in analyzing and clarifying the subtleties of his speech, verifying the secrets of his phrases and clarifying them, with reference to the aims of his poetry, and clarifying what disappeared from his thoughts.
Interpretation on meaning was one of the most important phenomena that Al-Mutanabbi relied on in his poems, and one of the most important reasons that his followers armed themselves with to reveal what he wanted, and the reason for its contradiction with the form that he did not intend. And one of the most prominent forms of interpretation on the meaning he has is different in the gender of the nouns, interpreting them on the meanings of others that contradict them in gender, so he came with the masculine feminine and the feminine masculine.
And every change and departure from the original has a meaning that was the reason for the change, just as a group of nouns came confused in their gender, sometimes they come with masculinity and others with femininity because of the permissibility of the two dialects in them, not on the interpretation of the meaning of others

The citizen in the province of Nineveh is affected by the performance of the local governments that ruled the province, and what they added to this province and what they accomplished of new projects in the development sectors, which generates judgments, whether positive or negative, about the performance of these governments responsible for managing the development aspect, so this research dealt with Scientific analysis of the developmental reality of the education and health sectors, through an analytical social study of one of the most important axes of development in society, which is considered the main pillar in the progress and development of societies to build an educated, aware society free from diseases and epidemics, because the more educated and healthy society is; He was able to rise in other areas of life. The analysis in this research was made by tracking a set of indicators that exist in development plans and projects in education and health before the events of ISIS gangs, and through the time period after the events of ISIS gangs until the year (2022), and estimating the extent of damage and destruction that befell the education sector and the health sector. This study included two sections, the first section dealt with the educational aspect in Nineveh Governorate, while the second section dealt with the health aspect in Nineveh Governorate.

The novel is one of the closest literary forms to prejudice the issues of the human self, due to its inclusion of a system of perceptions, relationships and imaginary narrative methods, which has recently qualified it to be considered an intellectual food dominating female discourses, by taking the feminine pain and setbacks as manifestations and cultural patterns that struggle with the male patterns that have dominated women for a long time, aware of the contemporary novelist of her marginalized gender issues and complex problems, Aware of the ability of this weak, powerful and now self-defeating, volatile, troubled, rebellious and defiant being to overcome its crises, and in addition to this, its speeches have relied on a number of narrative techniques and linguistic levels rich in allusions that express situations of unity and alienation, self-disintegration, absence of identity, loss of homeland and love of belonging, condemnation of tragedies and aggressive disasters, and the nakedness of a historical reality based on ideological contradictions and This is what the rich expatriate ethnic writer Wafaa Abdel Razzaq, whose poetic and narrative creations are referred to in Lebanon, sought, sought so we chose four of her most important narrative achievements in which the female and her dilemmas occupied a clear presence in her spaces, formations and themes, respectively: (The Extreme Madness of the Void Deliriums, The Sky Returns to Its People, The Dance of the Braid and the River, and Ten Prayers for the Body, and we saw in this research paper from the study approach an analytical approach Modernism, In this research paper, we considered the study's approach as a modernist analytical approach according to a socio-cultural vision, given the implicit implications of the discourses concerning marginalized human issues.

Social Integration is considered one of the positive concepts. It is the individual's ability to interact and form positive and good social relationship with others, sharing with them the values, standards and habits in a harmonious and cooperative manner among them to obtain a community of integrated unity.
The society is for everyone, and every person has the right to enjoy the rights and carry out the responsibilities entrusted to him. The society should respect the human rights and the freedoms of individuals despite their ethnics, cultural and religious diversity in order to achieve social justice and democratic participation.
The basic research sample consisted of (80) different kidnapped teenage survivors and the researchers has prepared a scale of social integration, the research aimed to identify the level of social integration among the survivors of different kidnapped teenage of girls.

The research aims to identify the application of standards of scientific research methodology in university theses. The different searches and comparison of the departments that applied the standards more than others and knowing the reasons for non-application of the standards in other departments. The two researchers followed the descriptive analytical approach and chose a regular random sample. The sample consisted of 60 master\'s theses and doctoral dissertations for six human and social departments, which are as follows (economics, commercial and banking sciences, business administration, Islamic studies, Arabic language, psychology) at an average of 10 university theses and dissertations for each section. The two researchers reached the following results: that access to documented information is a tool for revealing facts and implementing proofs starting from knowing the problem, analyzing it and collecting its data with the aim of extracting a number of solutions, and that scientific research alone is sufficient to reach such results and the quality of the latter is linked to the quality of scientific research Also, the highest rate of standards application was the Department of Economics, and the reason is that the research methodology in economics gains its specificity from the nature of economics itself, and the tools it uses, which compare it to many natural sciences in terms of methodology. As for the lowest percentage in applying the criteria for writing theses and dissertations, it was in the Department of Islamic Studies with a rate of (66%). Many standards are applied, especially those related to practical application, and from it the study recommended the need to develop researchers\' awareness of scientific research standards and methods, and to develop a strategy to raise the level of scientific research quality for university theses.

This research focuses on the importance of the information architecture of Basrah University of Oil and Gas website, as it looking into the theoretical aspect of information architecture concept, on the practical side, it was interested in evaluating Basrah University of Oil and Gas website in terms of information architecture, according to the applied standards that used in evaluating the information architecture. The research counted on the descriptive approach and the way of content analysis, as for the evaluation, it relied on the checklist And used remark as a tool in this research. A number of results reached by this research which are:
1. Unavailable privacy policy documents, copyrights, disclaimers, terms and conditions of the sit .
2. Unavailable site map that shows the organization of the site.
The recommendations reached by this research are:
1. Developing a strategic plan that includes improving and managing the university’s website to ensure the continuous flow of information within the site..
2.Working on the development of the site information architecture to match the needs of the beneficiaries

This study aimed to identify web searches for research and educational purposes. This raised concerns among education officials because some evidence suggests that the benefits of academic education do not offset the negatives of research and access to information on the web. A survey of 120 university students was conducted on their behavior in searching for information for research and educational purposes. We also studied how well students have access to information when using web searches and across 28 individual study sessions. Respondents rated their preferences for different sources of information using the 5-point Likert scale. Due to the equal exposure of the first five standard pages to study results during the study period, explicit and implicit feedback from students was used to assess the importance of study results. Among the most important findings of the study, most respondents announced that they use the Cockle search engine as an essential tool for searching for information only. About 60% of the results links clicked during the study period were found on two or more pages of search results, with no customization affecting the suitability of higher-rated search results. On the real scene page, 2 + search results get only about 10% of clicks. Students also explained their greater satisfaction with the appropriateness of non-personal search results on personal search results. These differences provided opportunities for lost information and biased opportunities for students to access information.

The current research aims to shed light on the problem of school bullying and know its psychological, social and scientific damages for students to deal with it and to develop long-term plans in order to develop solid scientific solutions to reduce and stop this phenomenon, which has increased its spread in recent times due to circumstances that will be mentioned later, and the research allows us To identify the most important forms and forms of school bullying prevalent in the middle school and to help the family and the educational staff to get rid of it and avoid it in the best possible way. The level of bullying between schools in popular areas, the numbers of many students, unpopular schools, and the numbers of students are few, in order to find out certain reasons from the researcher’s point of view. A scale consisting of (18) items was built, distributed over three areas with three alternatives, and the study sample amounted to (136) teachers from ( 6) Schools were deliberately selected, divided between three schools in popular areas and three schools in unpopular areas on the left side of the city of Mosul and after applying the scale to a sample and extracting the negative characteristics A metric for the scale and extracting the results through the spss program)) The researcher used statistical methods (one-sample t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient) some results were reached, including showing the decrease in the phenomenon of bullying in schools (the research sample) where the achieved average was less than the hypothetical average, as There are no statistically significant differences between schools in popular and unpopular areas, and one of the most important conclusions is that students (the research sample) have a good level of acceptable behaviors, and the researcher may attribute the reasons to that all school administrations (the research sample) enjoy a good level of follow-up and attention Emotional support and social awareness and at the same level in dealing in addition to the cooperation of parents and the school together for the benefit of the educational process and for the benefit of the city.

This research attempts to show the extent of the impact of rational philosophy on the modernist reading of the Holy Qur’an, in terms of being a basis for the interpretation of the Quranic text in their discourses, and in terms of its validity for use as a research method. The research lists selected models of modernist readings and their interpretations for the Quranic verses, which they tried to explain in the light of the principles, ideas and concepts of rationality, And then discussing and criticizing them, and that is in two demands, the first was devoted to explain the concept of rational philosophy and its pillars, and to explain the philosophical and scientific gaps in them in a scientific and objective way, and the second was devoted to present models of modernist readings based on them and criticize them with rational scientific evidence, and then present the findings of the research.

Urban geography is concerned with the study of human urbanism, its development, growth, and patterns. Modern technologies have provided tremendous possibilities for collecting data on the changes that occurred in the urban area during different periods of time, especially since urbanization is one of the human geographical phenomena that those interested in studying it benefited greatly from remote sensing techniques and the data they provided about any region of the world. Among these areas is the study area that the research dealt with and studied the changes that occurred in its urban area after the war. It studied a year before the war, the year 2000 AD, and a year after it, the year 2020 AD, based on the study of the radioactive reflectivity of urban areas by tracking their spectral footprint through controlled classification, and their footprint which is different from the footprint of other forests, barren lands, agricultural lands and water spaces. Another year before the war was studied based on statistics issued by the Directorate of Technical Services in Idlib Governorate for the year 2010 AD on the urban area in the region. In this study, the research adopted the descriptive approach, the statistical approach, the analytical approach, and a set of methods, the most important of which is the cartographic method, to search for the changes that occurred in the urban area in the research area. A set of maps were produced that show the changes in the urban area in the research area, and the variation in the change between the parts of the study area was shown concerning the urban area of the study region, in addition to the area's most receiving the population fleeing from the war. The parts of the study area were classified according to the size of the urban area in each of the years covered by the research.

Time is a major element of storytelling, and critics have become increasingly interested in time as an important structural element in all the arts of storytelling because it is in a process of continuous development, as time was the backbone of literary texts, ancient and modern, walking in narrative work, in a straight line from the beginning, middle and end , then developed in the light of modernity and postmodernity to a complex level and the direct chronological order disappeared. The study proceeds from the importance of time in relation to narrative texts in general and to the poetic text in particular, given that the mechanisms of its appearance in the narrative text represent one of its most important aspects. The poetic text and its dominant methods that control the process of artistic construction of the poetic text for the poet, and the research has identified the temporal paradoxes of the poet in addressing some of the events of his emotional and social experiences, in which the times In an artistic way that has aesthetic goals. We highlight them in this study and we started with the introduction of the study in terms of the concept of time. Then we divided it according to three axes according to the study of the text. It started from the text and in the first axis: the time of retrieval, bringing back memories of events and personalities that occurred before, and the second axis came the time of anticipation. The time of prophecy in the future in the course of events for the poet, as for the third axis: the time of the psychological: which reveals the psychological state that Al-Haydari once experienced