Adab AL Rafidayn

The translation learners' possible self is one of the areas that has not been studied until recently. It lies within the field of applied linguistics and more specifically in the field of motivation for learning a second language or translation. The current study relies on the Possible Self-theory which essentially originated by (Markus & Nurius, 1986). Academically speaking, the theory proposes that every individual learner has a set of possible selves. The present research aims at identifying the students’ possible selves in the department of translation at the three universities:(Dohuk, Mosul, and Tikrit). The problem lies in the demotivation index on the part of the students indicated by the low level of possible that leads to poor quality of graduates. It is hypothesized that the students score a high average of feared self and a low level of expected or hoped-for selves. The research sample consists of (420) male and female students from all stages. The study follows the quantitive method in which the close-ended questionnaire is designed relying on the dimension originally suggested by (Markus & Nurius, 1986). The paper arrives at s number of important results and recommendations.

This study the translation of the Arabic appropinquation verbs أفعال المقاربة)) (kada/ كادَ , karuba/ كَرُبَ , awshaka/ أوشكَ) in the Glorious Quran into English. These verbs operate on the nominal sentence. They govern two elements; their noun is the subject which is in the nominative case and their predicate is in the subjunctive case. Only kada is used in the Glorious Quran. It is used as an imperfect and perfect verb, and with the particle of negation. The research shows how translators have translated these verbs. The translations are based on authentic Quranic interpretations. Five English translations of three ayahs are selected, compared, discussed and analyzed to show to what extent the five translators are able to convey the meaning of kada into English accurately. Kada does not have a one-to-one correspondent in English. Difficulties of rendering kada is due to misunderstanding its functions and syntactic uses of the Quranic text; this would result in inaccurate rendition. Accurate translation of kada is achieved only by considering its context in which it is used. The model of Larson’s meaning-based translation theory is adopted to assess the translation accuracy.

The present study investigates the problems and difficulties that students face when they translate English alternative questions into Arabic. Therefore, a sample of three sentences was taken from well-known English grammar books and distributed to fifteen M.A. students in the English translation department to be translated using Newmark’s method of semantic and communicative translation.
The study hypothesizes that the student is not fully aware of how the alternative questions are formed and translated into Arabic. Therefore, this study aims at examining the students’awareness of those questions through translation and focusing on the problems that obstruct the process of translation. The study also concludes that the majority of those problems result from the lack of knowledge of the alternative questions in Arabic which is caused by not enough attention paid to this subject in both languages.

This research is concerned with studying personal pronouns in English and Arabic syntactically to point out the similarities and differences between the two languages under study as far as the accuracy of personal pronouns in expressing number system is concerned. This research hypothesizes that Arabic personal pronouns show greater accuracy and variety in describing number than English and this is mainly because English and Arabic belong to two different families. Hence, in order to give a clear insight of personal pronouns and their relation to number system, the research presents an adequate explanation of personal pronouns in both English and Arabic, followed by a comparison of the two languages under study by relying on two major descriptive models represented by Quirk, R.; Sidney, G.; Geoffrey, L. and Jan, S. (1985) for English and Aziz, Y. (1989) for Arabic. This research concludes that Arabic is more accurate in describing number system than English and this is simply because English and Arabic belong to two different families.

The translation of marriage contracts from Arabic into English represents a real problem for the translators. Most translators face the problem of finding a direct equivalence in English for certain lexical items, the differences between the legal systems in Arabic and English as well as the problem of handling the difficulty of the cultural gap between Arabic and English. The current paper assesses and investigates three translations for marriage contract translated by authorized and competent translators. It is worth mentioning that the assessment of the translations involved is based on Nida’s (1964) theory of formal and dynamic equivalence as well as the techniques of adjustment, addition, subtraction and alteration. It is concluded that the use of formal equivalence should be the first choice for the translator. Conversely, dynamic equivalence should only be used in case of absence of formal one or when formal equivalence lead to a meaning different from that of the original text.

There is a wide comprehension that scientific data is indistinguishably associated with language and that language is comparatively essential to our ability to tentatively think. The current paper targets applying the criteria (Accuracy, Technical Vocabulary, Register, Cohesion, Coherence, Idiom, and Punctuation) recommended by the London Linguistic Institute to the assessment of the translation of English scientific texts into Arabic to show how many the students effectively follow these models in their renderings. The issue is that logical and specialized interpretations from English to Arabic do not precisely pass on the data remembered for the source works. Moreover, the vast majority of this material comes up short on exact portrayal of maxims, as well as the essential association of ideas, thoughts, and sentiments, to the place where huge variations exist between what is said in any case and the items in the TL message. It is conjectured that precise, firm, intelligible, and justifiable interpretation is the principal challenge for the students. Therefore, the students and translators should be very careful when translating scientific texts in their various fields, whether physical, chemical, medical,...etc

This research is an attempt to scrutinise how the West has othered the Persian landscape and the Persian individual by investigating Gertrude Bell’s travel book Persian Pictures (1894). It aims to discuss Bells’ employment of a male voice, which confirms her masculine orientalist discourse in tackling foreign landscapes. Edward Said’s concept of Orientalism is adopted to highlight the Western views of the Other and his landscape. It investigates the contentious relationship between the Self and the Other in which all features of irrationality and abnormality are attached to those who are referred to as ‘them’. The research affirms that the western women are active agents and an indispensable part of the Western colonial project, and Bell’s discourse is not isolated from the Orientalist masculine counterpart.

Translation quality assessment (TQA) is a sub-field of translation studies. It presents a valid criterion for evaluating and criticizing translation. Theorists of translation have introduced several models of translation quality assessment as in this case of the present study. The key issue here is how to select and apply a model to assess literary genre and bridge this problematic issue which is going to be investigated in this study. The main aim of this study is to explore the applicability of Reiss's model(2000) on translation quality assessment in terms of assessing the quality of two translations of Naguib Mahfouz's "Midaq Alley" novel (1947) into English done by two translators: Le Gassick (1992) and Davis (2011) and identifying the most problematic linguistic component (the lexica, semantic, grammatical and stylistic elements). This study hypothesizes that Reiss's model(2000) of translation quality assessment is applicable and useful to assess the translation of Mahfouz's novel "Midaq Alley"; mismatches between ST and TTs reveal the key problems that distort literary genre. The analysis focuses on the linguistic components only. The findings of the analysis have revealed that the lexical items are the most problematic compared to the stylistic, semantic and grammatical items. The mismatches of linguistic components cause a violation of the intended literary genre of the original text and change the text typology from an expressive text to an expository one. The study concludes that Reiss's model(2000) is more theoretical than practical; some elaborations have been introduced in order to systemize some sub-categories of the model involved in this study. Finally, some recommendations have been put forward, and prospects for further research are offered.

Billions of people use social networking sites, and they are an inseparable part of their daily lives. Along with the development of technology, new communication behaviours have been acquired. Facebook is the most prominent social network site around the globe nowadays. Users join these groups on Facebook to be with members that belong to the same city, have the same major or share the same interests and this presents the opportunity to start communicating through posting, commenting, and replying to comments, and may accommodate their communicative behaviours, converging to gain approval, attractiveness, and integration, or diverging to signify uniqueness. The purpose of this study is to examine the accommodation strategies between males and females in Mosuli social groups on Facebook, taking into consideration the various sociolinguistic variables that affect communication in CMC. A self-designed questionnaire as a data collection method has been used to gain more insights from users themselves. The study employed a quantitative method in its analysis. The data were analysed by using the communication accommodation theory, SPSS program and content analysis was employed as a tool to analyse the data since it is text-based. The results of the study reveal primarily that there are different motives to convergence and divergence in Mosuli social groups. The content of the post proved to be the dominant variable in accommodation in online communication since it provokes the Facebook user whether to converge or diverge.

This research paper tackles the loanwords used as jargons within the field of car mechanics. In this field, many loanwords are noticed to be used and they become part of car mechanics everyday language within their career context of situation. But these words are modified in one way or another to be more approximate to Mosuli Arabic words. Actually these loanwords are adapted to Mosuli Arabic linguistic systems. This paper aims at investigating loanwords adaptation processes. The analysis of the data reveals that loanwords are phonologically and morphologically adapted to Mosuli Arabic. The data are collected from the field by the researcher adopting two ethnographic method: observation and interview. Then a list is made that contains the loanwords used as car mechanics jargons, their transcribed form, their meaning in English and their source language. The data were analysed adopting a modified linguistic model depending on more than one study. The study has found the loanwords are adapted to Mosuli Arabic phonologically through lighting/Tarqeeq (vs. Darkening/Tafkhim), substitution, assimilation, metathesis, elision, addition and doubling(gemination), and morphologically, by adaptation to number, gender, possession, the definite article, negation and word formation (affixation, clipping, acronym, and loan blend). This study paves the way for other researches that may deal with loanwords used in other fields/careers, or to examine loanwords adaptation on the level of semantics.

fact a very important linguistic phenomenon in people’s daily communication. The speech act of criticizing usually involves a constructive attitude that is performed by the speaker with the intention to improve the addressee’s works, sayings, actions, behaviours, etc. This study aims at describing the speech act of criticizing in Mosuli Arabic, in addition to investigating the strategies of the speech act of criticizing employed by speakers of Mosuli Arabic of different ages in everyday situations. The data of this study consists of 75 criticism utterances by males and 75 by females. The corpus was transcribed, analysed and categorized basing on the adapted version of Nguyen’s (2005, 2013) model of criticism strategies. The context of the utterances was taken into consideration because it has a considerable influence on the criticism strategies.
The study verifies the research hypothesis that Mosuli Arabic speakers tend to use indirect strategies more than direct ones when expressing criticism. It is found that “asking/presupposing” strategy is the most used among other strategies. The study reveals a new criticism strategy called “severe criticism”. This strategy has not been identified by Nguyen, yet it is relevant to criticism.
The present study additionally verifies the hypothesis that the speech act of criticizing in Mosuli Arabic is being realized by certain semantic and syntactic forms. Finally, the study reveals that speakers of Mosuli Arabic use some mitigating devices to soften their criticism. It shows that “subjectivizers” and “sweeteners” are the most used modifiers by the interactants. Furthermore, politeness is achieved through the use of the politeness strategies: bald-on-record strategy, negative politeness strategy and off-record strategy.

The current study explores a significant communication mean namely irony. Irony is one of the everyday communication means which is used by speakers to convey various purposes more than what is stated literary. Irony is a notion which includes a wide range of implications and functions that could be positive or negative relying on the intention of the writer or the speaker. Very few studies have been done on studying the irony in Iraqi Arabic from a pragmatic point of view.
This study investigates irony from a pragmatic perspective in one of the Iraqi TV shows. The present study attempts to detect, analyze and discuss 133 verbal ironic situations found in six randomly selected episodes from a TV show. It uses an eclectic model, which consists of Grice’s (1975) model and Gibbs’s (2000) model. Grice (1975) presents cooperative principles and four maxims for effective communication. These maxims are: the maxims of quantity, quality, relation, and manner. The current research aims to identify the most flouted Grice’s maxim during uttering ironic speeches, the pragmatic strategies used to create irony, and the reasons behind using irony. The study hypothesized that the quality is the most flouted maxim during performing irony and ironists tend to use certain pragmatic strategies more than others.
The results show that most ironic situations in Iraqi Arabic are produced by flouting the maxim of quality, whereas sarcasm is noticed to be the most preferred pragmatic strategy in the production of irony (see figure 1). In addition, mocking is used more by the presenter as a function of irony when the contestants do not know the answers or provide incorrect answers. Whereas humor is used by the presenter and other contestants to add a sense of humor to their utterances.

In general, ambiguity is a problematic area in studying literary texts, namely, structural ambiguity. The present paper is designed to investigate structural ambiguity in Selected Arabic Literary Texts and the data are taken from two selected Arabic novels; Frankeshtine in Baghdad and Only the Pomegranate Tree. Quirk et al. (1985) is adopted as a model of analysis. The study aims at diagnosing the types of structural ambiguity in those Arabic literary novels to lead to a better understanding of literary texts. The study mainly hypothesizes that Arabic readers face different cases of structural ambiguity in Arabic literary texts and structural ambiguity of some expressions in Arabic literary texts may occur spontaneously because the writers are not fully aware of that ambiguity as they believe that their expressions are clear. The paper provides a theoretical background of the previous studies and a practical part which tackles the data analysis in which samples of structural ambiguity are presented. Finally, it was concluded that structural ambiguity is a common phenomenon in language which can be removed by means of good style and context, ambiguous structures and expressions are heavily loaded in these novels, and structural ambiguity can be excluded by using punctuation marks, paraphrasing, or adding extra details.

Relevance - comprehension heuristics is the relationship between cognition and a language form. Instead of establishing a connection between a linguistic form and an outside thing, it offers an input to the inference system of human mental processing. The current paper deals with this phenomenon as one of the essential aspects of translation process research (TPR). It also focuses on the cognitive dimensions of relevance – heuristics of comprehension phase during translation process; they are two concepts; descriptive heuristic and attributive heuristic, the interpretive resemblance has also been analyzed according to the relevance theory RT which has cognitive effects and metarepresentation with the translation process. Data were collected from a novel written by Jean Webster entitled (Daddy Long Legs) with the translation. The analysis is conducted according to the relevance heuristics that constitute basic tenets of the inference-making process for a translator, and this is reflected in the performance of rendered version of the TL texts. The study comes to the conclusion that heuristics are cognitive tools that the translator uses to execute a bilingual transfer from SL into TL and are relevant to the comprehension phase and interpretive resemeblance.

Twenty years after the publication of Nadine Gordimer’s The Pickup (2001), thousands of migrants from Arab and other Muslim countries uselessly knocked at the gates of Europe in the search of a better life. At a different and less global level, Gordimer’s text investigates the condition of those forced to immigrate. While it is detached from apartheid, or revisiting such a crucial theme, the author found herself having to choose topics to be privileged to narratively express the impact of the historical, ideological, and personal evolutions of the last decade. The identity aspect of migration is linked to its physical part, for there is a connection with a form of representation. The idea of the word as a powerful means of expression is enriched by the language’s multiple and constantly varied characteristics. English and Arabic are placed on an equivalent level of ontological validity. The individual and the social stabilization that indicate a sort of completeness seems achievable through a dynamic and productive comparison.

The subject of our research concerns the condition of Cameroonian woman in Les Impatientes by Djaïli Amadou Amal. It is an exciting novel that sheds light on the daily life of women and what they suffer in a society where they allow themselves to be dominated by a patriarchal authority and where they have no right to refuse anything that could harm them. . Through this novel, the writer manages to stage three heroines who, unlike their mothers, refuse their condition of poverty, insult and dependence. Marriage, in its various aspects, forms the core around which all the events of the novel are organized. Each new marriage reflects the pain, the fear, the hellish conflicts and the experience of women who are already married. Polygamy is the scourge that strikes society and makes co-wives fierce rivals ready to do anything to keep their place. The concept of patience is the word that accompanies the woman from her birth until her death. It is the only remedy offered to the woman who is the victim of physical violence.

This paper discusses meanings and their significance in the context of deliberation and mutuality among Arab critics. Considering early critics’ efforts to describe and classify meanings, the paper attempts to offer a descriptive paradigm of meanings with shared cognitive dimensions that have a unified mental principle.
In the same epistemological features, the peculiarity, novelty, and uniqueness of meaning emerge. Therefore, critics endeavor to classify poetic meanings according to being creative and uncreative, plagiarism and vulgarity, or what is called intertextuality and paraphrasing. Yet, this paper investigates the descriptive characteristics of meaning within the epistemological deliberation among classical critics, and how they view these meanings and classify them according to artistic standards while considering the critical achievement in highlighting the shared, deliberation, and specialization of meanings among poets.

Case assigner is a central issue in Arabic grammar, which has been a concern in The factor issue is one of the most eminent cases in Arabic grammar, and it was taken care of in grammatical thought, both ancient and modern, and the impact was obviously noticed in the large number of grammatical disagreements, the arrangement of chapters, and the topics. And whoever notices the theoretical factor in what some of the grammarians have quoted will realize differences between the theoretical side and the practical side of this factor. This has caused multiple interpretations among the grammarians, and this was attributed to Sibawayh, Ibn Jinni, and Al-Radi. All of these have prompted me to conduct this research. Therefore, in this research, I employed the descriptive approach as a method, and utilized the tools of induction and analysis. I achieved the goals of dealing with the topic in four dimensions (chapters) and a conclusion. The first dimension includes literary definitions of the factor in grammar. And the second dimension processes the factor as grammatical terminology. The third dimension discusses the emergence of the idea of the factor. And the last dimension explains the grammarians’ disagreement in refering the factor performance to words and meanings between theoretical and practical speech.
Furthermore, the research reached some conclusions, many of which contain the most prominent findings of the research, including: the factor theory was not by any means the result of creative thought among the ancient scholars who initiated it, but rather the result of extrapolation and analysis of language texts. In addition to that both ancient and modern grammarians were unable to develop an alternative system for the idea of the factor. And that the speaker is not the factor in the applied grammar thoughts. Finally, the relationship between the speaker and the factors is selection and employment.

The phenomenon of illiteracy has taken over many of the methods of Arabic that grammarians have dealt with in a number of grammatical chapters, and Arabic has put the word (ma3) to be the nucleus on which these methods are built, and linguists and grammarians have participated to explain their significance, and this is what we wanted to remove some of the ambiguities in it. Through this research, in which we dealt with an aspect of adding (ma3) in the Arabic language in general, and in the Noble Qur’an in particular, which is adding it to the name of knowledge on its various levels. However, we do not expand on that boring expansion, nor do we summarize the disturbing brevity, and God grants success

The research is based on the study "The Other", a woman in the poetry of Ibn al-Dahan al-Moslli (D 581 A.H)which is the main element of the flirtatious poetic text in which the truth overlaps with the imagination of a circular value that demonstrates his emotion with social reality and conditions.
The research consists of three demands; The first, the "other", is a woman with a sensitive description and a description of her beauty covert. The second, the "other", is a spectrum woman as a narrative platform of dialogue, movement and feeling.
The third requirement; "The other" is a woman, travelling, and enjoying their charming merits and beauty at the moment of goodbye, pouring tears and reminding of the covenants.

The woman was one of the most essential poetic topics on which poets wrote, as she represents life. Poets, both ancient and modern, are conscious of their beauty and attractiveness, and they overprescribe her. The Arab poets described a woman’s beauty by depicting her sensory and moral appearance in terms of regularity and symmetry in her descriptions, moderation in her form, and aesthetic emotions. The influence of a woman’s attractiveness is seen in the Sabt Ibn Al-Taawithi Collection’s correlation of her beauty with antonyms vocabularies that have a direct or contextual connotation in its depiction of beauty. As a result, the woman’s image appeared in the poet’s collection (Sabt Ibn Al-Taawithi) with the vision of a unique creative aesthetic based on connotations and symbolism based on particular antonym values at the artistic level. By depicting them sensually and morally, the antonyms assisted in intensifying the meaning and stimulating the recipient’s intellect. As a result, the poet could create artistic images of the adored through flirtation by using antonyms in his poetic texts to create aesthetic energy through antonyms rhythm and to create a gap within the text in order to make contact with the recipient, and as a result, he came up with multiple antonyms bearing connotative energies about women’s beauty.

The study of the separation method in the noble Prophetic hadith aims at demonstrating its rhetorical value in achieving the greatest impact on the hearts of the recipients, depending on the strong link between its sentences, which is based on leaving the letter of kindness and taking the moral link as a basis in linking the sentences, so the connection between the two sentences is achieved on this basis in the perfection of communication. When the second sentence occurs as an affirmation, clarification of, or substitute for, the first, or the separation and difference between the two sentences is verbal and meaning or only verbal, then the second sentence is separated from the first if there is a difference in the form of each of them, as if one of them is predicative in wording and meaning or meaning only. , and the other is a construction in terms of wording and meaning or meaning only, as it separates the second sentence from the first if it falls from the position of the answer to the question contained in the first, then the second comes down to the place of the answer and separates from it.

The research aims to shed light on the article by studying it according to the theory of speech acts, as the article is a global literary art that has its presence and status, and we dealt with the book (when the records of Mankind deeds are laid open) by Adham Sharkawy because of its importance. Our reading of it came in the light of the theory of verbal verbs, which is one of the main pillars upon which pragmatics is based. Therefore, reading contemporary texts according to contemporary theories has its importance in probing, understanding and interpreting the texts, and since the research is limited to several papers, we chose in this section of the research three patterns. The speech acts are: Expressives, Commissives and Declarations. We dealt with the other two patterns (Assertives and Directives) in a previous research that was intellectually related to this research, and we did not want to mention all of the patterns in one sentence because of their impact on the incomplete understanding of the theory if we adopted the great abbreviation.

This research deals with "introducing the given to the new" in the surahs beginning with praise in the Glorious Quran: Al-Hadeed, Al-Jumu’ah, Al-Hasher, Al-Saf, Al-Taghabun and Al-A’la as the research touches upon highlighting the two types of deletion in the nominal sentence: the new foregrounded and the given known, and the new foregrounded and the given unknown; old grammarians and modernists elaborated much about them. Then the research tackles the nominal sentence with its deleted items whether it is a given or a new, showing the number of these sentences in the verses of the Glorious Qur'an, clarifying strange words using Arabic dictionaries the old and the new ones, and then extracting Quranic reciting from books of reciting interpreting these sentences with the inflection of the Glorious Quran in the past and at the present.
The research has found that the style of the new foregrounded and the given known occurs in the surahs beginning with praise in the Glorious Quran eleven times and the new foregrounded and the given unknown twelve times, which means that the first type occurs much often than the second.

This research deals with “negation” as a grammatical phenomenon of Arabic sentences through the analysis of the Prophetic hadith “There should be no harming nor reciprocating harm” which is taken from the book ”A Collector of Sciences and Wisdom” by Ibn Rijab Al Hanbali ( d.795H). The paper focuses on the particle of negation “categorical Laa” from a syntactic and semantic perspective as viewed by Arab grammarians.
The study shows that this grammatical phenomenon has its syntactic and semantic impact on the Prophetic hadith. Syntactically it changes the word - inflection of its subject and predicate . Semantically, it leads to a generalization that initially there should be no harming and if this harm exists there should on reciprocating of this aggression.
The paper also reveals that the scholars have different opinions on the terms " AL - Dharar ( harm ) and Al - Dhirar( reciprocating harm) .Moreover they differ with respect to the two different forms of AL - Dharar. The first form AL “Dhur” where the last sound " r "germinates’ indicates harm The second form “Dharar” means “disability” .This last meaning is not intended by the hadith.

One of the greatest human emotions is love, which transcends human feelings and makes him in a state of happiness and joy, and abandonment has a great impact on him, especially when the absent person is a lover, so he grieves and suffers and feels that the world has narrowed him, and all of that vanishes as soon as he reaches him, Therefore, this research studies the subject of abandonment and connection in the poetry of Al-Buttery, as the poet was living between them with his beloved (Alwa). To cut the connection between the poet and his lover after she married someone else, and left the poet dreaming of impossible connection throughout his life, he required dividing the research into two sections: the first studied abandonment and spatial connection, and the second touched on abandonment and temporal connection, relying on the analytical method for analyzing poetic verses.

This paper intends to discuss the analogy in the Poetry of( Jassim Muhammad Jassim) ) in his collection (A sky that does not entitle its clouds). What we mean be the (analogy) is a symmetry or coincidence in grammatical structure or morphology in specific lines or phrases based on artistic duplication.
The paper is divided into a preface and two axes: the first axis deals with grammatical and morphological analogy, in which the sequences are carried out according to a grammatical image organized in a symmetrical manner. The second axis deals with analogy based on reaching the climax. This type of analogy aims at reaching the semantic peak that the poet aims to reach.

The Turkish-Libyan relations witnessed important developments for the period from 2002-2011. In 2002, the Justice and Development Party came to power in Turkey, which adopted a new foreign policy based on openness to Turkey’s Islamic and Arab surroundings, which positively affected the Turkish-Libyan relations with some minor problems. Between the two parties, the relationship of the two parties continued in this manner until the outbreak of the February 2011 revolution, which the Turkish position on it took on several stages for fear of harming reconciliation in Libya.

Spanish Republic in 1931 deepened the differences between the various components of the Spanish people, which in turn led to the occurrence of three major strikes of the Confederation during the first two years, in addition to the occurrence of a conspiracy against the Republic to bring it down. which is let to make new elections.
The new elections resulted in an overwhelming victory for the right-wing forces, which canceled all the reforms carried out by the previous government, which further deepened the rift between the components of the Spanish people, and following the assumption of power by the largest right-wing parties in Spain, the socialists, in cooperation with left-wing organizations and unions, launched the Asturias Revolution in all The regions of Spain, which were suppressed very harshly by the right-wing government with the help of the African army and Moroccan forces. With the succession of ministerial crises and scandals that affected this government, Alcalá-Zemora dissolved Parliament for the second time and held new elections. Acts of violence between the leftist components, all of this led to a military coup to overthrow the republic .

Siraj AlDeen Ibn AlMulaqqin (723-804 A.H./1323-1401 A.D.) lived for about eighty years and spent most of his life in Egypt during the Mamluk state era in which Egypt witnessed a prosperity in the scientific aspect and encouragement of scholars and scientists and so Egypt became a center for the scientific activity. Throughout this era, there were many well-known scientists and scholars like Siraj AlDeen Ibn AlMulaqqin, abdulraheem AlIraqi, AlSabki and others.
The current research highlights the Siraj AlDeen Ibn AlMulaqqin, who is regarded as one of the encyclopedic prominent scholars in the eighth century. He mastered several types of knowledge like Hadiths, Fiqh, linguistics and history and wrote many books in these fields to the extent that he was considered as the a scholar who wrote the biggest number of books compared to his peers. The research also endeavors to identify the most important aspects of this author's life, biography, scientific path and his status amongst the scholars at his time.
The research was divided into several axes, they involved: his name, his lineage, his birth, his early life, his scientific biography that included his teachers, his students, his scientific participations, the most important positions he occupied, the opinions of scholars about him and then the research was concluded with his death.

Rivers are among the most important natural resources owned by Lebanon, due to the Zionist ambitions, as Israel made great efforts to seize its waters. The Lebanese 1967-2002.
Israel seeks to achieve security, strategic and economic goals, which affects the Lebanese national security, to provide an infrastructure suitable for new immigrants to live in, as well as to address the water scarcity that it faces, which causes an imbalance in the Israeli water balance, to prevent Lebanon from benefiting from the two rivers, and to save time and energy He himself is benefiting from electric power generation and high financial returns, which leads to the weakening of Lebanon and depriving it of its most important natural resources and thus confusing development plans that aim to create chaos in southern Lebanon .

The Holy Qur’an is very rich with verses that encourage, guarantee and even protect human rights and raise their status and the rank of citizens, regardless of their colour, gender or religion, and equality in rights and duties in front of the law and in front of Allah in this world and in the hereafter. The Prophet Mohammed messenger of Allah was a doctrine in applying the concept of human rights from a practical point of view and making it a reality in the Islamic state, and Rightly Guided Caliphs after him give the subjects their rights and protect them from encroachment upon them. It was known that the Mamluk state Ayyubid state, that came out of the womb of the Islamic Nation presented by the Abbasid Caliphate which was to adhere to implement human rights, and before it the Umayyad Caliphate, the Mamluks were raised in real Islamic incubators.
The research included a preface, an introduction, a conclusion, and two topics. The first one dealt with the motives of the Mamluk state to take care of the rights of the elements of society, which included legal, political and economic motives in addition to humanitarian motives. The second dealt with the rights of the dhimmis in the Mamluk state in terms of political, economic and social rights.

Reliance on a legitimate legal means to take hold of power and making the process of competition for political positions and posts through elections, besides choosing the appropriate method for society is considered the first step to reach at political stability, and the participation of the voter in the electoral process expresses his active citizenship in building the state and ensuring its stability. So, our objective in this research is to know the role of the electoral process and its consequences on political stability. After relying on all the literature related to the electoral process and shedding light on it in particular inside the Iraqi society, the research has concluded that relying on elections and adhering to all its terms in a way that suits the situation of the Iraqi society, taking into account full representation of all the members the of society is to enhance political stability.

The study aimed to identify digital gender violence and to identify the causes of this violence and the factors affecting it and the extent of the impact of each factor on the emergence of this type of violence and its spread on the level of social networking sites in particular and within the Internet in general. The research also aims to shed light on the forms of digital gender violence And its images, and the study reached a set of results, the most prominent of which are:
1. Digital gender violence appears in many forms and images, including verbal violence such as insults, insults, sarcastic comments, bullying, blackmail, threats and sexual harassment.
2. Among the factors affecting the emergence of the phenomenon of digital gender violence are family social factors and reasons, the majority of which are related to inequality and discrimination against women, and economic, psychological and political reasons.
3- One of the most prominent social factors affecting digital gender violence is the weakness of religious faith and moral regression.

The study tackles the Reflections of terrorism of Iraqi society, which studied the most important and exodus of those implications and its impact on the members of the community and its institution the study also addressed the implications of the emergence of terrorism in Iraqi society and the most of its criminal activities and terrorism has left society in various aspects of the implications of the stage Which appeared clear in coherent disaster in the coherence ,migration of most of the components and decreased their preparation as well as the many mental effects of which a senior layer of soccer society ,the serious economic recurrence of terrorism through its multiple crimes that have been affected by the fund of society ,shaded and praised the path of context of contexts and devastating areas and in a short deficiency in most of the basic services not to mention the educational, political and intellectual conflicts left by terrorist offenses in society .

Although several countries followed somehow the same strategies and protocols while confronting the very contagious Covid-19 pandemic, some countries distinctively relied in dealing with this pandemic on their local popular culture that includes generations-long set of accumulated and inherited knowledge, beliefs, practices and expertise.
In this very context, this study is situated to outline the most important food, drinking and sterilization practices that are inherited from past generations and were for long trusted to be so reliable preventive and curing practices among Omanis that became more popular during the pandemic. The study examines the patterns and significance of such practices and investigates its functions starting from a field study and following a mixed method approach. Accordingly, the study aimed at unravelling the secret behind the persistence of Omanis in carrying out these inherited preventive practices within a globalized world changing every detail of their daily life.

The research on political ideologies and their relationship to social reality and their impact falls within the fields of political sociology, because the emergence of social and political ideas and theories and the emergence of a particular political ideology is related to the social, economic and political conditions of the society in which the ideology appears. And the social, class and factional construction of that society, there is a dialectical relationship between ideology and the social, political, economic and cultural structure of any society. So sociologists have studied this relationship between ideology and society, and that is by linking the emergence of ideologies with the social and class reality in society and the historical context that it represents and its role in bringing about political and economic change in society, in addition to its critical role in society and its use as a weapon in order to control all groups and classes of society, and its role in finding legitimate and logical justifications for the existing political system.
Marx believes that each class possesses a certain ideology that is a reflection of the nature of the material and productive reality in society, and that the class that controls the means of production uses it as a tool to control the toiling classes in society and exploit it in order to achieve its goals. Ideology is a tool in the hands of the ruling class.
Karl Mannheim emphasized its historical role in bringing about social and political change through the struggle between ideologies and utopias. The conflict between them ends with the transformation of utopia into an ideology and the emergence of new utopias. When Max Horkheimer tackled the criticism of ideology in capitalist society, where ideology was emptied of its critical, intellectual and moral content, and became a tool in the hands of the ruling class for the permanence of its continuity in the management of society and its ideology by controlling the educational, cultural and media means in society, this research was in order to identify all that.

The research aims to identify the psychological problems that college students suffer from as a result of the emerging corona virus pandemic, and to identify if there are differences in the problems arising from the corona virus pandemic according to the variable (age, environment), and the sample included (268) female students, and the results resulted in The following: One of the most important psychological problems resulting from the Corona pandemic is obsessive-compulsive disorder; While it became clear that their feelings of loneliness, sleep disturbances, eating, and boredom came to a low degree, and there were no differences between students according to the environment variable on the scale of psychological problems, and the results showed that there were differences according to the age variable on most dimensions, except for the depression dimension, there are no differences between Students according to the age variable.

The research aims to identify the effect of teaching Islamic education according to The PECS strategy on the achievement of fifth – grade middle school students .
The research sample consisted of (71) female student from the fifth-grade of middle school in the center of Nineveh Governorate , They were deliberately selected from Yemen High School for Girls. As a group student (35) students of the experimental group who studied according to the(PECS ) strategy, and (36) for the control group who studied in the usual way.
The researchers adopted the experimental design with equal groups and conducted the process of equivalence the female students in a number of variables, (chronological age in months, the degree of Islamic education for the previous year, the general average for the previous year , level of the general average degree Islamic education for the previous year if the tool becomes composed of (25) test items in its final form , after it was presented to a group of arbitrators in the field of educational and psychological sciences .
After preparing the teaching plans and the tool, the subject school applied the experiment on Wednesday corresponding to (10/11/2021) and continued until Wednesday corresponding to (1/12/2022). The experiment took a semester of the experiment , the tool was applied to the sample , and after collecting the data and analyzing it statistically , the results showed :
" There is no statistically significant difference between the average scores of the experimental group, who studied according to the PECS strategy and the average scores of the students of the control group who studied according to the traditional method , in favor of the experimental group "
The researchers also came out with a number of conclusions , the most important of which are :
1 - recommended male and female teachers of the Holy Qur’an -Islamic education to train using modern strategies, moving away from traditional teaching methods
2 - Teaching on PECS strategy encouraged the students to sense the extent of information that has increased the confidence of students in solving the problem
The researchers also recommended a number of recommendations and suggestions .

This study aimed to identify the extent to which teachers develop some social values among fifth primary pupils, and to identify the differences in that according to the variable of gender and place of residence in Nineveh governorate (right side, left side), its number reached (200) male and female pupils, and to achieve the goal of the research, the two researchers adopted a scale (Al-Hindi, 2001), on the most important social values, which consisted of (70) items, where its validity was calculated using ( The validity of the arbitrators, the validity of the internal consistency), and the reliability coefficient was extracted by using (K-Cronbach's alpha coefficient), which amounted to (0.84), and the (T-test) was used to determine the significance of the differences for one sample.
After interpreting and analyzing the data, the study reached a set of results, including:
1- There is an effect of building social values on the study sample members.
2- There are no statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.05) between males and females in the development of some social values, that is, there are no differences due to the gender factor.
3- There are no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) between the mean scores of the fifth primary pupils towards the role of the teacher in developing some social values due to the housing factor.
In light of the results, the researchers recommended several recommendations, including:
A- Reconstructing a curriculum in terms of educational content and activities that include commitment to social values.
B - The necessity of urging schools to encourage pupils to participate in daily activities and events that instill in them social values such as participation in school hygiene, organizing a fund for donations and receiving delegations and visitors.
The researchers also suggested a number of suggestions, including:
A - Carrying out a similar study to identify the extent to which teachers contribute to the consolidation of social values.
B- Conducting an integrated study that determines the teacher’s position among other external influences in the consolidation of social values

This study aimed to identify the extent to which teachers develop some social values among fifth primary pupils, and to identify the differences in that according to the variable of gender and place of residence in Nineveh governorate (right side, left side), its number reached (200) male and female pupils, and to achieve the goal of the research, the two researchers adopted a scale (Al-Hindi, 2001), on the most important social values, which consisted of (70) items, where its validity was calculated using ( The validity of the arbitrators, the validity of the internal consistency), and the reliability coefficient was extracted by using (K-Cronbach's alpha coefficient), which amounted to (0.84), and the (T-test) was used to determine the significance of the differences for one sample.
After interpreting and analyzing the data, the study reached a set of results, including:
1- There is an effect of building social values on the study sample members.
2- There are no statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.05) between males and females in the development of some social values, that is, there are no differences due to the gender factor.
3- There are no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) between the mean scores of the fifth primary pupils towards the role of the teacher in developing some social values due to the housing factor.
In light of the results, the researchers recommended several recommendations, including:
A- Reconstructing a curriculum in terms of educational content and activities that include commitment to social values.
B - The necessity of urging schools to encourage pupils to participate in daily activities and events that instill in them social values such as participation in school hygiene, organizing a fund for donations and receiving delegations and visitors.
The researchers also suggested a number of suggestions, including:
A - Carrying out a similar study to identify the extent to which teachers contribute to the consolidation of social values.
B- Conducting an integrated study that determines the teacher’s position among other external influences in the consolidation of social values