Journal of Education for Humanities

This research deals with the subject of mental metaphor in the light of the theory of transformational generative grammar. The research included quite a few examples of mental metaphor through analysis and study.
The transformational generative grammar theory is one of the most important modern linguistic theories that emerged in the second half of the twentieth century because of its ability to explain many linguistic phenomena that previous theories failed to explain.
The research studies the mental metaphor in the light of the most important assumptions of the transformational generative grammar, which is the hypothesis of the deep structure, the structure and the surface, which sees that every superficial structure has a phenomenon with a deep mental structure.
The research confirmed the link between the Arabic linguistic heritage and modern linguistic theories, especially the transformational generative theory, and that the Arab rhetoricians did not understand while analyzing the Arabic rhetorical examples the issue of the surface structure and the deep structure.
We divided the research into two parts. In the first part, we dealt with its definition and relationships, the mental metaphor, and in the second part, we dealt with the application of the transformational generative theory on examples of examples of Arabic rhetoric.
The research reached the possibility of applying the transformational generative theory to the Arabic language, especially to the Arabic rhetoric.

The research aims to identify the effect of cognitive stimulant strategies on developing language fluency for second-grade students in the intermediate level in Arabic language.
To achieve the aim of the research, the researcher formulated the two null hypotheses:
1- There is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the mean difference in the pre and post tests of the experimental group that was studied according to the strategies of cognitive stimulants and the control group that was studied in the traditional way in developing language fluency skills.
2- There is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group in the pre and post tests in developing language fluency skills.
The researcher adopted the experimental design of two equal groups, where the research sample that was intentionally selected consisted of (63) female students who were distributed into two groups, the first experimental group consisting of (31) students who were studied according to the strategies of cognitive stimulants, and the second control group consisting of (32) A student studied according to the traditional method, in the city of Mosul / the left section for the first course of the academic year (2021-2022) and the researcher conducted a parity process for the two groups in some variables (Grades of female students in the Arabic language for the previous year, general average for the previous school year, age in months, intelligence quotient, language fluency test, parents’ educational level), for the two middle schools (Al-Hadba and Al-Ramah).
The researcher supervised the application of the experiment. The current research required the preparation of a test to measure linguistic fluency among the students of the research sample, so the researcher prepared a language fluency test consisting of (20) paragraphs of open-answer type. Teaching the Arabic language, and the researcher took an agreement percentage (80%) or more as a criterion for the validity of the test items for acceptance or rejection. In light of the experts’ opinions, some test items were modified in terms of language.
. Then it was applied to the sample to measure the discriminatory power, and the researcher extracted the stability coefficient of the linguistic fluency tool with the (Fakronbach) equation, and the value of the reliability coefficient was (0.84), which is an acceptable percentage. Before implementing the experiment and after preparing the teaching plans and preparing the tool, the researcher applied the experiment on Wednesday (17/11/2021) and continued to apply it to the research sample. 1 / 2022) until Saturday (15 / 1 / 2022) and the results showed the following:
1- There is a statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group that was studied according to the strategies of stimulants of cognition and the average scores of the control group that was studied according to the usual method in language fluency skills and in favor of the experimental group.
2- There is a statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group that was studied according to the strategies of cognitive stimulants in language fluency skills and in favor of the post test.
The statistical methods that have been adopted are: t-test for two related samples, chi-square test, and Eq
Discriminative power, the Facronbach equation, and the eta square test.
In light of the research results, the researcher reached the following conclusions:
- The use of cognition stimulants strategies have an impact on developing the linguistic fluency of second-grade students in the middle school in the Arabic language.
In light of the results that have been reached, the researcher recommends the following:
Teaching cognition stimulant strategies according to students' ages and grades.
To complement the current research, the researcher suggested suggestions, including:
The effect of cognitive and metacognitive stimulants strategies on developing creative fluency in preparatory and university stages in Arabic language (experimental study).

 

The research aims to identify the impact of a proposed strategy based on grammar origins theory in the acquisition of grammatical concepts by students of the Arabic language department
To achieve the goal of the research. the researcher developed a single zero hypothesis. which is as follows:
-There is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average grades of students of the experimental group studying grammar using the proposed strategy. and the control group that is studied in the usual way in testing the concepts of grammar
The researcher chose the sample available from the students of the Arabic language department for the second stage divisions (Division A) and (Division B). as after the researcher identified the two divisions in which the experiment will be applied. the researcher chose Division A of the second phase in the Department of Arabic Language. which will be studied based on the proposed strategy. and chose Division B of the second phase in the Arabic language department. which will be studied based on the usual method. That was because the researcher relied on the lottery to choose one of the two experimental divisions Another officer. the Faculty of Education for the Humanities of Mosul University in the academic year (2021/2022). had a sample of 77 students (38) for the experimental group and (39) for the officer
The researcher used the experimental approach in this research. and conducted the process of parity between members of the research group in a number of variables which are: the time age of students in months. the degree of grammar material for the previous year. the general average of the previous year. and the outcome of intelligence .
To achieve the goal of the research. a tool was required: the test of grammatical concepts as a search tool. and the test was characterized by honesty and stability .
After preparing the teaching plans and the tool. the first supervisor asked the head of the Department of Arabic language. requesting a teaching assignment specialized in teaching the subject of grammar to apply the experiment. because the researcher is one of the new graduates of the Department of Arabic Language. where the researcher graduated from this department in the year (2018/2019) and is not appointed in government educational institutions and no lecturers. the request of the first supervisor was approved. The second supervisor applied the experiment. which lasted a whole semester (the first semester) of the year . The study (2021/2022) from the date (17/10/2021) corresponding to the date (17 January 2022) on Monday. the grammatical concept test has been applied and the results collected and analyzed statistically the results showed the following : -There is a statistically significant difference in favour of the experimental group. who studied grammar subject in accordance with the proposed strategy based on grammar origins theory. on the control group who studied grammar as usual. in acquiring grammatical concepts .
In light of the results of the research. the researcher came up with a number of results. including that the proposed strategy based on the theory of grammar origins. had a positive impact in improving the level of ability of students of the second stage in the Department of Arabic language to acquire grammatical concepts.

This research aims to identify the "effectiveness of the realistic model in developing the motivation of fourth year middle school students"
To achieve this goal, the researcher developed a null hypothesis: “There is no statistically significant difference between the average scores of the experimental group students who are taught according to the realistic model and the average scores of the control group students who study according to the usual method in developing motivation In its light, a sample of fourth-grade students of science in the center of Nineveh Governorate for the academic year (2021-2022) was intentionally selected from Al-Waqah Preparatory School for Girls. A female officer, who included (35) female students, studied the subject in the usual way
The researcher used the experimental design with equal groups and conducted the equivalence process on the two research groups in a number of variables, including (chronological age in months, intelligence quotient, the level of the student’s general average degree, the achievement of the parents’ level). Its validity, stability and strength of distinction have been verified, and after preparing the teaching plans and the tool, the experiment was applied by the School of Islamic Education at Al-Waqdah School for Girls in the first course of the academic year (2021-2022) on Saturday (11/13/2021) and continued until On Tuesday (1/11/2022), this experiment took a full course, and in light of the research results, the researcher came up with several conclusions, recommendations and suggestions .

The current research aims to identify the extent to which the values of citizenship are consolidated through the human rights and democracy curriculum among students of humanities faculties at the University of Mosul from their point of view. )2022) and its members totaled )159( male and female students as a whole, with (66) male and female students from the College of Education for Pure Sciences from the Physics and Chemistry departments, including (32) male and (34) female students and (93) male and female students from the College of Education for Human Sciences from the two departments. History, educational and psychological sciences, including (48) male and (45) female students. The researchers prepared the research tool (citizenship values), which consisted of (74) paragraphs in its final form, distributed into four areas: values: (social (22) paragraphs, political (9) Paragraphs, legal (24) paragraphs, ethical (19) paragraphs, with five alternatives, which are in a degree (very large, large, medium, few, very few), and its validity, stability and strength to distinguish the paragraphs have been verified. The researchers applied the tool through which to take opinions The members of the research sample were students, as it was applied on Sunday (28/ 11/2021 and continued until Monday (27/12/2021) on the members of the research sample, and after data collection and statistical analysis using the t-test for two independent samples, Pearson correlation coefficient, reference mean, relative weight, the researchers reached the following results :
1- Social values ranked first among the types of citizenship values with a percentage of (%72.33), while moral values achieved the second rank with (%71.62) and legal values, which achieved the third rank with (%71.15), while political values achieved the fourth rank with (%69.32) Straight.
2- Social values ranked first among the types of citizenship values with a percentage of (%75.48), while moral values achieved the second rank with (%75.43), legal values ranked third with a percentage of (%74.51), and political values ranked fourth with a percentage of (%73.41( percent. straight.
3- There is a statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the mean scores of the research sample members
In consolidating the values of citizenship through the human rights and democracy approach and for the benefit of the female research sample. The researchers came out with a set of conclusions, recommendations and suggestions.

Each of the conjunctions come with a meaning that is suitable for it,however sometimes it alternates with others in the benefit of the meaning, These letters share a grammatical rule by declaring the subordination of what comes after it to what came before it in a coordinated style and when it comes to another meaning it may affect the composition other than its effect on the descriptive meaning, as if you make the installation appellant. Therefore, we want to highlight examples of conjunctions, The monosyllabic and dual letters were a sample of the research which was divided into five demands, Followed by a conclusion with the most important results of the research which ended with validation of approval sources and references, the researchs were arranged as follows:
The first requirement: Letter indication (in Arabic Al-Faa)
The second requirement: Letter indication (in Arabic Al-Wow)
The third requirement: Letter indication (in Arabic Am (or) )
The fourth requirement: Letter indication (in Arabic ao (or) )
The fifth requirement: Letter indication (in Arabic Bl (but))

Our research is based on the phonetic analysis of the miracles of the Prophet of God. the Most High. Jesus. peace be upon him. who was born with a divine miracle that I want to be a sign of God’s existence and power. and the statement by (((that all causes are not independent of influence. but their effect is by the decree of God)). and our master Jesus has miracles other than This is mentioned in the Qur’an and detailed in it
This research seeks to study the miracles of our master Jesus peace be upon him - all by taking inventory and knowing the phonetic and syllabic ratios in them. In order to explore the relationship between sounds and their connotations. by studying the characteristics of their distinctive sounds for the meanings explained to them. in addition to studying their passages that formed their verses and clarifying the connotations and audio signals of the passage in the Qur’anic text. as well as standing on the most prominent revelations that were supported by the commas of those verses .

The current research aimed to diagnose the level of efficiency of cognitive representation among students of the University of Mosul . and to know the distinctions in the level of cognitive representation among students of the University mentioned . according to the following variables : (gender . specialization . grade) . To achieve the aims of the research. the two researchers applied the cognitive representation efficiency scale by (Ghanim. 2011). on a sample of (800) male and female students who were randomly chosen from the colleges of the University of Mosul.
1- The students of the research sample have a good level of cognitive representation efficiency .
2- There are statistically important distinctions in the level of efficiency of cognitive representation according to the variable of sex and in favor of males .
3- There are statistically significant differences in the level of efficiency of knowledge representation in term of the specialization variable and in favor of the scientific specialization .
4- There are statistically fundamental distinctions in the level of efficiency of cognitive representation according to the variable of the academic grade and in favor of the 1st grade .
According to shedding light on the research results. the two researchers came up with some recommendations and suggestions:
Preparing educational programs at the university that include students in different educational stages to develop and develop the efficiency of knowledge representation.
 
The two researchers also suggested carrying out the following studies: The efficiency of cognitive representation and its relationship to self – esteem among middle school students.

Abstract
The study focused on the duality of the self and the other in Youssef Al-Khal’s poetry, this duality that imposes itself in his poems, so we see it is clear in features and appearance, starting with the conditions of the self with its optimistic and pessimistic types, passing through the patterns of the other positive and negative, and ending with the relationship that binds the two parties to each other. Each party has power and strength over the other. The influence and affection is clear between them, but there is a predominance of one party over the other in a group of poems and these poems has been chosen as a subject for this study. It shows the strength of influence and affection between the two parties through the connection or separation relationship. The greater the influence, the greater the affection, and thus the communication achieves its goal in tightening the two parties to each other. The weaker the influence, the weaker the influence, and thus communication fails to achieve its goal of bringing the self-closer to the other, so separation is replaced by overwhelming and tangible solutions.

The research aimed to answer the following question: What is the level of competency management among the heads of departments of the faculties of the University of Mosul from the point of view of the teachers?
The research was limited to a sample of teachers in the faculties of the University of Mosul for the academic year 2021-2022. The research sample consisted of (400) teachers who were chosen from (8) faculties. including (4) scientific faculties and (4) humanities faculties. making up a percentage of (10%) from the research community.
In terms of the research tool. the researcher used the scale of the competency management level of the heads of departments of the colleges of the University of Mosul. which was built by the researcher based on the procedures of an exploratory study. and reliance on some of the literature and standards that he reviewed. Choosing one of the five alternatives indicated for each item (very large. large. medium. few. very few) according to Likert scale after finding the significance of the apparent validity. content validity and construct validity of it. and finding the scale’s stability. The stability coefficient of scale according to these methods reached (0.82 - 0.84 - 0.90.5). respectively.
After analyzing the data by using the statistical bag for social sciences (SPSS). using the t-test for one sample and for two independent samples. the Pearson correlation coefficient. the t-test for significant significance. the correlation coefficient and the z-test for the difference between the correlation coefficients. and after analyzing the data statistically. the researcher reached the conclusions.
 
recommendations and suggestions. including:
1. The level of competency management is higher than the average among the heads of departments of the colleges of the University of Mosul from the point of view of the teachers."
2. Continuing efforts aimed at developing and strengthening the role of competency management in scientific departments through scientific and administrative consultations. whether inside or outside the scientific departments themselves.
3. Conducting a study on competency management and its relationship to the performance of teachers from the point of view of department heads.

The research aims to clarify the semantics of the past verbs associated with the words of sharp contrast in the light of the Qur’anic usage. Because the function of the context is to reveal the meaning in the text by taking into account what is before and after it, the verbs are not always carried on their lexical, sensory meanings, but rather have a moral depth related to the mind. The study adopted the Western concept of antagonism, which is the presence of two words that differ in pronunciation and have opposite meanings, such as: long and short.

This research aims to study the grammatical choices of Al-Fashni (d. 992 AH) through his book Al-Qalada Al-Kuwari fi Sharh Al-Durra Al-Bahiya, as the choice is intended to be the selection and selection through one party, so that one party is preferred over the other, and meets the sympathy of the two parties, such as the grammatical opinions that a scholar selects and distinguishes An opinion of one of them over the other according to a specific criterion that prompted him to choose it, so he prefers it, allocates it, and prioritizes it over others. The research was divided into two axes, we dealt with in the first axis: the translation of Allamah Al-Fashni, and in the second axis: his most important grammatical choices through his book Al-Qalada Al-Kuhriya in Explanation of Al-Durra Al-Bahiya, and then we followed it with a conclusion that included the most prominent results, and an index of sources and references.

The aim of the current research is to identify the knowledge engineering strategies of the teachers of the University of Mosul. by answering the following questions:
1. What is the level of knowledge engineering strategies for Mosul University teachers in general?
2. Is there a statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) in the level of knowledge engineering strategies among the teachers of Mosul University according to the variables (gender/specialization/years of service)?
The researcher adopted the descriptive analytical approach. and the current research community consisted of the teachers of Mosul University for the academic year (2021-2022 AD). where the number of teachers at the University of Mosul reached (3882) teachers. and the research sample consisted of (350) teachers at the University of Mosul.
For the purpose of achieving the objectives of the research. it required the researcher to build a knowledge engineering strategies scaleAfter the data collection and unloading process and the use of Microsoft Excel. the researcher adopted the appropriate statistical methods to achieve the research objectives using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program. represented by the second test for one sample. the second choice for two independent samples. the Pearson correlation coefficient. the second test for the significance of the correlation coefficient. and the Pearson correlation coefficient. Alpha Cronbach. and after analyzing the data statistically. the results showed the following:
1. The teachers of the University of Mosul have a high level of knowledge engineering strategies
2. The absence of a difference that can be attributed to the variable of gender and length of service among the teachers of the University of Mosul. which means that male and female teachers have close views on the degree of practicing knowledge engineering strategies at the University of Mosul.
3. The existence of a difference that can be attributed to the variable of scientific specialization of the teachers of the University of Mosul about the degree of practicing knowledge engineering strategies
In light of the research results. the researcher came up with a number of conclusions. recommendations and suggestions.

Choosing the appropriate leadership style is one of the most important factors for leadership success, because leadership styles differ from one situation to another, and in light of the situation, the leadership style to be adopted is determined. Transcendental leadership is one of the forms of leadership that leads various institutions, including schools, as this style enables leaders to get rid of The limitations and restrictions imposed by routine work and practices at work, by imagining new patterns of thinking with a broad awareness of what they feel. They generate a state of commitment among all workers, relying on personal trust and providing motivation, which in turn pushes workers to improve their performance.
Accurate knowledge of the nature of the creative behavior of workers in the field of education, including school principals, is one of the things that help determine the capabilities of individuals. This knowledge enables specialists in the educational sector to adopt special plans and transfer them to implementation. It also enables them to develop them in the future. It also pushes them to achieve efficiently and effectively.
The research aims to identify transcendental leadership and its relationship to the creative behavior of middle school principals from the point of view of their teachers, by answering the following questions:
1- What is the level of transcendental leadership of middle school principals from the point of view of
their teachers in general?
2- What is the level of creative behavior of middle school principals from the point of view of their teachers in general?
3- The relationship between transcendental leadership and creative behavior among middle school principals from the point of view of their teachers? a
The researcher relied on the descriptive correlative approach, and the current research community consisted of middle school teachers in the city of Mosul for the academic year (2021-2022), as the number of teachers in middle schools in the city of Mosul on its right and left sides was (2699) teaching and the research sample consisted of (336) from Teachers in middle schools in the city of Mosul. In order to achieve the goal of the research, it was required that the researcher build the two research tools, which are (transcendental leadership, creative behavior), and after verifying the validity and stability of the two research tools, they became in their final form, consisting of (32) items for the transcendental leadership tool and (43) items for the creative behavior tool. The application of the two research tools by distributing them to male and female teachers during the official working hours for the period from (2/4/2022 to (20/4/2022 AD), and after the process of data collection and unloading using Microsoft Excel), the researcher used the appropriate statistical methods, to achieve the objectives of the research using the help of Using the statistical package program (SPSS) for the social sciences, in analyzing the data represented by the t-test for one sample, the t-test for two independent samples, the Pearson simple correlation coefficient, the t-test for the significance of the correlation coefficient, and the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, and after extracting the data statistically, the results showed the following:
1- Middle school principals have a high level of transcendental leadership from their point of viewtheir teachers.
2- Middle school principals have a high level of creative behavior from the point of view of their teachers.
3- There is a positive correlation between the variables of transcendental leadership and creative behavior among middle school principals from the point of view of their teachers.
The researcher came out with several recommendations, including that the Ministry of Education open training courses for middle school principals in all general directorates in Iraq for the purpose of informing them about the types of leadership, including transcendental leadership in order to acquire the necessary skills, which will be positively reflected on teachers, and encourage middle school principals to prepare creative strategic plans and follow-up applied. The researcher suggested conducting a similar study on the heads of departments at the University of Mosul from the teachers' point of view.

After the Levant was invaded by the Crusaders in the fifth and sixth centuries AH / eleventh and twelfth centuries AD, their intentions became clear and came contrary to what they claim are religious wars, so their first practices were the excessive killings they carried out against Muslims in the Levant in the First Crusade, As a result of the brutal killings and massacres committed by the Crusaders against the population in the areas they controlled, as well as the theft of their money of gold, silver, oils and grains, the population migrated from the cities controlled by the Crusaders towards Iraq, Aleppo and Damascus, in search of safety, and the researcher highlighted the health, social and economic conditions of people in the diaspora and their psychological and physical diseases, not to mention unemployment as a result of leaving their jobs, and these conditions had a role in the movement of clerics and urged people to Jihad against the Crusaders.

This research aims to: develop critical listening skills among middle school students, through the use of a brainstorming strategy. To achieve the research objective, the researcher performed the following actions:
- A theoretical study of what was mentioned in previous research, studies and literature related to the current research topic.
- Preparing a theoretical framework that contains two axes:
First: Critical listening, its concept, importance, skills, requirements, characteristics of the critical listener, the role of the teacher in developing critical listening, studies and research in critical listening.
Second: Brainstorming, its concept, principles, advantages, steps for applying brainstorming.
- Preparing a list of critical listening skills that are appropriate for second-grade intermediate students?
- Applying the critical listening skills test to the students of the experimental and control groups.
- Applying the critical listening skills test to the students of the experimental and control groups afterwards.
- Preparing a guide for the teacher to teach the program based on the brainstorming strategy to improve critical listening skills.
- Selection of the research sample, which numbered (70) female students, distributed among the two research groups, the experimental group (35) female students, and the control group (35) female students.
- Applying brainstorming strategy lessons to the students of the experimental and control groups.
- Conducting a statistical treatment of the scores of the two applications, the pre and post applications, to test critical listening skills for the benefit of the experimental group, and the post application, and a number of results were reached, the most important of which are: The effectiveness of the brainstorming strategy in developing critical listening skills in the Arabic language among middle school students.
- Finally, the research presented a number of recommendations and suggestions in light of the results that were reached.

Abstract
The research aims to identify the quality standards of publishing scientific content through educational platforms from the perspective of faculty members. The research sample comprises (352) male and female permanent staff at the colleges of University of Mosul for the academic year (2021-2022). The sample has been randomly selected from the departments in the colleges of University of Mosul. To achieve the research aim and for the lack of a ready-made scale (to the researcher’s knowledge), the scale of criterion for publishing scientific content was built according to the open questionnaire that was presented to specialists in this field, from which its indicators branch out according to the nature of each criterion and includes in its final version (58) items followed by five alternatives. After presenting the tool to a panel of experienced jurors to confirm its face validity, reliability, and discriminability, then the scale was applied to the subjects of the research sample and after collecting and analyzing data statistically, the researcher came out of results, the most prominent of which:
 Agreement in the perspectives of the faculty members in the colleges of University of Mosul on the standards as all of them are necessary in the dissemination of scientific content in educational platforms and cannot dispense with those standards in general.
 Difference in the views of faculty members in the colleges of the University of Mosul on the standards depending on the variables : gender (male, female), specialization (scientific, humanities), and period of occupation (five years or less, more than five years).
 There is no statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) in the quality standards of publishing scientific content from the point of view of faculty members, depending on the variables : gender (male, female), specialization (scientific, humanitarian), and period of occupation (five years or less, more than five years).
At the end of the experiment, the researcher came up with a set of conclusions, the most prominent of which are all important criteria that must be adopted during the design and publication of scientific content in educational platforms. The researcher set number of recommendations and suggested conducting similar future studies with a different variables.

Abstract
research is about the subject of (Shur) in the Holy Qur'an and where it came from. It focuses on the subject of Shura in the Holy Qur'an and the facts that came up in the meaning of Shura, which pointed to two meanings: the true meaning of Shura, which is taking opinions, and the second meaning, which is cunning and intrigue. So, I decided to write this research to continue the work that has been done to find the treasures in the Qur'an through interpretation. It is a study of Shur in the Holy Qur'an from an interpretive point of view, with references to the Qur'anic verses that relate to it and a statement of its meaning and where it comes from.

This study focused on prophetic hadiths that contain some words that have been changed and others that have been distorted, as well as what some preachers in our time are saying and throwing on people's ears when they deliver sermons. It also clarified the Prophet's, peace and blessings be upon him, correct pronunciation and supported it with the words of hadith scholars. In transferring the respectable hadith and its narration, which ought to be flawless, it is a step forward for the reality of the preachers of our time.

This search has the sourcas of womens fourtunes in AL-abbosyage. This women of this age has big fourtunes.It reflects and clarifies the richness and affluence of AL_abassy country. The researcher psid. Attenion on these soucos chich by them the women had the big capital and it was divided into several things from this sonrces one of dower is the most important for woman who through it they can make their fortune.. It also explained anothar source among them is that inheritang gifts and charities and that all have the certain cause to make the capital.

After the death of Al-Nasir Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi in the year (589 AH / 1193 AD), the Ayyubid state was exposed to dangers that threatened its entity and unity. Disputes arose between the members of the Ayyubid house, and the most important characteristic of this period was the emergence of his brother, the just king, who sought to restore unity in the Ayyubid state.
And his children, whether male or female, had an important and prominent role in the political, social and economic life.

This work attempts to develop a transitivity model to be applicable to six televised Arabic speeches (5.113 words) delivered by the former Iraqi Premier after Iraqi victories over ISIS. We argue that clear-cut boundaries between distinct process types are sometimes fuzzy when dealing with data in Arabic. The use of transitivity choices constructs a text-world (Werth, 1999) with value judgements attached to it, namely that that the world is constructed on the binary opposition between the Iraqi actors are the (good) and the implicit patient (ISIS). Also, the Iraqis are given the heroic stance because they are ready to sacrifice for their country. We apply the framework of Critical Stylistics (Jeffries, 2010a) and build on one out of ten textual-conceptual functions of texts as proposed by Critical Stylistics, namely Representing Actions/Events/States, with the aim of deciphering ideological meanings in the speeches of the former Prime Minister.

The study aims to show that the words that have different diacritics give different pronunciations and meanings . This study hypothesizes that the different diacritics give different parts of speech whether they come at the beginning, medially or at the end . It also hypothesizes that this phenomenon exists in the Glorious Quran .The model that is adopted is of Makram (1996:20) for the analysis of data that have similar form .The results show that this phenomenon exists in the Glorious Quran and the different diacritics the words have give different pronunciations and meanings and in different parts of speech .