Journal of Education for Humanities

Evliya Celebi is considered the most famous Ottoman traveler ever, and his extensive journey occupies an important place in the Ottoman historical literature. Evliya Celebi traveled for fifty years during which he visited many cities and states inside and outside the Ottoman Empire; From eastern Anatolia, the Black Sea and the Rumaili, to the Levant, Palestine, Iraq, Hijaz, Egypt, Sudan and Abyssinia; In addition to his trips to Austria, Holland, Sweden, Denmark and Spain, he recorded what he saw in a famous book he called "Olia Jalbi Seiyatnam Si", which is located in ten huge volumes. In fact, travel books occupies great importance in providing historical and geographical studies with important information about the areas that the travelers passed through. Hence, we find that the trip of Evliya Chalabi provided fertile material for students of history, especially talking about it; Through the scientific material he recorded in his travels about the cities he passed through, the nature of the societies in which he resided, the classes of the population, their customs and social traditions, such as occasions, holidays, fashion, dialects, and architectural elements of service architecture found in cities. As well as mentioning the economic activity of agriculture, industry, trade and the associated facilities that complement the economic process. Which gives this type of writing importance in providing historical texts and information that political history books overlooked.

The internal developments in Sudan, which occurred in the past
(1964-1970) the obvious repercussions in Iraq, who followed with great interest, and dealing seriously with legibility and its secretions.
Which this research is trying to declare through three axes:
First: The echoes of the popular revolution in Sudan in 1964 in Iraq and position them.
Second: Iraq's position of coup on May 25/ 1969 in Sudan.
Third: Iraq and the events of the island of Aba in 1970 in Sudan.

In the Nam of Allah the most Compassionate the most merciful and peace and be on His messenger , his companions. Islam and the most prominent transformations on the ideological field:
This research deals with the most prominent transformations Islam caused on the dialogical field and for different aspects .Basically ,this study tackled Islam participation in the doctrinal thinking and how Islam made a great move at its emergence in Arab peninsula by changing the concept of worshiping multiple gods into the worship of one God(Almighty Allah) . So, this belief was step towards the intellectual thinking for Muslim and some thinkers considered this change very important and very difficult for human beings. But, in spite of that, prophet Mohammed peace be upon him accomplished this change through the scientific and practical education, intellectual and mental defiance and we can see that clearly in the verses of the Glorious Quran.
The second aspect, or the second change Islam achieved on the intellectual this transformation is not less important than the belief change as it played an important role in changing Muslims way of thinking , when it made them change from following to renovation, thinking contemplation and making a revolution in the mind itself.
The third aspect is very important too. It is related to the adove-mentioned changes and it gives man a special vision about the human and existence to reach, in the actual meaning of the existence and universe which eventually leads to Allah by exploring the blessings and the creations of Allah which all leads to the one Creator .
The final change (transformation) is the aesthetic transformation because Islam has a great capability and great balance between the human capacities whether individual or the collective so Islam dealt with all the small and big issues and good manners represent a good deal of those aspects Islam sought to change.

Become a paradox focus of attention of scholars past until it became a term often frequented cash in contemporary critical studies. I have found the paradox welcomed her place in the deliberative studies pragmatics. This research is an attempt to find out when the key aspects that bind paradox with modern sayings pragmatic, and to highlight the term paradox which is pragmatics through humanitarian exchanges and behaviors in various literary discourses.
This research has addressed two important aspects through which met paradox for pragmatics. And formed a term paradox pragmatics.
The first aspect: the paradox and intentionality.
The second aspect: the paradox and its impact on the receiver.

Emirates appeared in Iraq, namely, in Albtaeh, which undertook facing the Buwayhins because they passed through Baghdad in (3340A.H./ 945B.C.). They dominated the Caliphate. Al-Buwayhins paid a special attention to Albtaeh and their aim was achieving two motives: the first was political to expand the borders of their state after they dominated Persia and Karman. So that, they thought in joining Iraq including Albtaeh into their properties. The second one was economic in that the Buwayhins showed an interest to get a good share of Albtaeh trade because its geographical position. This matter had caused a resentment by Albtaeh Emirate which did not accept Buwayhin’s penetration in Albtaeh issues and occupying it. Finally, this lead the situations to become worse between Buwayhins and Albtaeh Emirate and a struggle broke out between them .

Alhough the poetry of Ibn Hamdees has a variety of antonyms , we found a new type that has not been known before ; the “ Focal Antonym “ . It is a word that is explicitly similar to another one mentioned in the context and implicitly is a formation of two types of antonyms . Most probably , these two types are positive and negative . And what is new about this types is whenever we delete the word (focal) that form the two types of antonyms, the antonym disappears.

Identity usually means body of characteristics, which distinguish the existence of a person or a group. There is no doubt that the concept of identity has become stems from the principle of human discrimination whether if he was an individual has emotions or de~ with the other, or if they were group consistent or compatible in some elements as marks of identity such as time, place, conscience, thought or culture. Since identity is something which is aware and built gradually, it should be a distinction between identities which the individual belongs from time to time due to. intellectual and doctrinal developments that occur on human which turned his identity to a new identity as a result of its commitment to these developments, or to be away from these developments , so he adheres his origin identity.
It is indisputable that literature affected by these developments and intellectual changes, and this is what this search will display. There are two trends in the poetry of the era of early Islam, the first trend : the poetry of poets who melted in the new identity (Islamic identity) and they expressed it in their poems. Second trend: the poetry of poets who converted to Islam but they were not sincere to Islam, so they did not show its effect in their poetry, but remained Jahli poems in thought, language and expression.

This study have been talk the prayer on the especial chear to show the legel face of it , and the forbidden one , so it took the using of this chear now adays (during now aday ) which must use the showing of the legel jugement of it on this one Research in ordere to stress the light on the most AL-prayer- eases in ordered to know the prayer of every moslims are correct and to complete benefit of this study we concerned and we illustration pictures of this research.

Undoubtedly, menstruation is one of the most important issues for women, as it is related to their acts of worship (i.e., praying, fasting, circumambulating the Ka'bah, touching and reading the Holy Quran …etc), and the divorce is dependent on the time of menstruation (i.e., at their prescribed periods). For its importance, there are many books and compilations that deal with menstruation. The handwritten letter, by Sheikh Ahmed bin Mohammed bin Yasin bin Abdul Ghani Al-Husain Ash-Shafi'i (1224 A.H. – 1809 A.C.) [Islamic Rules on Menstruation according to the followers of Imam Shafi'i's school], is of scientific value as it focuses on the subject of menstruation. The copy of this manuscript is available on the website:
http://www.islamfeqh.com/Kshaf/List/ViewMakhtotaatDetails.aspx?MakhtotaatID=421
and
http://www.al- ooks/htm/disp.php?page=list&n=131

The research aims to study and edit of the manuscript tagged
"translation of Sheikh Mohammed Bin Suleiman Al-Kurdi", and the manuscript was written in the thirteenth century Hijri.
in the fact the Importance of the revival of Islamic heritage First of all , and that the manuscript dealt with one of the flags of Muslim Kurds Secondly, as he studied a number of chieftains of his day, and settled in Medina to be an imam and jurist of the Shafi'i, and Leave us the Islamic heritage behind a number of works in various sciences.

The purpose of this research is to know the reasons of low success rates of Undergraduate pupils in Secondary schools as well as
knowing if there is a statistically significant , differences of such reasons due to sex (female & male) and employment degree , (experience years) .
The tool of the study includes the reasons behind the low success rates in three domains school organization and building , curriculum and methods of teaching and then the psychological and social states of the pupils .
The tool in its final form enfolds of (66) items after subjecting to the conditions of Validity and Reliability which is about (0.88) , has been conducted an on a random sample of (232) teachers (male & female) .
The results and the statistical procedures showed the following :
Appearing of (61) reasons of (66) reasons have influenced highly , the pupils such as ; (the ambiguity of students future the who graduated from colleges and post graduated studies) , (the teachers carelessness of students daily duties or tasks) , (family carelessness of providing comfortable atmosphere for its children) .
The results also show that there are statistically significant differences due to sex (male & female) for the good of male more than female in all fields , and finely , the results show that there are statistically significant indication due to the years of experience of (21 years & more) .
The research has came up with a number of recommendations and suggestion .

The research aims to recognize vocational pressures level of the teachers of fine arts institutes and to explain if there are some differences of statistical function in those levels according to the gender , professionality (Academic or Technical) , and years of work .
The researcher produces a way for such pressures which consists of (37) items after getting its truth . Such a way has been applied to the research society except the fixation sample that has (106) teachers in those institutes .
After getting the data and analyzing them statistically , results show that (29) items represent vocational pressure out of (37) that affect the teachers . Also , there are no differences of statistical function in the average of l one .
I addition , the results show no differences of statistical function in
those pressures between males and females in both institutes , where as some differences of statistical function appear according to the professionality (the academic) as well as to the years of work (16-26) .

Research Summary Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon the Master of the Messengers and upon his family and companions. Imam al-Bayhaqi is considered a great edifice in the science of the creed and in its defense, and he is also considered one of the most eminent scholars who had a clear impact in refuting the pseudo-rebels in the religion. And that is clear to the reader when he reads the books of Imam al-Bayhaqi. Imam al-Bayhaqi proves all the attributes contained in the Qur’an and the Prophetic Sunnah as proof, far from similes and falsifications. He sees that the attributes of God Almighty are divided into two parts: attributes of self, attributes of action, attributes of self are divided into attributes of the mental self, which are either It denotes the Self without an additional meaning to it, which is existence and antiquity.
As for it denotes an extra meaning to the Essence, which is knowledge, power, will, hearing, sight, life and survival, and the attributes of the auditory Essence are the face, the eye, and the hands. Explanation of the face of its meanings in line with the texts of the Noble Qur’an. Imam al-Bayhaqi’s review of his evidence that he took from the Noble Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Prophet is considered as sufficient evidence to prove the Islamic belief, and these evidence are superior to any other rational evidence.

The present research aims at measuring the cognitive style (rigidity_ flexibility) and identifying the orientation towards help and the relation between the cognitive style and orientation towards help according to the variables of sex and subject specialization. To realize the aims of research, the two researchers used the scale of cognitive style prepared by (AL _ Qubaysi, 1989) and the scale of orientation towards help prepared by (AL_ shummayri,2006). Face validity was calculated and reliability was also calculated by applying the method of(test –re- test)on the two scales. Reliability of the cognitive style scale summed up to (0,80) and the reliability of the orientation towards help scale summed up to (0,84). The data was processed statistically by applying the(one-sample t-test, independent-samples t-test and pearson's correlation coefficient). The mast important conclusion of the study shows that the College of Education students have a cognitive style and orientation towards help. Also there is no statistical relation between the cognitive style and the orientation towards help according to the variables of sex and subject specialization. In the light of the conclusions the two researcher presented some suggestions and recommendations.

The research aims to cognize the concept of hyperbole and to study its effects doctrinally and fundamentally .It aims to treat the raised effects of doctrinal intolerance due to what is found in general and specific issues of hyperbole .. So, in this research , general effects of hyperbole, including the non-observance of the rules and purposes of the law are mentioned . The Special effects of hyperbole have been applied in matters of photography, singing fundamentally t and doctrinally .

Theme of “Fire” emerges in its poetics that penetrates veils and passes stagnation and silence to lighten the worlds of spirit and convey them to its metaphysics to reveal its torments in its sound and silence , its death and life and its adornment and deprivation via spirit and poetry to take its shape in a harmonious format which searches for its language in the existence alphabet . It is , in its persistence , unruly motive aspiring to infinities in which things are generated and burned . Thus, it is heat and light , light and flame in a persisting dialectic between birth , death , light and dark. It is , as a symbol of multiple references in the poetry of Ibn Muqbil , occupied a deep focus and achieved a special presence in his poetical space which leads it to be present absent and absent present . It is no longer fire to lead guests or fire of remains ..etc. , its references and poetics go beyond that to be a daydream , a symbol of departure , home of warmth and familiarity and a light of knowledge and insight. It has appeared in his poetry a symbol of sorrow by its scattered ashes and a symbol of secret love by its burning coal.

I will try to critically review the information available on Al-Sallami which providing a detailed of historian and his style of historiography .and to study the form and content of his the lost Akhbar Wulat Khurasan and his .
Influence on later historians. Al-Sallami's history should also have had access to the original Arabic work or other works of the author , according to the evidence found in later books, Akhbar Wulat Khurasan gave accounts of local events of this province up to the year 344H./955A.D .Gardizi and ibn al-Ather who both extensively unitized material from the lost Akhbar Wulat Khurasan are the two most important historians who did not mention their primary sources.

يهدف البحث إلى بيان التأصيل الشرعي لموضوع تقدم الإمام في الصلاة لقوم يكرهونه، واعتمد الباحث على نصوص من الحديث النبوي الشريف وأقوال الفقهاء وجاء البحث على أربعة مباحث في المبحث الأول أشرت إلى تعريف مفردات عنوان البحث والنصوص الواردة فيه والثاني في بيان أسباب الكراهة المتحققة في حق الإمام والثالث في حكم تقدم الإمام الذي يكرهه القوم وعدم قبول صلاته والرابع في بيان الأسباب التي تنشأ منها الكراهة، ثم ذكرت نتائج البحث والمصادر التي اعتمدت عليها .

This study explain the important of surah and versa in the Holy Quran to mention the horticultural morphological description of date palm tree parts. (Root system, Trunk, Offsets, Giant terminal bud, Leaves, Date inflorescence, Protective sheath, Fruits stalk, Fruits, Seed, Light membranous (AL-Katmeer), Flesh tissue from endocarp (AL-Fateel) and Microphle). The date palm fruits are the gifts and heavenly of God. Also the dates are consider very important and used as aliments for human live. This tree is the generosity of God to the region of the Arabian Peninsula, But the improvidence of peoples don't interested with this tree. This leads to destroy the trees also the date Palme infection by insects, diseases and the warfare which decreases the numbers of date palm trees and reduce the production and this case reduce the quality of dates. This stats needs more facilities, interested and seriously to return the glory of date palm in Iraq.

The current research aims to identify the level of awareness of metacognition and its relation to the level of academia ambition students at the university level .
1- Is there any statistically significant difference in the level of metacognition awareness and Ego flexibility for university level students in regards to sex and Specialization .
2- Is there any statistically significant correlation between level of metacognition awareness and Ego flexibility for the subjects as a whole.
The research limited to scientific and humanity college level students in the of University Mosul for the academic year (2012-2013). The sample includes (744) students distributed among (6) Colleges ; three of them is scientific as well as three humanity. To achieve the goal of the research the researcher Constru the following measurements.
The validity of the scales has been fulfilled in regards to (face validity content validitu and construction validity) the discriminability of items has been calculated for The reliability has calculated by using Alpha Kronbouk , and re- test each Scale The data were statistically treated using (SPSS) and the results showed the following:
1- There is no statistically significant difference in the level of metacognition awmareneas of the subjects concerning the sex and academic specialization .
2- there is statistically significant difference in the level of metacognition awareness concerning the academic specialization and in favor of scientific specialization .
3- There is no statistically significant difference in the level of Ego flexibility for the members of the research sample concerning the variable of sex.
4- There is statistically significant difference in the level of Ego flexibility concerning the variable of specialty, and in favor of scientific specialization .
5- There is statistically significant correlation between the two variables metacognition awareness and Ego flexibility .

The aim of this study is to investigate experimentally the effect of formative assessment on the achievement of ESP students. To achieve the aim of the study, two groups from the Department of Arabic at the College of Education/ University of Mosul were selected randomly. The two groups; the experimental and the control, were pre-tested to equate them and exclude any intervening variables. The experimental group was evaluated by applying the formative assessment (a test after finishing each unit); whereas the control group was evaluated by applying the summative assessment. The results revealed that there were statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the two groups in the post-test in favour of the experimental group. The formative assessment enhanced the ESP students’ achievement and proved to be more useful to them. The research ended up with a number of recommendations based on the findings obtained.

The ability of the translators to re-produce ads that may have the same meaning and same effect as the SL ones is the issue that this study is trying to address. This study hypothesizes that the meaning of an advertisement may sometimes vary among receptors and this variation can be ascribed to cultural differences or knowledge variation. The ad itself does not have a fixed ‘correct’ meaning as its interpretation depends on the organization of its signs and ideological effects. The pictures used in the ads are also hypothesized to add some hidden meaning that cannot be over looked by the recipients of the ad. To investigate these hypotheses, three ads made by Asiacell Phone Company were translated by 20 students and analyzed according to Geis maxims, Shakir’s and Guidere’s notions of effect. The study concludes that it is not enough for the translators to render the words, they need to take into consideration the cultural variation and the fact that these are intended ads with communicative value and not just messages that need to be conveyed. The images attached need also to be taken into consideration and hence be reflected in their translations.

This research is an investigation of the cohesive devices of synchronous private Internet spoken chatroom discourse on Yahoo! in same- sex dyadic interaction, viz. male-male and female-female. Based on Halliday and Hasan's (1976) model, it tries to test whether or not this type of text is cohesive. Thus, it aims at presenting the various grammatical and lexical cohesive devices adopted by interactants as a way for showing connectivity within this type of text and to create a coherent structure, as a result.
The study is led by some hypotheses out of which Internet spoken chat discourse is cohesive. Besides, reference is expected to be the most frequent device among the other used devices. In addition, males are expected to utilize the cohesive devices more frequently than females.
The study has shown, among its concluding remarks, that Internet spoken chat discourse is cohesive. This is due to the frequent use of certain cohesive devices, such as reference which is in both types of interactions the most utilized device. Though ellipsis is rare in our study, a new form emergrd which is not realized in the model adopted.
Key words: Text; cohesion; cohesive devices; Internet chat discourse