Journal of college of Law for Legal and Political Sciences

The research addresses the constitutional guarantees for women's right to hold public office, highlighting the importance of these guarantees in promoting gender equality. It reviews the challenges women face in accessing public positions and analyzes the role of judicial and legislative bodies in ensuring the implementation of laws related to women's rights. Additionally, it discusses the supremacy of the constitution as a tool for protecting fundamental rights, including women's right to participate effectively in public life. The research concludes with recommendations to strengthen these guarantees and ensure their effective implementation.

Mortgaging a commercial transfer is one of the legal formalities that it responds to, and it is mortgaged through the mortgage contract that is concluded between the present debtor (the appearance) and the mortgage creditor (the appearance of it) that provides the conditions of consent, place and reason, as well as those formal conditions represented in writing, transfer of possession and documentation, The commercial assignment mortgage rejects legal effects, both for the parties of the current debtor and the mortgagee creditor, or for others who were not a party to the mortgage trade contract

The study aimed to know the dimensions of cyber security, including the social, economic, healthy, and military dimensions, and the political and nutrition dimensions of cybercrime, and to analyze these challenges and threats facing Egyptian national security and the extent of the impact of cybercrime on the emergence of an Egyptian national conflict, and the strategy that Egypt has developed to confront these cyber attacks and reduce crime. It is contrived, as the study used the analytical and descriptive approach to describe this crime, reduce it, and establish basics for protecting the state’s infrastructure.

The contract is the most important and broadest source of obligation, and thus constitutes one of the most important topics of civil law, if not the most important of all. Not a day can pass without a person finding himself concluding more than one contract, and thus arranging several obligations on his conscience. These obligations were clear to the contracting parties, as the legislator organized and named them for that reason. Therefore, the contracting party is aware of his situation from the beginning, and is not surprised by an obligation that he did not expect. We have called this the term named obligations, that is, those that the legislator named and regulated their provisions. We explained the nature of these obligations in general, then we addressed the definition of obligation and explained the types of obligations. In contrast to these named obligations, there are other obligations that the contracting parties, or at least one of them, may not know about, and at the same time the debtor is obliged to fulfill them, otherwise his civil liability will result. These obligations appeared as a result of the rapid progress in the aspects of life, so previously the civil legislator did not anticipate them in the Iraqi Civil Law No. 40 of 1951. We were the first to call them the term unnamed obligations arising from the contract. The first section: - The nature of obligations in general. We explained the classification of these unnamed obligations, then we identified the most important types of unnamed obligations that find many practical applications, including the obligation to guarantee safety, the obligation to provide insight, and the obligation to consult

The state, its units and administrative institutions need material means to be able to conduct their various activities according to the nature of their legally defined jurisdictions. The most important of these means are movable and immovable funds from real estate and others. The state and its administrative persons' possession of these funds has raised a jurisprudential and judicial controversy about the legal system of these funds, as a legal trend has prevailed in capitalist countries that emphasizes that state funds are divided into private funds and public funds. This legal trend has arranged important legal effects on this division. Therefore, the research problem lies in identifying the legal protection of public funds in Iraqi legislation and comparative legislation. The research aims to identify the nature of public funds and their legal nature, as well as the constitutional, civil and criminal protection of public funds in a comparative study. The researcher used the descriptive, analytical and comparative approach, and concluded that public funds are the means used by the state to achieve The desired goals, which are represented in carrying out its various functions towards embodying its policy in all economic, social and political fields, and that public money in Iraqi and Egyptian laws may not be disposed of, seized or owned by prescription. The study came out with a number of recommendations.

The term multi-year budget is relatively new, especially in developing countries. Although there is no constitutional or legal impediment to legislating a multi-year budget law in Iraq, the law under study was the first to be legislated for three years. We hoped that this law would be a solution to the problem of the delay in approving the state's general budget, but it did not achieve that. The challenge to the unconstitutionality of this law or any text in it was subject to new procedures that did not exist as a result of the legislation of a new internal system for the Federal Supreme Court, which imposed restrictions that did not exist in the previous internal system of the court, which contributed to the rejection of many appeals formally without going into the substance of the case. We see that there are positives and negatives to these restrictions, which obliged us to propose some amendments to them and to the texts regulating the multi-year budget law that were mentioned at the conclusion of the study

The seas are considered to have a strategic position in the world, as many countries are in conflict with each other in defense of their interests, especially when they realized the political, economic and security importance of the seas, as they began their desire to seek to extend their sovereignty over the areas of the seas that they see as important to them, especially the regions. The navy adjacent to its territorial sea, such as the contiguous area to varying distances, bearing in mind the principle of freedom of the high seas, which was not desired by many countries that began to adhere to the principle of freedom of the seas, and the purpose behind this was the monopoly of countries to exploit and invest these areas of the sea, especially in The field of fishing, customs, and control of all aspects of navigation in them.There was a jurisprudential disagreement among international law jurists between a trend defending the principle of freedom of the seas and the resulting right for everyone to exploit the marine resources, both living and non-living, and in any area at sea, and between a trend that recognizes and defends the right of the coastal state to extend its sovereignty and its exploitation of areas We will limit ourselves here only to the contiguous area, which is the subject of our research, in order to ensure the safety of the coastal states, especially in terms of health and economics, as the coastal state can explore and exploit the resources in these areas, The Geneva Convention of the Territorial Sea and the Adjacent Area of 1958, as well as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 came to lay down a legal system that governs this region, in which the coastal state enjoys a set of exclusive and impedimentary rights. No other party can do this without her consent

International sanctions imposed on Iran push to search for opportunities to diversify the Iranian economy and avoid economic crises to expand self-sufficiency, and among those measures is the exploitation of tributaries of rivers crossing the borders between the two countries and diverting the course of rivers towards Iranian territory, but resorting to international forums will not push to resolve the issue of water between the two countries, but may increase the tension of the relationship on the water side and the loss of opportunities for bilateral agreements - and thus the process of achieving economic integration between Iraq and Iran in issues Water is the best option by benefiting from Iranian experience in building dams, diverting rivers, re-establishing agricultural lands, optimal investment in water resources in agriculture, as well as aspects related to livestock and fish farming - in addition to the need for cooperation between the Iraqi and Iranian ministries of agriculture in organizing the agricultural calendar between the two countries, especially in the agricultural areas of the eastern side of Iraq and Iran, in order to optimize the investment in resources and capabilities - as it represents the problem of desertification that suffers Including Iraq, from which Iran is affected, entering it

As guardian of the Constitution, the Court contributes to the interpretation and application of the provisions of the Constitution to ensure that any proposed amendments are consistent with the basic principles of the Constitution. In addition, the court reviews all proposals for constitutional amendments to ensure that they do not conflict with current texts, which enhances the stability of the reform process and prevents any violations. In cases of disputes related to amendments or interpretation of the constitution, the court plays a pivotal role in resolving these disputes with binding decisions, which contributes to avoiding legal chaos and enhances confidence in the judicial system. The court also contributes, by issuing clear and reasoned rulings, to enhancing transparency and community participation in discussions about constitutional reforms .Ultimately, the Federal Court supports the democratic system by ensuring that amendments reflect the popular will and respect basic democratic principles, which enhances the credibility of the political process in Iraq

The problem of desertification is one of the serious environmental problems facing the world, which has been increasing in recent times. It is necessary for countries to deal with it and confront it. It represents a continuous threat to human life and its natural environment, especially in the absence of an environmental philosophy that achieves environmental balance and preserves natural resources and their continuity. As a result of its negative effects and dangerous repercussions that extend to all countries and the serious effects it has on humans, food, and in all economic, political, and social fields, the results of which have transcended international borders and reached the scope of global phenomena. There are several reasons and factors that contributed to the spread of this phenomenon and played a fundamental role in its formation. Whether natural factors, such as climate change, or human factors, such as overgrazing and misuse of agricultural lands, they left negative impacts on the land and people themselves. In fact, it can be said that they affected the entire country.

The suspension of a lawsuit means the temporary suspension or suspension of its procedures, due to the availability of one of the reasons for suspension until this reason that led to the suspension is removed. These reasons that lead to the suspension of the lawsuit are outside the personal position of the opponents and their representatives. The suspension is distinguished in the correct sense in that if it is decided, the lawsuit, even if it remains in progress, enters a state of stagnation and any activity in it is excluded until the suspension ends. Therefore, proceeding with a stage in the lawsuit itself, which leads to the suspension of activity in the other stages until this stage ends, is not considered a suspension of the lawsuit in the correct sense. This is the case even if this stage that continues only continues before a court other than the one considering the lawsuit, since as long as it is a stage in the lawsuit itself, it cannot be said that the lawsuit has been suspended. What distinguishes it as a stage in the original lawsuit itself is that it is linked to it and is not suitable in itself to form an independent lawsuit.

One of the most important rights in the field of public service is the right of man to work, which is guaranteed to everyone. Those charged with public service are among the most important basic pillars on which the state relies. In fact, most of its categories are at the center of the pyramid in public service. The Iraqi legislator defined the person charged with public service in the Iraqi Penal Code No. 111 of 1969, amended in Article (19/2), which states: (The person charged with public service: every employee, worker, or worker who is entrusted with a public task in the service of the government and its official and semi-official departments and interests affiliated with it or placed under its supervision, ....) and there is a difference in those who occupy public office, some of them have a permanent nature of work such as a public employee, and others have a temporary status such as persons charged with public service. The person charged with public service has a legal status that is different from other jobs. The same applies to the conditions required of the person charged, the method of selection, the duties assigned to him by the legislator, the rights he deserves in return for his work, and the methods of ending the job he is charged with. The Civil Service Law did not address the concept of the person charged with public service, but many Among the legislations that referred to the person charged with a public service, including the Law of Governorates Not Organized into a Region.

The great urban, industrial and technological development in developed countries has helped in the emergence of smart cities whose services depend on technology and communications infrastructure, and this constitutes a space in the future of government departments, societies and individuals in the coming years, which would help limit the administrative control powers that were previously in place. It affects the freedom of the individual and society through the restrictions imposed by those authorities on this freedom in traditional cities. We do not want to say from this that the establishment of smart cities will completely undermine the work of the administrative control authorities, but rather it limits those authorities and this is what ultimately serves the residents of those cities. The aforementioned authorities simultaneously contribute to saving effort, time and money for all parties.

Protected areas are defined and dedicated zones where hostile military actions are restrained to safeguard civilians from the harmful effects of war. The establishment of such areas requires the consent of the parties to the conflict, which is often difficult or impossible to obtain in contemporary conflicts where civilians are systematically targeted. Therefore, enforced protected areas with robust external coercion emerged under contemporary international law. This paper examines the role of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) in establishing protected areas for civilians in armed conflicts. It adopts an analytical approach to explore the legal competence of the UNSC to establish protected areas without the consent of the belligerents, using coercive means such as no-fly zones or ground military intervention. The paper analyses the cases of enforced protected areas in Iraq, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Rwanda, and evaluates their effectiveness, challenges and implications. The paper delves further into the perspective of establishing protected areas in contemporary armed conflicts considering the complexity and multidimensional nature of such conflicts, combined with the political impasse within the UNSC. The central focus of the paper pertains to the legal authority of the UNSC in establishing enforced protected areas and its role in safeguarding the lives of civilians in armed conflicts. The primary finding of the study reveals that while the UNSC's experience in establishing protected areas has been instrumental in protecting civilians, it has encountered notable challenges in establishing such areas in contemporary conflict situations.

The right to work is one of the most important economic and social rights, because it secures the individual financially and economically and provides him with the requirements of his livelihood. It is a social right because of its close connection to society and because the advancement, development and progress of society depend on the exercise of this right. The right to work means, first, the right to participate in the production and service of the activities of human society, and second, the right to participate in the benefits resulting from these joint activities to the extent that ensures a decent standard of living. Throughout modern history, countries have been able to legislate laws related to workers and work in order to live a decent life without the worker waiting for charity or assistance from anyone. Reporting work is not enough, but countries have deliberately regulated the conditions of work to prevent the exploitation of the worker and the waste of his rights by regulating hours, vacations and rest periods and ensuring the safety of the worker, the workplace and his conditions. After the establishment of the International Labor Organization, it took upon itself the task of setting provisions that regulate issues related to work and workers and obligating member states to adhere to the provisions and rules of international labor law. Through the above, we will explain it in some detail in the text of our research.

when talking about technology and its modern and rapid developments, the negatives that resulted from it are often highlighted, especially its use in human rights violations and the commission of crimes, as this technology has created an environment suitable for such acts, including, for example, pornography, sexual exploitation, theft, terrorism, recruitment and cyberbullying, which has surfaced on the surface of events recently. There is nothing easier than holding mobile phones, browsing the Internet and starting to bully others, whether individuals, groups, nationalities or even countries, such as the bullying that affected China after the spread of the Corona virus from it to the whole world, or that affected those infected with this virus and defamed them, which necessitated harnessing all efforts from studies, research and laws to solve this dilemma, especially since keeping pace with the legal legislation that regulates these crimes is almost very slow compared to the rapid developments witnessed by technology and the electronic environment through which they are committed

Any citizen in Iraq can face legal problems in all aspects of life. Labor, construction, contractual and tort civil liability, family issues, etc., with rapidly escalating costs in some court cases as well as attorney's fees and various other legal expenses; All of this represents a painful obstacle on the path to reaching justice, even for the well-off class, as the expenses of litigation have also become a burden on their budget in light of the extremism that the world is witnessing today.The Iraqi legislator tried to reduce the possibility of lack of access to justice through the draft legal aid law, some of whose articles the House of Representatives voted on in 2024. Despite the reservations expressed by the relevant sectoral authority in this regard, which is the Bar Association; For the reasons that we mentioned in the folds of this research, but despite that, the draft law was devoid of the idea of legal protection. Contrary to the French legislator, in the Legal Aid Law of 1991, he excluded the category that concluded a legal protection contract with an insurance company from the scope of application of the law. Where legal assistance is withheld from groups that have contracted to provide legal protection to them when something arises that requires resorting to the judiciary to secure litigation expenses.Based on these circumstances, states have legitimized many means of redress, including ensuring legal protection through specific contracts, the most important of which is the legal protection contract, which allows for the provision of legal assistance for legal expenses and other costs that result from resorting to court.This is why the philosophy of this contract came, which allows saving litigation expenses by securing them in advance if a dispute arises between the insured and a third party, so that the company can adopt the case until it is decided, in addition to the possibility of the company (the insurer) intervening to resolve the dispute amicably

The importance of this article revolves around the subject of student discipline and interest in the behavior of university students, as they represent a fundamental axis of the educational process in the institutions of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, represented by Iraqi universities and institutes within the university campus. We had to pause to explain the duties imposed on the university student stipulated in the Student Discipline Instructions in Educational Institutions and the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research No. (106) of 2007, which were not mentioned exclusively, but rather were mentioned as an example, through which the responsibility of the university student who violates these instructions arises and is considered a violator of the sanctity of educational institutions, and who must be disciplined by forming disciplinary committees that specialize in looking into the violations he commits, in order to preserve the sanctity of the university campus and prevent any violation or infringement of the sanctity of this place and its people, because the university student is an important member of this campus, and even an active partner in building the reputation and prestige of the university in Iraqi society.

law in particular, and it is a principle, no crime and no punishment except with a text, and the phenomenon of money laundering obtained from a crime is a recent class of organized criminal activities, which may be difficult in its early stages of legal adaptation and from here The basis of the jurisprudential difference that affected this activity begins, which left the door open to attempts and jurisprudence of jurisprudence seeking to absorb this phenomenon and annexing it within its many forms of this or that description, at a time when some people go to the need for the legislator to interfere with a description of its own, what are the views that were said In money laundering adaptation? Is it considered a picture of the subordinate criminal contribution? Or is it a crime of hiding things obtained from a crime due to the association of money laundering with a previous crime? What distinguishes from other terms?

The increasing use of drones over the past two decades in the context of military attacks during armed conflict and counter-terrorism operations, and the endeavor of many countries to obtain drone technology and develop it through artificial intelligence technology to simulate human characteristics, as their use at the present time is a challenge. This is a major obstacle to the rules of international law and the new world order, as the use of drones has raised a lot of disagreement about the extent of the legality of their use and the extent of its compatibility with the rules and principles of international humanitarian law and international human rights law. Are there any regulating international rules that can be established that take into account what There has been and continues to be any development in the field of information technology, especially whether it is military or not.

The study sheds light on the Horn of Africa region, which was and still is the focus of attention of many regional and international powers, as the main crossing point for international trade and the central gateway for Gulf oil. All of these factors contributed to the increase in international and regional competition for that part of the world, as it deals with some of the policies adopted by the major powers in the region and the contribution of economic and strategic transformations in the world to enhance interest in the Horn of Africa as a space to restore the balance of power between these great powers, enhance influence and prove their military and economic presence

The current study sought to clarify the concept of public policy, its characteristics, and the stages it goes through to transform from plans and programs placed on the government’s agenda into a tangible reality that citizens sense and that is reflected, according to its outcomes, negatively or positively on the stability and sustainability of the political system. Turkey is considered one of the countries in which the public policy-making process has witnessed major transformations as a result of the military establishment’s interventions in political life. impact of military coups on this process, its orientations, and the most prominent actors in it. Since it is an integrative process in which various official and unofficial institutions participate in its creation, the study addressed the most prominent actors in the Turkish public policy-making process. To clarify the basic idea of the study on the impact of political transformations as a result of the coup attempts carried out by the military establishment on the public policy-making process in Turkey, the study addressed three important stages. The first stage extended from the declaration of the establishment of the Turkish state until the Justice and Development Party came to power in the country. As for the second stage, it extended from the year 2002, the year in which the Justice and Development Party formed its first government, until the coup attempt in the summer of the year. 2016, while the third stage extended from the coup attempt until the present time.

The environmental alarm has begun to sound scientifically, so many international efforts have been made to highlight the seriousness of climate change and try to find effective solutions to address it, by concluding several international conventions and conferences, including the Kyoto Protocol of 1997, which includes the environmental permit system that works to reduce Reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases that cause environmental pollution by setting the percentages of these permits for the member states and not exceeding them, otherwise they would have to buy them from other parties, which will push these countries to reduce the emission of these gases in order not to exceed these percentages, which will reflect on the environment and development in these countries as well. The possibility of making financial profits through trading environmental permits.

Abstract:Functional legislation is one of the most sensitive legislations for legal security, because it infringes on rights acquired through legitimate means, and because it infringes on the legal status of employees, for whom the job is the main source of income, and therefore they resort to rejecting the attack on it through violent means such as strikes, sit-ins and demonstrations. There are various reasons for functional multiplicity, including internal reasons related to social phenomena that need to be regulated, and technological progress that has created many activities that need to be regulated, in addition to external reasons, such as international agreements, and directives issued by financial donors to countries that request loans from them, such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. Legal security has requirements that legal systems must take into account, such as the non-retroactivity of the legal rule, respect for acquired rights, the principle of legitimate trust, and restricting the retroactive effect of a ruling of unconstitutionality, as it may not be applied retroactively as long as it affects the legal status of individuals to whom this law was applied. Finally, the legal systems worked to achieve legal security for the employee, through preventive and therapeutic methods. Preventive methods are represented in the good legislative formulation of legal texts, through a specialized central agency or interest that does this, in a way that facilitates the implementation of the provisions of the law by those addressed by it, and the continuous publication of these laws, so that those addressed by it are aware of its provisions by this law. As for therapeutic methods, they are represented in limiting the retroactive application of rulings of unconstitutionality, in a way that ensures the stability of legal positions and rights acquired in a legitimate manner.