Journal of Techniques

Local henna leaves, which belong to the speices Lawsonia inermis was subjected to chemical and biological studies. The chemical studies include the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the active and essential components. The percentages of the essential of the leaves are as follows: 7.22% moisture, 15.78% protein, 25.1% carbohydrates, 8.2% fats, 4.2% fiber and 13.18% total ash that include 33.44 mg/g water soluble ash and 23.73 mg/g acid insoluble ash. It was also found that fatty acids content of the henna leaves include the following free fatty acids: caprylic trace, capric trace, lauric 0.42%, Myristic 1.33%, palmitic 16.20%, stearic 2.43% oleic 15.37%, linoleic 45.73%, linoleneic 17.86% and arachidic 0.66%. The other part of the chemical study includes isolation of lawsone, the active substance of henna leaves which is identified as 2-hydroxy– 1,4-naphthoquinone by melting point, infrared spectra, ultraviolet and visible spectra and thin layer chromatography.

The study was carried out in Al-Tameem Governorate from the period 15/1/2002 to 15/1/2003. Using Latex Test detect the percentage of infection with toxoplasma among married females, 197 samples of blood were examined, 100 of these were from pregnant females and 97 from non pregnant females, the study revealed that the rate of infection with toxoplasmosis among non pregnant females was higher than that in pregnant females. The relation between the inidence of infection with toxoplasmosis and the age was also considered and it appeared that in pregnant women the highest rate of infection with toxoplasmosis was among the age group (26-30) years and the lowest was among the age groups ( 15-20 ) years and >41 years, while in non pregnant the highest rate of infection was in the age group ( 36-40 ) years and the lowest was in the age group > 41 years. The relation between the number of abortions and the rate of infection with toxoplasmosis was also studied, the number of abortions in the first trimester was high in both groups (pregnant and non pregnant), (139) abortions in pregnant, (173) in non pregnant (Their history suggested the possibility of infection with toxoplasmosis due to repeated abortions, during previous pregnancies but at the time of the study they were not pregnant). The frequency of abortions in infected females was studied, and it appeared that the majority of infected pregnant women sustained abortion twice, the majority of non-pregnant sustained it three times.The study was also concentrated on the Ab titers for the serologically + ve cases which underwent repeated attacks of abortion and the majority of cases were in the titer 1/10 and 1/40. At last the study showed that the highest rate of infection was among blood group A+ in pregnant woman and blood group O+ in non-pregnant woman.

order to identify nurse midwives practice regarding reporting and recording of the clinical observations in Babylon Governorate hospitals. Purposive samples of (50) nurse-midwives were selected and interviewed according to a questionnaire constructed for the purpose of this study. The study concludes that nurse-midwives recording and reporting of clinical observation were unsatisfactory and affect the type of care given to patient. 47.5% of nurse-midwife do not record the clinical observation related patient status, None of nurse-midwives record the clinical observation concerning fetus status and 69.2% of nurse-midwives do not record the clinical observation concerning drug administration. The study recommend that an emphasis be put on practices related to recording and reporting process throughout special training programs designed to nurse-midwives and encourage them to do researches related to recoding and reporting

(500) randomly selected samples from schoolgirls (primary and Secondary) from 1 / 9 / 2002 till 1 / 12 / 2002 were used to detect the age of Menarche between them, the study shows that (10 – 12) years is the mean age (2/2 - 42.4%). The study reveals that there is relation ship between social status and earlier Menarche below 10(year) of age (120 - 35.2%). Nutritional level also has a role in beginning of period especially in those on vegetarian nutrition (1.1, 36.7%) physical excreise with stress are a factor in earlier Menarche (190 - 34.8%).

Derived substance from animal gall bladders as well as industrial bile was prepared as a new treatment against some human and animal fungal diseases; especially infected nails (paronchyia). Different concentration such as 5, 10, 15, 20 and finally 40 mcg/ml of these substances were used. Effectiveness result were obtained in comparison with other antifungal agents like Imidazole, Griseofulvin, Flucytosine, Amphotrticin B, and Nystatin, and this was recorded for first time.

The present study depended on the morphological characters of rostellar hooks as a valid criterion for identifying the differences between protoscoleces of hydatid cysts isolated from infected organs of human , donkey and camel origins , in a trial to differenti- ate Echinococcus granulosus strains . Results show that the large and small hooks measurements of these origin are quite different from each other and from other well documented forms existing in different parts of the world . Further studies are required for strain detection and are based on a combination of different criteria such biochemical, and molecular biology for clarification of the taxonomy Iraqi strain of the parasite .

The study was carried out on 300 patients attended primary heath care center in North Oil Company from 15th January to 15th August 2000, to show the prevalence of Giardia lamblia infection .General stool examination was done for each patient using direct smear method and haemoglobin concentration was measured using Sahli method. The age of each patient was recorded and weight and height were measured . It was found that the rate of G. lamblia infected pwsons was(25.33%) (26.59% in males and 23.62% in females). The distribution of G. lamblia was not related to the age of patient .In G. lamblia positive cases , other organisms were recorded, monillia sp. followed by Entamoeba histolytica , Trichomonas hominis, Hymenolepis nana , and both Enterobius vermicularis and Balantidium coli, while in G. lamblia negative cases, the organisms recorded were E. histolytica followed by monillia sp., T. hominis, E. vermicularis and H. nana respectively. The rate of associated organisms in G. lamblia positive cases was higher than negative cases.The haemoglobin concentration in positive cases was lower than negative ones. The age, weight and height of infected group did not vary significantly from uninfected group.

19 swarming isolates of genus Proteus were isolated from urinary tract infection; these isolates were cultured on different concentrations of cetrimide, methanol, tetracycline and gentamycin to study the effect of these materials on Proteus spp. swarming. The results show that all these materials have abolition effect on swarming. The sub-MICs of cetrimide had a very good effect on Proteus spp. swarming and at concentrations of 0.04%, 0.03%, 0.02% and 0.01% and the percentages of isolates that didn’t show swarming under each of the concentrations reached to 100%, 100%, 94,73% and 26.31% respectively while lower concentrations didn’t show any effect on swarming. From treatment with methanol the results reveal that the sub-MICs of methanol also had abolition effect on Proteus spp. swarming at the following concentrations: 5%, 2.5% and 1.25% and the percentages of isolates that didn’t show swarming were 94.73%, 41.6% and 8.3% respectively while lower concentrations didn’t show any effect. From treatment with tetracycline the results showed that the sub-MICs of tetracycline show a remarkable suppression effect on Proteus spp. swarming at the concentrations: 64, 32 and 16 µg/ml and the percentages of isolates that didn’t show swarming was 100%, 63.5%and 8.3% while lower concentrations didn’t show any effect on Proteus spp. swarming.
Finally the effective sub-MICs of gentamycin were variable and as follows: 32,16, 8,4,2and 1 µg/ml; the percentages of isolates that didn’t show swarming were: 100%, 63.5%, 63.5%, 63.5%, 45.45% and 16.6%.

The main aim of this study is to find out the mother's health knowledge about rickets .Data on mothers' health knowledge were collected using a special questionnaire . 1000 mothers were interviewed on the subject ., randomly selected from attendants of primary Health care centers (PHCC) in Baghdad Governorate .The results found that mothers who had high education level had better health knowledge concerning rickets, 98.2 % mothers were heard about rickets , and 93.3 % mothers know the symptoms of the disease . The mothers who live in urban area have more knowledge about rickets than mothers who live in rural area . And most of mothers did not know how to prevent the disease , 70.3 % of mothers from urban area , and 79.2% of mothers from rural area .The researcher recommend that the educational program in nutrition for the mothers should be carried out .

The nature of the antigen and the presence of the adjuvant are the major factors, which influence the level of then immune reactivity following immunization. This study examines the quantity and isotype of antibody produced in rabbit immunized with different antigens in combination with different adjuvant. The primary and secondary antibody levels to various antigens in Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA) and alum adjuvant were compared between the groups. Results using ELISA assay show that animals immunized with antigens in adjuvant produced lower level (p< 0.05) of the antibody compared with animals that were immunized with direct antigens in the marginal vein. The antibody titer was higher significantly in animals given oil-emulsion adjuvant than the alum.

Silicon (IV) complexes containing mixed ligands:3-fluorobenzaldehyde semicarba- zone and Schiff-bases (derived from 2- or 3-aminopyridine with 2-hydroxy or 3-methoxy or 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) have been synthesized . Complexes of the type [Si(FBSCH)2(LH)]Cl4 , [Si(FBSC)2(LnH)]Cl2 and [Si(FBSC)2(L)]Cl (where LH = Schiff-base ligands , FBSCH = 3-fluorobenzaldehyde semicarbazone , FBSC = deprotonated semicarba- zone , n = 2 or 3) have been proposed . They are characterized by elemental analysis , electrolytic conductivities measurements , infrared and ultraviolet spectra . The results indicate that the ligands FBSCH and Schiff-bases acted as bidentate chelating ligands , and the resulteing complexes have octahedral geometries

The generalized aggressive periodontitis is synonymous to the localized form . Each may have unique entity which is often confusable . So the aim of this study is to draw an intraoral pattern of disease distribution depending upon the gingival bleeding index , radiologic bone loss , pocket depth and the clinical tooth mobility . Thirty two GAP patient were examined clinically and radiologically , 19 female constituted 59.375% , their average age was 22.45±0.981 . Male constituted 40.625% (13 patients) , their average age was 25.313±0.89 . A significant difference only in their number was obtained (P<0.05 T and test) .The total present teeth were 891 , teeth involved with 80% and more of bone loss was 523 , constituted 58.698% with significant difference . The mobile teeth were 387 constitute 74.28% with significant difference the GBI score showed two forms , high score (2.089±0.88) and low score (0.89±0.13) with significant difference. The result shows that the clinical parameters are consistent and symmetrical on both arches. The disease could take certain order in its distribution making intra oral pattern realizable .

The manufacture of enteric coated capsule which is used in oral typhoid vaccine obtainedfrom local market and available materials is easy and simple. The main material in this capsule is indigested in stomach and resistant to the acidity of stomach. It dissolve in the small intestine and release its contents because it is gelatin . This material is agar and the mammals don’t have the enzymes which digest it. This encourages using it as container to carry the attenuated typhoid vaccine and take it to the epithelial cells of intestine and stimulate the local immunity system to release the antibodies IgAs against typhoid .This alternative capsule doesn’t contain any toxic material. The agar is a product from the alga which is used in different countries as a food flavour.

Dental plaster and stone are widely used in dentistry especially in prosthodontics. A mixture of stone and plaster may be used for filling the upper half of the flask during construction of complete dentures .In this study the compressive strength of seven ratios of stone to plaster (S/P) were measured [ 1:1 , 1:2 , 1:3 , 1:4, 2:1 , 3:1 , and 4:1 ] . The water/powder ratio was 40:100 for all combination. According to the experimental data , samples of stone to plaster in the ratios of 1:1, 1:3 , and 1:4 gave an increased compressive strength of (9.8 , 9.7 , and 9.3 MPa) compared with the strength of plaster alone (7.9 MPa) . The result reveals that the highest amount of compressive strength was recorded by the samples made in the ratio of stone / plaster equal to 1:1. Thus, the mix made with this ratio of stone to plaster may be the material of choice for filling the upper half of the flask that can withstand stresses created during the packing of methyl methacrylate acrylic resin.

This study was carried out during the period between the first of April 2002 and the end of October 2002. This study included 150 subjects. Hundred from factory of batteries workers on production line (male and female) as a first group. On the other hand fifty subjects from the same factory as a control group were chosen from (management, maintenance and clinic) for comparison. Blood lead level and urine creatinine were measured to all subjects. depending on exposure period. The results showed that all the workers in production line have high concentration of lead in the blood but in three different levels. Also they have two different levels for urine creatinine compared with control group. The study indicated that blood lead level increase in workers who do not follow the periodic examination, medical information and those who have hypertension. In conclusion, all these factors affecting the blood lead level and urine creatinine were discussed.

A field study aimed to identify the violent behavior of psychiatric patients who were admitted to Al-Rashad Psychiatric Hospital from first of October till the end of December 2001. The study included 60 male and female patients who were purposely selected from Ibn-Al-Haytham unit in Al-Rashad Psychiatric Hospital. These patients were suffering from violent behavior.A questionnaire was especially designed by the investigator, the data were collected from the nurses or responsible persons by individual meeting and from the patients, chart.The results reveal that most of the sample were male patients 78.3% and they were at age group 26 - 37 years old. Most of them suffer from schizophrenia 56.7% and 33.3% they suffer from physical assault.The main recommendations are educate the family about the violent behavior and how to behave with them to change their behavior

Many studies in many countries have established that there is a relationship between low back pain and body mechanism during work . Not using body mechanism causes back pain and also studies have demonstrated the importance low back pain patients who have practiced exercises techniques reduce these exercisen .In this research we aim to test the effectiveness of exercise on low back pain . A study was carried out in the Physiotherapy Department / Medical Technology Institute , in the year (2003-2004). The sample consisted of (150) patients (75 male ) and (75 Female ) for each group . They were suffering from low back pain . The researcher has designed a check –list for data collection . Participants were chosen by random sampling and were divided in to two groups with the (same characteristics ) The study group received a list of exercise training program [as in appendix (2)] and the control group did not receive list . After data analysis by percentage and chi-square , the results have shown the highest percentage was in age group (40 -50) years advance. The risk factors that cause low back pain are (39.7 %) over weight and (35.7 %) have bad daily habits .There is a significant value from the statistical difference between the two groups , the study group relief low back pain more than the control group because they have applied therapeutic exercise. Recommendations include practising relaxation exercise techniques and reducing body weight .

Aim of the study:
To assess the success of control program of measles infection in Iraq through:
1. determining the frequency of measles in Iraq during the year 2001 and the status of vaccination of these patients
2. determining the epidemic picture of the disease in Iraq for the last thirteen years

Patients and Methods:Data was obtained from the Communicable Disease Control Center (Ministry of Health). The data included number of cases of measles that were reported during the year 2001 from Iraqi provinces, and the number of cases registered during the years from 1989-2001. Data about the status of measles vaccination was obtained from the Immunization Section in the Ministry of Health.

Results:There were 491 reported cases of measles in Iraq during 2001. The highest number of cases was in age groups 1-5 years and 6-10 years (33.2% and 27%) respectively, age group 11-15 years had a rate of infection of 19.4%. The rate of vaccination with measles vaccine among patients infected with measles was 53.5%. The coverage rate with the first dose of measles vaccine during the year 2001 in Iraq was 53%, and with the second dose 22%. Three epidemics of measles infection had taken place in Iraq during the period from 1989-2001.

Conclusion:Measles infection is still poorly controlled in Iraq with a high number of cases every year as well as epidemics every few years. Poor control may be attributed to poor coverage rate with measles vaccine and insufficient immunity conferred to vaccine by one dose of the vaccine that they receive mostly

A descriptive study was carried out from October 1st , 2002 through August 29th , 2003 in order to conduct nursing assessment of physical , psychological and social problems of patients who undergo coronary artery bypass CABG or valve replacement VR surgery . non – probability ( A purposive ) sample of ( 50 ) patients who were scheduled foe CABG and VR surgeries , were selected at the preoperative stage , when they were admitted to Ibn Al Betar Hospital for Cardiac Surgery and Iraqi Center for Heart Diseases to undergo such surgery , a questionnaire was constructed for the purpose of the study , which comprised of 4 major parts of ( 92 ) items , reliability and validity of the questionnaire were determined through a pilot study . Data were collected through the use of the constructed questionnaire and the interview as means for data collection , data were analyzed through the application of descriptive statistical analysis ( percent , frequencies , mean and global mean) and the inferential statistical analysis ( person correlation , t – test and ANOVA ) . the finding of the study indicates that there is a significant differeac between CABG and VR patients relative to physical , psychological and social problems .With CABG patients , physical problems had strong positive relationship with their psychological . ones , but moderately affected by the social ones , the study recommended that a preoperative cardiac surgery oriented educational program can be designed , constructed and presented to patients with these problems for the early detection and the reinforcement of patients coping with such problems

Enzymatic colorimetric method is used to determine the level of urea in the blood. Ninety patients were included in this study (45 male, 45 female). The male and female were divided in to three groups. Each subject (15) patients. First group considts age was between (45-54 years). Second subject age between (55-64 years). Third subject age more than (65 years). The percentage of having blood urea was calculated to all subjects. The results are compared with results from other countries. The results show that blood urea increases with increasing age and there is no big difference in sexes, they are approximately same. It is recommended many educational ways be used to reduce blood urea. If any body has blood urea he can reduce the level or make it no more by following this recommendation.

The study was made on sludge samples taken from tanks used to store kerosene-type fuel at al-Dura refinery station, results of this study indicate the following:
1) Sludge is caused by bacteria & products resulting from bacterial metabolic activity.
2) The kerosene-type fuel & the additives (corrosion & gum inhibitors) approved to be used in fuel, are not bactericidal agents, but, the fuel & the additives themselves were found to be nutritive for bacteria.
3) A 1.5-2% concentration of sodium tetraborate or a 2% concentration of potassium tetraborate in water bottoms of the fuel storage tanks can produce bactericidal conditions within the tank.

A descriptive analytical study was conducted on 100 thalassaemic patient who were attending the Thalassaemic Center in Baghdad Al-Karama Teaching Hospital for the period from 2nd of January to 2nd February 2004 to identify the factors causing disruption of schooling in thalassemic patients and the rank of these factors. The tools of our study are :-
1-Thirteen items which are concerned with demographic information .
2- Eight factors affecting disruption study, scoring is on a three–point Likert scale (always3;Sometimes 2;and never 1).
Descriptive statistical procedure was applied to the data analysis.The results of the study reveal that the inability to coordinate between the schooling and treatment is the main factor affecting disruption of study and decrease in physical activities and patient –teacher relationship have minimum effect . From the results of the present study, the researcher recommends proper job opportunity and educational programs for thalassaemic ptients

Retrospective, descriptive study aimed to assess the natural climacteric complaints among 410 women aged 40-60 years who were selected in a systematic random from 50 clusters in Baghdad city during the period from 1st of September 2000 to the 31st of July 2001.To meet the objectives of the study an instrument was constructed, which consisted of an interview format, for (demographic data) and climacteric complaints scale (30 complaints).The study sample was categorized to three groups according to their menstrual status (pre, peri, and post-menopause).The results were analyzed through the use of descriptive and inferential statistics and at the level of significant less than 0.05.After data analysisd, the following findings reveal:High percentages of hot flushes and night sweats were found among peri and post-menopause women.
• Most of psychosomatic complaints (13 complaints) were reported by more than half of both peri and post-menopause women.
• High percentages of some general complaints were found among peri and post-menopause women.
• Climacteric complaints were found significantly higher among peri and post-menapause women than pre-menopause women.
In the light of the study results, the researcher recommend:
1- establishing menopausal counseling clinics within primary health care centers, providing screening, treatment and preventive services.
2- health education and instructions concerning women health should be offered via the educational media.
3- further studies concerning climacteric and women health should be conducted.

Evaluation of clinical value of serum tumor marker CEA in the lung cancer was carried out . This tumor marker was measured in preopoperatively and postoperatively in 130 patients of lung cancer . Data analysis showed that CEA has limited value in the screening for the early lesion , modest value in presaging a successful resection and considerable value monitoring the course of disease following resection . CEA is a clinical tool that merits further investigation and has the potential of leading to the identification of a lung tumor specific marker

Within 7 years, 88 slides have been followed up and studied by macroscopic and microscopic examinations to evalute the material of colourless clear finger nail polish (local and foreign brands),as a permanent mounting medium for microscopic slides. These slides were divided into 4 equal groups and these groups were different from each other in the types of their stained smears which were fixed on these slides, the slides of each group were unified with the type of stained smears. All smears were mounted with the material under study, 10 slides for each brands, and 2 control slides mounted with Canada balsam.. The results of this study revealed that 100% was the incidence of slides which showed the following characteristics: Stable colouration of cells and other structures in the stained smears, the mounting medium remains colourless, no morphological changes in the cells and other structures, and no precepitates. While 90.5% was the incidence of slides which show stability against air bubbles formation. The material of both brands show similar results. In conclusion, material of olourless clear fingernail polish (local and foreign brands) ,is recommended for use as permanent mounting medium for microscopic slides.

The purpose of this study IS to examine the effect of cigarette smoking on serum oxidative damage, antioxidant status, and mineral concentrations in male subjects. Subjects were randomly chosen from different work places in Baquba city. Smoker(n=45) is defined as a person who has smoked 10 or more cigarettes/day continually for at least one year while non smoker(n=45) is a person who has no previous smoking experience. Serum oxidative defense enzyme activities (CAT and glutathione-s- transferase) and non enzymatic (glutathione, total protein, albumin and uric acid) and serum mineral (Zn, Cu and I) were evaluated. Serum glutathione was lower in smokers than in non-smokers, whereas serum uric acid was higher. Serum zinc and copper concentrations were similar in the two groups. Serum iron concentrations were higher in smokers. All other parameters were similar in both groups. These findings show that there is depletion in the non enzymatic antioxidant change depending on their co factor concentrations in tobacco smokers.

This study was performed from December 2003 to October 2004 to investigate the prevalence rates of intestinal parasites among some outpatients and inpatients, who were suffering from diarrhea, This study included 865 patients from both sexes and different ages. In addition, the prevalence rate of parasite was 530 (61.2%) cases of diarrhea. Stool samples examinations were performed for these cases, which included direct smear method, concentration sedimentation method and scotch tape method for investigating Enterobius vermicularis in children. this study record that the high prevalence rate of infection with intestinal parasite in urban regions compared with rural regions and high prevalence rate of infection with intestinal parasite in non-education patient comparison with education patient. This study records that the number and percentage of parasite with diarrheas as follows: Entamoeba histolytica 146(27.54%), Giardia lamblia 98(18.49%), Trichomonas hominis 25(4.71%), Entamoeba coli 175(33.01%), Hymenolopis nana 61(11.5%) and Trichuris trichuria 25 (4.71%).

A field study was carried in Baghdad Teaching Hospital in surgical floor, the study was performed from the beginning of November until the first of December 2002. The study aimed to identify the fear of preoperative surgical patients. The researcher chose (50) patients in the Hospital mentioned above. The data were gathered by interview teaching using questionnaire form formed for this purpose based on literatures and previous studies, the data was analyzed by application of frequently, percentage, T-test. The main finding were 100% of patients fear of pain, 84% of patients fear discomfort, 78% of patients fear of lost of part of the body organ, 66% of patients fear of anesthesia while the low percentage were 12% of patients fear of far from his/her family, 20% of patients fear of change in body image, 24% of patients fear of surgical instruments, 28% of patients fear of limitation in physical activities.Base of the result of the study the researcher recommended that to emphases on the physical and psychological preparation to surgical patients preoperatively.