Journal of Basrah Researches (Sciences)

Abstract
Inverted coplanar type field effect transistor has been fabricated using (SPT) .The electrical characteristic of the device which is investigated at room temperature and in the dark, show the characteristics increased in the source – drain current due to doping the CDS layer with indium. The electrical characteristics were investigated through measuring output and transfer characteristics. The result shows that device with low threshold voltage was corresponding to indium doped with concentration 0.05.The incremental of source-drain current due to IN general Indium dopant was found to to improve the electrical characteristics of the device compare with undoped one.

Abstract
The system of atomic three –level cascade emission has been investigated as a potential source for two–photon interference experiments. The theory of a two-photon interference experiment with thermally pumped three-level atomic system acting as a source of the two-photon state is formulated. General results for mean number of photon coincidences in the two output arms of a beam-splitter in two-photon interference experiment are obtained. The results generalized previous results of other workers for the same system. It is found that such a system exhibits clear signs of two-photon interference effects for small atomic pumping rate. The results obtained show interference effects that cannot be accounted for by the classical theory of light. They form a contribution to the series of quantum optical effects studied before.

Abstract
Optical densities have been measured for two groups of CR-39 nuclear track etch detector samples. The first group was irradiated with fast neutrons and the other one with a mixed radiation of fast neutrons and 10B(nth,)7Li reaction products. A clear difference was observed in the behaviour of optical density versus etching time between the first and the second group samples. The optical density was observed to be increased as the incident neutron fluence dose increases

Abstract
Two-photon interference experiments have historically been associated with two-photon state produced in the process of spontaneous parametric down conversion. We investigate the entangled two-photon state obtained from a three-level cascade atomic system driven by two coherent optical fields as an input state in a two photon interference experiment with a beam-splitter. For weak-coupling scheme and particular choices of the atomic parameters, interference effects have been shown with higher visibility than those obtained with the same atomic system with thermal excitation considered before.

Abstract
The present work includes the theoretical study of the Lennard – Jones coefficient C3 for single valence electron atomic systems (H and Alkali atoms, in ground and first excited energy S-state) which are interacting with a perfectly conducting surface (i.e . ∈ ∞) . Our calculations depend upon the dynamic dipole polarizability formula α2(iw), whish is given directly in terms of an effective transition frequencies wi and effective oscillator strengths fi . We calculated the retardation coefficient ƒ3(R) for these interactions to knowledge the retardation effect at a large separation distances R . Finally , we study the behavior of the long – range attractive potential VAtM(R) for the interacting systems over a wide range of separation distances R . Our results are compared with those reported by other researchers concerning this study in the ground state interactions

Abstract
The Dibdibba clastic aquifer is a major source of brackish groundwater in Basra-Zubair-Safwan area, south of Iraq. The water has total dissolved solids ranging from 3810 to 9225 mg/l. Twenty five wells are selected to study the groundwater quality of the area being question, from which only four wells are used for testing the mixing experiment. Three types of water are chosen to test the effect of mixing schemes with different ratio of the native groundwater quality. These are: storm runoff (flood) which is observed during 2006 winter in the southern part of Basrah along the Iraqi-Kuwaiti boarder, water from Shatt Al-Arab River and tab water. To evaluate the mixing processes, the geochemical modeling code AQUACHEM and inherent geochemical modeling package PHREEQC was employed. The modeling results show the importance of the artificial recharge with the tested water to improve the groundwater quality of the aquifer and to lowering and control the concentration of nitrate in the resulting water after mixing. This study highly recommends to use meteoric water in artificial recharge to improve the water quality and quantity of Dibdibba clastic aquifer in south of Iraq

Abstract
This study is an attempt to determine the suspended sediment transport of Shatt Al-Arab estuary (North west Arabian Gulf).Two dimensional time dependent hydrodynamics model coupled with sediment transport model were applied and solved numerically by using the explicit finite difference method, computer program used to simulate the flow and suspended sediment transport which shows a good agreement with the satellite image .The two cases of tide (spring and neap tides) were applied to the estuary ,which shows that the spring tide case was more verified than the neap tide case regarding the situation at the time the satellite image was taken

Abstract
This paper proposes a technique for recognizing isolated Arabic characters using neural networks. This technique consists of three parts: body classifier, complementary classifier, and aggregate classifier. The body classifier is designed to recognize the main body of the unknown character. Hopfield network is used in this part to enhance the unknown character and to get rid of noise and associated complementary. Furthermore, it uses a backpropagation network to recognize the main body of the enhanced unknown character. The complementary classifier recognizes the number of dots or zigzag that are associated with the body of character and their position. The aggregate classifier combines the results of the previous two classifiers and classifies the whole unknown character. As a result of dividing the recognition process into three parts the number of patterns required to be recognized in each part has been reduced as well as speeds up the learning of neural network and increases the recognition rate. The proposed technique has been implemented and shown a reasonable recognition rate

Abstract
Four complexes of the type [M(AA)(CBDCA)] (where M = pt , pd ; AA= histidine (His) , tryptophan (Trp) amino acids which contain heterocyclic ring ; CBDCA=1,1-cyclo-butandiicarboxylate) have been prepared . The structural information of these complexes characterized by infrared, U.V-visible spectroscopy and molar conductivity measurements. Both the histidine and trptophan ligands are bond with platinum(II) and palladium(II) in a bidentate fashion through the amino nitrogen and oxygen atom of carboxylate group. The electronic transitions appeared as d-d transitions and U.V-visible together with I.R spectra of these complexes have been given square planner geometry and C2V point group. All the prepared complexes have shown a weak electrolyte in DMF solvent. The stability of complexes arrange according to the increase of the stability as follows: [I] > [II] > [III]>[IV] .