Basra studies journal

Al-Taf incident is one of the historical Chronicle that have spread widely in Islamic history, Where the Islamic history witnessed killing the son of the daughter of the Messenger of God PBUH And a number of his family members and his companions in Karbala on the tenth of Muharram, in 61 (Islamic Year).
This incident was very important because of the personality of the Imam Hussain (peace be upon him), since he was a symbol of heroism and redemption. After reviewing the sources that mentioned this incident, we found many historical and cultural habits of the Arabs before Islam which represented their history.
Therefore, this paper was written to highlight the importance of mentioning these hadiths that refer to the origins of the Arabs before Islam. As this research includes a study and analysis of the reasons behind the Taf incident and its historical implications, as mentioning the importance of this incident was not in vain but rather intentional, before and after the events of this incident.

The research deals with presentation and analysis of amnesty in the old Iraqi laws, it is divided into five main axes with a preface in which the researcher talked about amnesty, linguistically, idiomatically and its meaning starting from the ancient Iraq. The first section included an overview of the old Iraqi laws, while the other four sections dealt with various issues in which the laws legislated amnesty.
From the entire research, it became clear that the old Iraqi laws included amnesty regarding the issue of honor, for example the married woman and the man who cheated on her husband with him, noting that the old Iraqi legislator suspended its legislation by pardoning both parties with the husband’s desire to forgive his cheating wife, and he was obligated to pardon the man alone if he did not know That the woman with whom he committed adultery is married, or if he had sexual intercourse with her as a result of her seducing him. The laws also included in its pardon those married without legal controls, especially men, and those who lose the money of others against their will, and those who are involved in transgressing them as well. Hammurabi's law was unique in granting amnesty to deserters from military service, and to a son who does something that offends his father. The intermediate Assyrian laws legislated for a man to pardon his wife, who goes to sleep in the house of a married woman without his knowledge, and for the woman who took her and her husband as well.

The research attempts to clarify the opinion of the Basri school on the Fadak case by studying it in the book of the great layers of Ibn Saad Al-Basri (230 AH). it became clear to us that the Basri school is not much different from the rest of the Islamic schools in transmitting the narrations of the Fadak case, and it became clear that Fadak is one of the lands which gained after peace in certain war and became a property of the Messenger of God (), and he gave it as a heritage to his daughter, Lady Fatimah al-Zahra (), but the Caliph Abu Bakr took it back from her. Lady Fatima al-Zahra () had a strong personality and a great influence on the politics of the Islamic state after the Messenger of God’s transition or death ( ) to the supreme companion. It was possible for her to change the course of events in a different direction, based on her sanctity in the hearts of people, as she is the family of the Messenger (), and because she (according to a famous saying for the profit) harming her has is harming God and His Messenger (). The study also showed that the Caliphate rejected the invitation of Lady Al-Zahra () saying that the prophets do not inherit, and she cited a single hadith that was unique to the first Caliph.

This paper tackles the theme of revelations of the ego in Tarafa Ibn Al'abd's poetry, where the research aims at highlighting the image of ego through evoking the theme of pride, celebrating heroism and by employing the theme of generosity as a high value approved by the moral system in the old Arab community. In addition to the employment of wine as a means for ostentation and superiority for the old Arabian man, the research attempts to complete that bright image of the ego through the discourse of satire which is considered as an effective way of cultural terrorism and subjecting the others to the power of the ego .

The study found a wide spatial disparity in the distribution of secondary education services (intermediate, middle, secondary, vocational) in the main cities of Basra Governorate. It is not sufficient to meet the actual needs of the residents of the main cities in the governorate for the year 2020, as the total number of government secondary education services (intermediate, preparatory, secondary, vocational) reached (236, 94, 54, 19) secondary schools, and occupied an area of (833,000) , 324770, 190,188, and 100,300 m 2) respectively, so it is required, according to the approved demographic and cadastral standards, to provide a number of government secondary education services (intermediate, preparatory, secondary, and vocational), which number (504, 504, 504, 102) secondary schools. With a total area of 1,888,000, 940,000, 540,000, and 1,900,000 square meters, respectively, and according to the future perspective and for the next ten years (2030), a number of secondary education services (intermediate, preparatory, secondary, and vocational) are required, totaling (2078). ) secondary school For both sexes, with a total area of 19,500,000 square meters, in accordance with the approved demographic and cadastral standards, in order for secondary education services to reach good efficiency at the present and to guarantee the right of future generations.

A study of the functional performance of private secondary schools in Qurna district on their efficiency and spatial distribution. The researcher relied on geographic information systems in drawing and interfaces of geographical locations. The researcher also concentrated on some of the rules drawn by the Ministry of Planning in Iraq for private schools establishment that they need to follow for building their schools. The research contained four sections, the first one was a study of geographical characteristic for the district of Qurna. The second was focusing on the study of the spatial distribution of secondary schools in the district. While the third also dealt with the statistical tools used in the distribution of private secondary schools. The study ended with the fourth topic, which focused on the efficiency of private secondary schools in Al Qurna district and the factors affecting their extension.

Climate change poses serious environmental threats to agriculture, hydrometeorology, human health, etc. The study area has undergone climatic changes in various elements. Thermal radicalization and increasing frequency may be one of the climatic characteristics of the change. The current study explores changes in the frequency of tropical nights using the daily temperature data for the 1958-2019 period. The study shows that there is a general direction of increasing the frequency of tropical nights, especially in the second period. (1989-2019) secondary evidence (25.1-29.9) and (30) While the context is unique (20,1-25) AD by a decrease in its frequency in the second period.

It was found that the total number of marketing centers for fruits and vegetables in the governorates of Basra and Dhi Qar amounted to (13) marketing centers distributed over (12) administrative units representing (36.1%) of the total administrative units amounting to (36) administrative units and this is represented by (5) marketing centers in the governorate Basra is distributed over the districts of (Al-Madina, Qurna, Al-Dair, Basra, and Al-Zubayr), and (8) marketing centers in Dhi Qar governorate, with two marketing centers in Nasiriyah district and the rest in the districts of Al-Rifai, Suq Al-Shuyoukh, Al-Nasr, Al-Shatra, Al-Gharraf and Qalaat Sukkar. %) of the total marketed quantities of the tomato crop, which are the tomato marketing center in Zubair district and the (new) fruit and vegetable marketing center in Nasiriyah district, while the number of marketing centers to which it is marketed is less than (14.7%) of the total marketed quantities of tomato crop ( 11) A marketing center.

The research aims to analyze the main road network in the city of Zubair through a network analyst after building a non-formal personal database that is compatible with the spatial analysis tools available in geographic information systems. The most important is a topology correction to avoid intersection between network lines and their mismatch, then building a network after entering the metadata, the most important of which are direction of travel, speed and time period.
Two sites were chosen to conduct the spatial analysis of the main road network in the city of Al-Zubair, namely the Civil Defense and Al-Zubair Hospital, as two hypothetical accidents were assumed to conduct the analysis of the shortest path (or what is known as accessibility) and the scope of service to know the areas served according to time periods and longitudinal distances determined by the road network.
Geographic information systems have shown high efficiency and ability in determining the shortest path and service area, and highlighted the need to establish two civil defense centers in hard-to-reach areas in the event of a fire within a period of time that reduces the scope of the expected damage, and they are Al-Shuhada neighborhood and Al-Marbad.

The research aims to identify the role of electronic platforms in developing the educational process and identifying the viewpoint of faculty members in using electronic platforms and the problems and difficulties they face when using these platforms, and the survey approach was adopted in the practical aspect and in the theoretical aspect, the documentary approach was adopted using traditional and electronic sources of information.
The questionnaire tool was adopted as a main tool in collecting information and data of research, and the research community included members of the teaching staff at the University of Basra, College of Arts.
The research came out with conclusions, including:-
- There are some obstacles and difficulties facing faculty members when they use electronic platforms in education, including weak internet and power cuts
-The most used electronic platforms in the educational process are google class room and google meet, and the least used platform is the FCC platform.
The research came up with several proposals, including:
- The necessity of holding training courses and remote video conferences for faculty members on how to use electronic platforms in the educational process.
- The need to provide a strong and fast Internet on a continuous basis to meet the needs of teachers and students and to eliminate the obstacles they face.

This study explores the effect of task complexity on the FL oral output of a group of advanced Iraqi EFL learners in a task-based language teaching\learning framework. Its aim is to investigate the accuracy of the FL oral output of these learners with the increasing of task complexity (manipulated by topic familiarity) by employing two oral monologic tasks in the form of picture descriptions. One of the tasks is familiar and the other is unfamiliar in topic. A number of measures of accuracy (the number of clauses, the number of errors, the percentage of errors, the number of AS-units, the number of words, the number of error-free clauses, and the percentage of words to the As-units) are used for this purpose. The data is collected electronically due to quarantine following the spread of corona pandemic. The study follows a quantitative research method. Paired-samples t-tests are conducted to detect any significant differences in the participants' output between the two tasks. The findings show that increasing task complexity has positively affected all measures of accuracy. These findings are useful in exploring the extent to which FL performance can be affected by increasing task complexity.

This study attempted to bridge the gap between cogency of argumentation and political discourse constructed in Obama’s (2013) speech regarding the use of chemical weapons in Syria. It was concerned with analysing the speaker’s argument in an effort to persuade the American Congress to approve the strike of the facilities that belonged to Al-Assad’s regime. The data were selected to examine the premises adopted by Obama and the conditional construction of his hypotheses. The current work was qualitative in nature since it observed, described, and examined the selected data. The researcher employed Toulmin’s (2003) six components of argument realized in the data to ascertain how these elements could effectively participate in helping the speaker achieve his objectives. The researcher also advocated Gruyter’s (2001) model to examine the degree of cogency utilized by Obama’s speech in question. The results of the study revealed that Obama was linguistically successful in manipulating all the components of the model. However, he objectively failed to win support from Congress and the majority of the American allies. The study also indicated that Obama showed a low degree of cogency in his proposition. It further showed that the hypothetical realities overwhelmed the factual realities based on the results obtained from the analysis of the conditional constructions.