Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science

The Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) offers a number of physical options that let users modify it to different scales, regions, and applications. The aim of this study is to test the sensitivity of different physics schemes in the WRF model for rainfall events over Iraq. In this study, six different physics configurations of the climate version of WRF were evaluated for simulation of a rainfall event in Iraq. Possible combinations among two Planetary Boundary Layers (PBL), three Cumulus (CUM) and two Microphysics (MIC) schemes were tested.The study area is the region surrounded by the longitudes 35o E-55oE and latitudes 290o N–38o N, which typically includes the Iraq region.The WRF model is installed on a Linux platform with a 10 km grid size in the zonal and meridional directions.For the six different simulations and the process of choosing the best performing configuration for the Iraq region,the model outputs tested for a single grid point (Baghdad station) of the atmospheric parameters (temperature, pressure and total precipitation) with modeled data and ECMWF. Model outputs using statistical methods: Bias Error (BE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The results show All the simulations predict rainfall with values close to the actual but it was discovered that the cloud microphysics setup had the greatest impact on temperature biases, whereas the cumulus parameterization setup has the greatest impact on precipitation

Swabs were taken from 340 different sites of skin divided into four groups including; group 1/160 swabs, group 2/50 swabs, group 3/100 swabs, group 4/30 swabs, taken from 100 female patients’ skin before surgery at the site of cesarean incision from several positions before and after sterilization with 10% povidone-iodine and with 10% povidone-iodine mixed with 70% ethanol, and from infected surgical sites. The bacterial isolates were identified by phenotypic examination, biochemical tests, as well as VITEK-2 assay. Staphylococcus epidermidiswas the prevalent bacteria isolated from skin sample sources in group 1,2, and 3 with a total rate 81% followed byStaphylococcus aureuswhich was dominant in group 4 that included surgical site infection swabs. In addition, other bacteria species were isolated from different skin sites such as Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Kocuria kristinae, Enterobacter cloacae, Aerococcus viridans,Pantoea, and Burkholderia cepacian. Most isolates had hemolytic activity and all of them showed Beta hemolysis except Aerococcus viridansthat expressed alpha hemolysis. Most isolates from numerous bacterial groups showed moderate biofilm production

Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli(DEC) strains can be classified into six main pathotypes based on their specific virulence properties. These pathotypes are associated with certain serotypes and exhibit distinct epidemiological and clinical features. The identification of DEC cannot be based solely on cultural and biochemical criteria, as they are indistinguishable from the non-pathogenic E. coli. However, the presence of virulence genes and DNA sequences specific to DEC can be used to determine its identity.The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) pathotypes among infected children under 5 years living in the city of Aleppo Syria. From June 2020 to September 2021, one hundred samples of diarrheal were collected from children under five years suffering from diarrhea admitted at Aleppo University Hospital and from some private laboratories in Aleppo city. Escherichia colipathotypes were detected by using multiplex polymerase chain reaction and Phylogenetic genes were detected by TriplexPCR. The frequency of diarrheagenic E. coliwas (48%), the most frequently isolated pathotypes were atypical enteropathogenic E. coli.(42%), followed by enterotoxigenic E. coli(4%), and enteroinvasive E. coli(2%). Enterohemorrhagic E. coli, enteroaggregative E. coliand Diffusely Adherent E. coliwere not detected in any sample (0%). The most prevalent phylogenetic group of E. coliwas \"Phylogenetic group B2\" which represented (62%), followed by \"Phylogenetic group D\" that comprised 33%, followed by\"Phylogenetic group A\" strains (3%). Strains of the \"Phylogeneticgroup B1\" were rare (2%). This study revealed that DEC strains contribute to cause diarrheal diseases in children, EPEC is the most commonly identified DEC strain. B2 and D groups are the most prevalent phylogenetic groups. In addition, they are virulent because these groups are associated with the presence of several virulence factors.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibody's presence in the circulation and involvement of many systems. The current study aims to study the role of some immunological and non-immunological parameters in SLE development and to illustrate the correlations between theseparameters. The current study included 50blood samples collected from SLE patients and apparently healthy control. The methods of work included Complete Blood Count (CBC)analysis to assess blood components,youmean to analyse Hb, WBC, ESR,ELISA technique to measure serum levels of TLR-7, IL-17, and TNF-γ,antinuclear antibody test (ANA) and double-strand DNA antibody (anti ds DNA).The study results showed a significant increase in serum levels of each WBC(p< 0.005), ESR(p< 0.001), IL17(p< 0.004), TLR7(p< 0.005), IFN-γ(p< 0.001), ANA(p< 0.001), and anti dsDNA(p< 0.001)in SLE patients compared to apparently healthy control but the Hb is decreasinglevel was lowin the SLE patients compared with control. In conclusion,the low hemoglobin, WBC, and ESR are non-specific parameters associated with SLE pathogenesis.ANA, Anti-ds-DNA as excellent biomarkers for the diagnosis of SLE andserum level of TLR-7, TNF-γ, and IL-17 wereevaluated inSLE patients compared to healthy people and they may be suggested as a prognostic tool in SLE patients

The test was conducted on a sample consisting of mixing three samples of Iraqi Aromatic rice (Amber) bran obtained from the private mills in Najaf Governorate. The MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) method was used to study the cytotoxic effect of alcoholic and aqueous extract of Iraqi Aromatic rice bran on B16 cell line, it is a murine tumor cell line used as a model to study human melanoma. The results showed that all concentrations of alcoholic extract (5, 10, 20, 40, and 80) % caused a significant inhibition on the B16cell line. The inhibition rate reached to (13.00, 27.00, 47.33, 71.67 and 86.67) % respectively, after 48 hours while the cell viability was (87.00, 73.00, 52.67, 28.33and 13.33) % with a statistically significant difference at P≤. 0.05 compared to thecontrol. The results showed that the aqueous extract had less inhibition effectiveness (for the same concentrations) after 48 hours, (10.00, 19.33, 27.00, 46.67 and 66.33) % and the cell viability rate was (90.00, 80.67, 73.00, 53.33 and 33.67) % respectively. The study shows that both alcoholic and aqueous extract prepared from Iraqi Aromatic rice bran had a toxic and anti-proliferative effect on B16 cell line, and this effect increases with increasing concentration. Treatment of these cells with the two extracts caused shrinkage, a decrease in numbers, and a clear morphological change in this type of cells

Hirschsprung disease is one of the most common and problematic infancy and childhood maladies. The most reliable method for diagnosis is the histopathological analysis of colorectal biopsies and the typical finding of Hirschsprung disease is the absence ofganglion cells. The study involved 36 cases of suspected Hirschsprung disease, in which 27 cases were males and 9 cases were females with an age range between (1 day -1 year). All patients undergo complete history taking, physical examination, radiological investigations, and rectal biopsy. The tissue specimens were obtained from the rectum of neonate and infant patients,maintained in the fixative solution (formalin 10%) for histopathological analysis, and patients were divided into two groups (Hirschsprung disease and non-Hirschsprung disease group) according to histological findings. Statistical analysis was performed on the tabulated data by chi-square, and the automated computer-adopted image analysis program Image J® was utilized for the histometrical examination of rectum tissue. The Hirschsprung disease is more common in males than females. The delayed passage of meconium is the most common symptom of these diseases. We notice that there isa significant differencebetween the Hirschsprung diseasegroup and the non-Hirschsprung diseasegroupin clinical signs, empty rectum, tight anal sphincter on per rectal examination. Based on histopathology analysis of the rectal biopsy, out of the 36 cases, 27(75%) cases were diagnosed as Hirschsprung disease, and 9 (25%) cases as negative for Hirschsprung disease. In Histometric study of rectal biopsies tissues showed a significant difference in the mucosa, Submucosa, and muscularis externa between Hirschsprung disease and non-Hirschsprung disease patients

In this study, the previous data of the adsorption of Chromium (VI) ions on the pomegranate peels (MPGP) as adsorbents were used. linear and non-linear equations for Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Tempkin, Redlich-Peterson, Sips, and Toth adsorption isotherm models were applied. The five error functions ERRSQ, HYBRD, MPSD, ARE, and EABS were analyzed for non-linear isotherm equations and in each case a set of isotherm parameters were determined. The algorithms for the simulation of linear and non-linear isotherm models using error functions were achieved with the aid of Microsoft Excel solver Add-Ins for minimizing the respective error function across the concentration range studied. Linear and non-linear methods show comparable data for two-parameter models, also high R2 values were obtained for Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models while the Dubinin-Radushkevich model reveals low R2values, on the contrary, three-parameter models show different data between linear and non-linear methods with high R2value for all. Which indicates that the error does not obey the Gaussian distribution.

Medical image processing has become one of the crucial elements of the diagnostic process because of the increased usage of medical imaging recently, and clinicians' dependence on such computer-processed medical images in diagnosing patients. As the traditional Canny edge detection algorithm is sensitive to noise, it is easy to lose weak edge information when filtering out the noise, and its fixed parameters show poor adaptability. The suggested algorithm introduced the concept of image block intensity operator to replace image gradient. In addition, the computing speed of the suggested algorithm is relatively fast because it works block by block rather than pixel by pixel. Two adaptive threshold selection methods are presented, one based on the median accumulative histogram of image gradient magnitude and the other on the standard deviation for both types of image pixels (one with less edge information and the other with rich edge information). The proposed algorithm can be dividing into four stages: Input the medical digital image, convert the color medical image to gray-scale, applied improved canny edge detection, then calculate the MSE & PSNR Measures, in addition conduct a visual questionnaire by oncologists to find out which method that made the enhancement of the medical image clearer.

Due to the capability of OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) to handle difficult channels, the most agreeable modulation for the multi-carrier scheme in present wireless communications is to improve an all-purpose modulation scheme, especially with high data rates. The image in this research article was transmitted and received on a noisy channel using an OFDM simulation technique. Since the average peak power ratio (PAPR) is one of the main disadvantages of OFDM, a new method has been proposed to reduce the PAPR using the clipping and filtering (CF) method. When the OFDM signal has a high PAPR, it means that many subcarrier components will be added through the operation of IFFT. Also, choosing the type of modulation to examine and getting a perfect type of OFDM system that is used for transmitting the image. Furthermore, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was considered to find the PAPR effect on the OFDM signal. The new method was tested to get a reduction of PAPR concerning CF and without CF. This method depends on clipping the signal before transmitting it, by using a method to overcome a nonlinear distortion, and therefore, decrease the bit error rate (BER). Then a filter with multi-stages was used to minimize the noise. This whole process was repeated several times to overcome the difficulties of transmitting/receiving the signal including PAPR. BER and SNR show wonderful outcomes when BPSK is chosen. Control over transmission and reception is also considered to be the type of modulation.All simulation results were defined using an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channel

The rapid tech growth and widespread internet usage caused a surge in sharing multimedia (text, images, videos, audio) across public networks. Protecting this data is vital, demanding encryption to prevent unauthorized access. Image encryption distorts images for security. This paper highlights encryption\'s vital role in safeguarding multimedia, especially amid rising internet use and media exchange. It introduces a novel solution: a chaotic three-dimensional system for color image encryption. The study scrutinizes system traits using math software. It employs a new chaotic system to generate a crucial key sequence for pixel scrambling. Utilizing stream cipher encryption enhances security. Extensive security analysis tests its resilience against attacks like histogram and correlation techniques. Results are promising: a fairly uniform histogram, minimal correlation among pixels nearing zero, and entropy close to the ideal. Metrics like NPCR and UACI almost match ideal values, ensuring high security. Experiments confirm its effectiveness in encrypting diverse color images. The approach guarantees a uniform histogram, minimal pixel correlation nearing zero, entropy near the ideal value (8), and NPCR/UACI values close to ideals (99.61191% and 33.41068% respectively).

In this paper, we have improved solutions for two of the Multi-Criteria Machine Scheduling Problems (MCMSP). These problems are to maximize early jobs time and range of lateness jobs times 1//(????????????????,????????)), and the second problem is maximum tardy jobs time and range of lateness jobs times 1//(????????????????,????????)in a single machine with Multi-Objective Machine Scheduling Problems (MOMSP) 1//(????????????????,????????)and 1//(????????????????,????????)which are derived from the main problems respectively. The Local Search Methods (LSMs), Bees Algorithm (BA), and a Simulated Annealing (SA) are applied to solve all suggested problems. Finally, the experimental results of the LSMs are compared with the results of the Branch and Bound (BAB) method for a reasonable time. These results are ensuring the efficiency of LSMs.

Two Metal chalcogenide compounds CdTe and CdSe have been studied in depth because they are used in many optoelectronic and electronic devices. High pressure causes structural phase transitions in semiconductor materials, which have been the subject of muchresearch. CdTe is a direct band-gap IIeVI semiconductor. Cadmium-tellurium crystalline compound has been used in more and more industries. High dislocation density is one of the problems with bulk-grown CdTe. Comsol Multiphysics was used to evaluate mechanical stress on a material. COMSOL Multiphysics 5.5 allows you to access a database of physics simulations. (CdSe and CdTe) were simulated to show the effects of mechanical stress. We use a physical model called Solid Mechanics to model the effect of mechanical stress. The results show that when pressure was applied at different levels (50pa, 100pa, 200pa, 300pa, 400pa), the strain values of (CdSe or CdTe) were similar, but (CdSe) was more resistant to deformation than (CdTe).

Sputtering is the process of depositing thin films on the surface of a material using plasma. Plasma is created by adding extremely high energy to a surrounding gas, which turns into plasma. The plasma is directed towards the material on which you want to deposit the films, and the plasma particles interact with the material to form a thin film of the desired material. Oxygen plasma has many important applications in industry. When adding a small percentage of it, it can change the properties of the plasma significantly. In this research, the spectrum of the plasma generated from the application of different energies (175,200,250,300) watts of direct current was studied on a mixture of argon and oxygen gases in a ratio of (9: 1). The spectrum emitted from the plasma was measured Within the wavelength range (400-800) nm, the plasma parameters (Te, ne, λD, ND) were diagnosed by examining the spectrum corresponding to the applied power using optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The results showed an increase in the electron temperature and electron density with the increase in the applied power. Where the highest and lowest values for the electron temperature and density were respectively (1.645-1.305) eV, (26.03-25.36) x 1017/cm3

2023Due to the population\'s health risk, radon has emerged as a major worldwide health problem. 50% of the total eugenic radiation dose is caused by radon and its progenies; therefore,pollution of river water with minerals and radon that cause serious harm to human health. Through the practical results obtained, the theoretical results were linear and a high correlation coefficient. Radon concentrations were measured with CR-39 nuclear track detectors (NTDs). Radon gas concentration and annual effective dose were below the recommended limits. This indicates that the water of the Euphrates River is safe for aquatic life.

The study investigates the effect of radioactive sources on Salmonella typhi, a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that infects various cell types. Salmonella primarily spreads through contaminated food, commonly tainted by human or animal waste.In this descriptive research, 50 S. typhi samples from diverse patients at Baghdad Hospital were utilized. The method involved identifying the bacteria using Viteck2, culturing them on Nutrient broth and Nutrient agar, and exposing them to various radioactive sources: Na23 and CO60 (1 μCi and CO60 10 μCi). Petri dishes containing Nutrient agar were used for sample plating, followed by incubation for 24 hours at 37°C.The results showed that exposure to beta and gamma rays emitted by Na23 at an activity level of 10 μCi resulted in increased radiation levels with time. Without Almmonium, the radiation doses for 1, 2, and 3 hours were 9.64 mSv, 19.29 mSv, and 28.93 mSv, respectively, leading to varying viable cell counts. With Almmonium, the doses for the same periods were significantly lower, with fewer viable cells.Similarly, exposure to CO60 (1 μCi) resulted in varied radiation levels and viable cell counts, indicating a similar trend with and without Almmonium. CO60 (10 μCi) also demonstrated an increase in radiation doses over time, displaying an impact on viable cell counts.The study concludes that radiation emitted from Sodium and Cobalt radioactive sources exhibited effectiveness in eliminating S. typhi in direct proportion to increased exposure time and dose. This research highlights the potential for radioactive sources to impact the viability of Salmonella typhi cells.

A thin film of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) polymer doped with different weight ratios of magnesium oxide nanoparticles produced by using the low-temperature hydrothermal method was prepared, and the morphology of the doped thin film was verified using a scanning electron microscope and an atomic force microscope. The X-ray diffraction pattern showed that magnesium oxide has a multicubic crystal structure with a diffraction peak of high density associated with the level (200) (at the diffraction angle of 42.69◦) and a crystal drop size of 25 nm. Measurements of the Fourier A transformation of the infrared spectrum of a polyvinylpyrrolidone polymer doped with metal oxides was carried out. It showed a clear difference from the pure polymer, where a (Mg-O-Mg) bond appeared at a wavelength of 450 cm-1to confirm the effect of MgO addition on the chemical bonding of polyvinylpyrrolidone. Optical properties, including absorbance, maximum wavelength, and energy gap, have been studied. Determined by ultraviolet examination. The band gap decreased when MgO was doped with PVP films, and the Hall coefficient effect was used to calculate the electrical properties, including the conductivity, kinetics of charge carriers, and their type. The highest conductivity was (0.1×10-2Sm), and the tainted membrane was of the n type, where it can be used in optical applications

Using polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and SiO2NPs in Tetrahydrofuran (THF). The casting method produced thin films of (PVC) with various amounts of SiO2nanoparticles (0.001, 0.002, 0.003, 0.004, and 0.005) g. XRD results showed that the PVC films and SiO2NPs had an amorphous structure. The FESEM of PVC/SiO2nanocomposite film shows excellent SiO2dispersion on the PVC film surface. The FTIR spectrum indicated that SiO2 NPs did not influence polymer structure. UV-Vis spectroscopy has been used to study the effects of SiO2NPs on PVC optical characteristics, including absorption spectrum, transmission spectrum, energy band gap, absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, refractive index, and real and imaginary dielectric constants. It was found that with increasing SiO2 NPs amount, the optical energy gap of PVC/SiO2nanocomposite films was reduced from 4.36 to 3.39 eV. The study shows that an increase in SiO2 NPs results in a change in all of these parameters

Improving medical images captured by the optical microscope plays an essential role in many medical, radiological, and other applications in the medical field. In this study, the microscope image was improved based on the color conversion (Ycbcr) and the transformation nonlinear mapping, where the lighting component (Y) was processed based on the nonlinear transformation and fuzzy technique, and the color component was improved using (CLAHE) algorithm. The proposed algorithm was compared with several modern algorithms based on non-referenced quality measures. Analyzing the proposed results has obtained the best quality measures with high values of EN (7.0701), AG (14.6901), and MSD (55.8363).