Journal of Education for Humanities

The present study aims to identify the effect of directed-imagination strategy in developing the skills of reading comprehension for female pupils of the 2nd intermediate class in Arabic language , to this
1- The first assumption: there is no statistically significant difference between average degrees of experimental group pupils who study on the basis of directed-imagination strategy and those of control group pupils who study on the basis of traditional method in reading comprehension pre-test,
2- The second assumption: there is no statistically significant difference between average degrees of experimental group pupils who study on the basis of directed-imagination strategy and those of control group pupils who study on the basis of traditional method in developing the reading comprehension,
To achieve this aim, Macca Al-Mukarama Intermediate School for girls (subordinated by State Directorate of Education) was deliberately chosen, The sample of present study is randomly selected, Section (A) represents the experimental group (test subjects), whereas Section (B) represents the control group (comparison group), The total number of sample is (79), The experimental group includes (41) pupils, and the control group includes (38) pupils, Both groups are statistically equalized according to several variables: (1) age of pupils, (2) the general average of pupils for the last year, (3) scores of Arabic language of pupils for the last year, (4) intelligence test, and (5) reading comprehension skill pre-test, The test of reading comprehension skill consists of (25) items for study purpose, In the present study, two questionnaires are used, One of them deals with levels of reading comprehension skills, The other one deals with reading passages of the reading comprehension test, The instrument validity and reliability are established, All data are collected and statistically analyzed by using suitable statistical methods, The results show no statistically significant difference at (0,05) between the average (means) of the two groups (experimental and control) in the pre-test of reading comprehension as well as reading comprehension development.

The current research aims to identify the impact of the Stepans model in developing religious awareness among second-grade intermediate students
To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher formulated two Zero hypotheses, which are as follows:
1. There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level of 0.05 between the average difference in the pre and post tests for the experimental group that was studied according to the Stepans model and the average difference between the pre and post tests for the control group that studied according to the usual method in the scale of religious awareness.
2. There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level of 0.05 between the average scores of the experimental group who studied according to the Stepans model and the average scores of the control group who studied according to the usual method in the dimension of religious awareness scale.
The researcher used the experimental method and the process of parity was conducted between the members of the two research groups in a number of variables, which included: age in months, the degree of Islamic education for the first intermediate class, the general average for the first intermediate class, the intelligence quotient, the pre- test of religious awareness, and the scientific level of fathers and mothers.
To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher prepared a tool to measure religious awareness as a research tool, and the test was characterized by honesty and reliability.
After completing the study plans and the tool, the researcher applied the experiment to a sample of female students and extended from 15/11/2021 to 5/1/2022 for the first course, and the Dimension Religious Awareness Scale test was applied on Monday 10/1/2022 on the two research groups, then the data was collected and analyzed, and a number of results, recommendations and suggestions were reached, including:
1. The Stepans model has proven its effectiveness in developing religious awareness among second-grade students in comparison with the usual method for its modernity and the effectiveness of its successive steps, where the desired was reached in a way that is pleasing to the soul.
2. Curriculum makers should develop the Islamic education curriculum in light of the dimensions of religious awareness in line with the current external influences and pressures.
3. The effect of the Stepans model in correcting misperceptions of jurisprudential concepts among secondary Islamic school students and developing their religious awareness.

The aim of the research is to find out the effect of the realistic therapy style on developing psychological immunity among students of the College of Education for Human Sciences.) Male and female students were diagnosed as having a low level of psychological immunity, and the researcher chose first-grade students from the Department of Geography at the College of Education for Human Sciences at the University of Mosul, after rewarding them in several variables, and distributing them into two equal groups, (experimental exposed to (15) sessions Indicative in a realistic treatment method that includes the following strategies: (presenting the subject, realistic steps for learning behavior, a model of behavioral responsibility, a question from reality, effectiveness and fun, re-learning, determining homework, self-evaluation), and the control group was not exposed to any guidance, and the researcher uned the means Statistical ones (Pearson correlation coefficient, Wilcoxen test, Mann Whitney test), and the results came with a significant impact of the realistic treatment method in developing psychological immunity, and in light of the research results, the researcher came out with a number of conclusions, recommendations and suggestions.

The research aims to identify the effect of Adelson's model in developing generative thinking among second-year intermediate school students in the Arabic language subject
To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher developed a null hypothesis, which is as follows:
There is no statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the average grades of the female students of the experimental group who are taught according to the Adelson model and the average grades of the female students of the control group who are taught according to the usual method of developing generative thinking.
There is no statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the average scores of the female students of the experimental group taught according to the Adelson model in the pre- and post-applications in developing generative thinking.
To achieve the goal of the research, the researcher developed a main hypothesis and the research sample was intentionally selected from the female students of the second intermediate grade in (Aqila Bani Hashem Middle School) in the center of Nineveh Governorate for the academic year (2021 - 2022). The sample consisted of (48) female students distributed into two experimental and control groups. There were (25) students for the experimental group that studied according to the Adelson model, and (23) for the control group that studied in the usual way.
The researcher used the experimental method with equal groups and conducted the equivalence process on the two research groups in a number of variables that included: (chronological age, the grade of the Arabic language curriculum for the previous academic year, the general average of the female students, the intelligence quotient, and the academic achievement of the parents).
To achieve the research goal, a tool was required:
Testing generative thinking as a research tool.
The test was characterized by validity and reliability.
After preparing the teaching plans and the tool, the experiment was implemented by the curriculum teacher in the school in the first course of the academic year (2021-2022) on Monday, corresponding to (11/15/2021), and continued for a full academic course and ended on Monday, corresponding to (1/10/2022). Generative thinking test on Tuesday (11/1/2022) for both research groups.
After collecting data and analyzing it statistically using statistical methods using the SPSS statistical program, the study reached the following results:
1- There is a statistically significant difference between the students of the two groups in developing generative thinking, in favor of the experimental group with the higher arithmetic mean, which was studied according to the Adelson model.
2- There is a statistically significant difference between the averages for the growth of generative thinking for the difference between the pre- and post-applications among the female students of the experimental group.
In light of the research results, the research came out with several conclusions, including: The use of the Adelson model in the process of teaching the Arabic language subject contributed to the development of generative thinking in a positive and noticeable way.

The term semantic origin which was put bu Ibn Faris in his dictionary of language standards, occupied a wide space among researchers because in composing this dictionaty he relied on idea of pivotal sign –as some like to call it that- which linkes the derivations of the one root, in order not to deviate from the framework framed by Ibn Faris, we have deliberately sought in this researcg to find a relationship linking these origins, some of them are found as two roots in one cgapter, consistent with another root from a second ghaptrt, and also consistent with another root from a third chapter.

The current research aims to identify the level of availability of moral values among secondary school managers and its relationship to administrative operations from the point of view of the teachers. The sample consisted of secondary school teachers in the city of Mosul for the academic year (2021-2022). (10 years and less) and (more than 10 years) divided into (64) preparatory schools for boys and girls. The researcher prepared two tools, which are the ethical values tool and the administrative operations tool. The ethical values tool consisted of (48) paragraphs in its final form. As for the administrative operations tool, it consisted of (49) paragraphs in its final form, distributed into five fields, which are operations (planning (10) paragraphs, organization (10) paragraphs, guidance (10) paragraphs, coordination (10) paragraphs, control (9) paragraphs, with five alternatives, which are with a degree: ( very large, large, medium, few, very little) for both tools, the researcher applied the two tools on Sunday corresponding to (01/23/2022) and continued until Monday (03/7/2022) on the research sample, after collecting data then analyzing it statistically using T-test for two independent samples, Pearson correlation coefficient, reference mean, relative weight, the following results were obtained:
1- The moral values achieved a rate of (82.46%), which is a very good ratio, according to the point of view of the male research sample, in terms of their level of availability among secondary school managers.
2- The moral values achieved a rate of (85.76%), which is a very good percentage, according to the point of view of the female research sample, in the level of their availability among middle school principals.
3- The administrative processes achieved a rate of (79.052%), which is a good ratio, according to the points of view of the male research sample, in terms of their level of availability among secondary school managers.
4-The administrative processes achieved a rate of (83.892%), which is a very good rate, according to the views of the female research sample members in terms of their level of availability among secondary school managers.

The Holy Qur’an is the first source of legislation that governs rights and obligations. Hence, we wanted to apply a modern linguistic approach that is concerned with linguistic use and its relationship to context during the process of communication. It pays primary attention to interpreting the language, and is concerned with the meaning intended by the sender and understood by the addressee, and how speech can mean more. From what is said, and how speech can be fulfilled by merely pronouncing it as a right or an obligation depending on the circumstances and circumstances of the speech, and this approach is what is called (the linguistic approach), which sees in the theory of speech acts one of the most important foundations on which pragmatics is based.
Sale is one of the most widespread transactions in daily transactions as it is one of the obligations of rights and obligations and requires participants representing the parties to the contract and a specific content, either the work itself or the consequences of the work. This relationship between the parties is a social relationship governed by modest societal norms, such as the seller’s obligation to deliver the item sold and the buyer’s obligation to deliver the price. Each of them is the subject of the right, and this relationship represents a substitutional relationship that begins at the conclusion of the contract, which is the moment of pronouncing the offer and acceptance when the rest of the conditions are met. Thus, the word is considered in establishing the right, in fact it is the basic pillar of it.
Every research must have questions, which we tried to ask and answer through our research:
- What is the impact of studying the pragmatic approach on understanding the Qur’anic discourse?
- How can the theory of speech acts be applied to the texts of the Holy Qur’an?
- How was the Qur’anic discourse shaped to lead to action through speech, and what means did it take to influence the meeting and modify its behavior related to money (the verses on sale as an example).
- Identifying the main achievement act and the achievement acts surrounding it that contribute to supporting or modifying the achievement force.

This research aims to study the grammatical limits of Al-Fashni (D. 992 AH) through his book Al-Qalada Al-Kuwari fi Sharh Al-Durra Al-Bahiya, as the importance of studying the grammatical limits is reflected in their being the basic logic in the study of Arabic grammar, as it is the gate through which the student enters to understand the meanings and grammatical doors; Because it includes universal rules under which everyone who finds the limitation restrictions falls, then it is a total rule that applies to all of its members. The research was divided into two axes, we dealt with in the first axis: the translation of Allamah Al-Fashni, and in the second axis: its most important grammatical limits through his book Al-Qalada Al-Kuheriah in Explanation of Al-Durra Al-Bahiya, and then we followed it with a conclusion that included the most prominent results, and an index of sources and references.

The study of the semantic achievement in the syntax of sentences in grammatical thought is one of the important issues in the study of Arabic grammar, due to the close relationship between syntax and meaning, and because what the sentence accomplishes in terms of semantic concepts is a piece of a chain of a compact system of speech.
That is, a sentence is not just a set of randomly selected words, but a part of an interconnected chain of speech that follows a certain order, being assembled in a tight and orderly manner, representing an integrated idea. When studying this sentence, it is done as a part of this stacked system where its meaning and semantics are understood within the context of the sentence and the text within which it falls. Therefore, it assists in understanding the text more accurately and in a better way.
The importance of this study is represented in highlighting the importance of the linguistic meaning in understanding the texts correctly, and the way the sentence comes accurately so that it embodies the correct and true meaning. The sentence and its analysis using these concepts, and this is done by relying on the foundations of the grammatical, morphological, and rhetorical rules of the Arabic language.
The research concluded that the semantic achievement is the ultimate goal of interpreting the structure of the sentence, as it contains the true meaning of the sentence and can be clearly and accurately explained using the appropriate grammatical foundations.

This study aims to reveal the social references in Lutfia Al-Dulaimi’s novels and how these references contributed to establishing the issue of identity for a certain stage. The stage of war, for example, is not identical to the time of peace, and the character who has a cultural or scientific background is not like the ignorant character, as they all combine to form a special narrative identity.

The research titled: “The disputing eloquence in the judicial discourse“, coveted to, treat the lack of rhetorical research in this article, and seek to achieve groups of goals, Most notably: to understand the contemporary judicial discourse, and how the argument engaged in it, and it used the method of deliberative in the applied study filed. It was confined about Dicro’s arguments how seeing the language achieves linguistic functions, and the argument job is the essential job in it, so in the end it came to an important results such as: The most prominent manifestations of the deliberative dimension in the argumentative judicial discourse appear in the dialogue, whether it was monophonic or polyphonic. The arguments, links and factors, and the linguistic actions, It carried intended functions in the judicial discourse, which all members of the discourse realize with their common sense. Also, the studies recommended that the researchers pay more attention to the judicial discourse because it still needs more studies.

The achievements of the ancient Iraqis in the field of architecture and art took on a distinct character from the rest of the civilizations, as many architectural and artistic elements and features emerged from early ages dating back to prehistoric times. in historical times.
Many architectural and artistic models have also emerged for us, which had a great impact on the architecture and arts of neighboring civilizations.
Therefore, in this research, I wanted to shed light on selected models of influences, whether in the architectural field, especially religious architecture represented by temples, which is a center for religious, administrative and even economic life, and the extent of its impact in terms of architecture on neighboring countries or worldly architecture, which is represented by the palace, with its great political importance. role in the management of the country's affairs.
The artistic field was also addressed in this research, especially with regard to seals, and we took a model as a cylindrical and flat seal, and highlighted the most important artistic methods and methods that characterize this type of art.

This study aims to explore how the author Salim Al-Ghazzoola employs the dispersed construction pattern in the novel "Amnesia", especially because he intentionally has adopted the time confusion policy amongst the past, present and future by a dispersed memory over previous and later times. In this policy, the author endeavors to produce a new written form through a humane artistic narrative experiment was caused by the dark period that hit the city of Mosul from June 2014 until liberating the city. The author employs a unique narrative experiment in which it is hard to adjust and control the time because of scattering the narrative material.This study is based upon two pivots:
1 .Introduction: It includes the concept of time dispersion, and a brief description on the novel " Amnesia".
2 .Time dispersion in the novel "Amnesia"whereby it is dealt with two methods; Memory and Narrative Reproduction which the author depends upon inpresenting The episodes of his novel's chapters .

Cities were and still are a source of inspiration and the focal point of the poets' purposes. Our study of the city in the poetry of the poet (Abdul Wahhab Ismail) is not limited to describing the city with its well-known traditional scene. The poet's sense of detail and depth.
Mosul and the very ancient civilizational and cultural references that this word bears...it represents the whole country for the poet, with all its details, as if it was a city formed from many cities, as it was established in very old establishments, and was subjected to destruction and devastation several times, and then it rises again and builds its entity , and her human beings.
The study deals with the ability of the city as a social place capable of withstanding the fluctuations of the conditions of the human self, and the emotions and feelings it bears, with changes in its threatened existential status over the ages.. The poet Abdel Wahhab Ismail focuses his energetic emotions in sumptuous artistic images in the painful meditation on the reality of the city that he prepares as the cradle. And the mother, the symbol, the identity, the land of the sun and the beauty..and he looks at its destruction in the new dark era, at the hands of the barbarians of the new world.
The research consists of several axes, an attempt by the researcher to approach the texts critically as a recipient of the text, searching for the places of beauty in it.. through the introspection of the poet, and what Mosul represents in himself and his being. 

The research aim is to identify the level of student of Basic Education College- University of Duhok use electronic learning program and how beneficial it was for them.
The sample of this research was selected randomly. It was consisting of (176) students from both genders of three department of the college , morning and evening classes, which were :
1- Department of Psychology Education (60 students)
2- Department of Education Counseling (55 students)
3- Department of Arabic Language (61 students)
The research community was consisting of (856) students. In order to receive the aim of this research, the researcher started a petition which was consisting of (27) points, and after he was affirmed by the confidence of the points of the petition, it was distributed on the students of the sample of this research , and after separating their feedbacks, the researcher began to count the results of the research by using (SPSS) and (Microsoft Excel) programs. The researcher reached these results:
Generally, the results did not use electronic learning in an effective way, particularly (Moodle and Zoom) programs as a result of certain reasons related to our community, such as the continuous cut of electricity, weak internet network in some areas, also lack of advanced devices and some of them were inexperienced in using this type of learning. But overall the students had a passion of electronic learning. Furthermore, it was perspicuous that there were no differences between the feedbacks of the student participating in the electronic learning sample from the three departments, not from morning classes nor evenings. But the difference between the two genders from the department of Psychology in which the results were leaning more towards the male side were obvious. At the same time there were no feedback differences from the students participating in the sample from both Department of Educational Counseling and Department of Arabic Language.
At the end of the research, the researcher served numerous testaments, one of them is the importance of continuously using this type of learning in order to string along with the development of technology. He also suggested that these sorts of researches become executed at the level of the university.

I have previously written two researches in a critisim about a Verification of (Ukood Al-Zabarjad fi Ierrab Al-Hadeeth Al-Nabawy) by Jalal Al-Deen Al-Siyooty(died in 911 ).Which is published within three volumes by (Dar Al-Jeel)located in Beirut and verified by Dr.Salman Al-Qudah), in that two researches , I mentioned errors of the first and second volume , while this new research , the focus on positioning errors of the third volumes with mentioning the errors corrections . it included a correction of the spelling and grammatical errors . A positioning of errors have done accurately by reviewing the three manuscripts of (Ukood Az-Zabarjad) which are : a copy of the Grand Mosque in Mecca , a copy of the Islamic University in Al-Madinah Al-Monawarah and a copy of the Ragheb Basha Library in Istanbul, as well as other sources for documention. This research has gained its importance as a practical lesson in verifying the texts , so the total number of the corrected positions reached (199) . The research is based on two parts , the first one : it deals with an definition of the topic , the book and the work method with various examples for the coreection, the second one : it deals with a well-arranged narrative of errors in a comprehensive schedule.

Textual structure in literature comprises a comprehensive pattern of elements intertwined, each contributing to the textual structure's specific genre-specific identity, distinguishing it artistically and aesthetically. Among the contrasting textual structures belonging to the same genre context, this differentiation essentially arises from the mechanisms of how these constituent elements interact with each other and how they form a unique aesthetic composition. Despite textual structures belonging to a specific genre context containing similar general elements, the construction mechanisms of these elements and their textual operation differ from one textual structural context to another. This difference defines the aesthetic identity of the text, highlights its artistry, and emphasizes its uniqueness.
Based on this, the expanded narrative image study in its relationship with the components of the textual context in the book "Al-Ara'is" by Al-Tha'labi possesses a distinct legitimacy. This narrative image did not form in isolation but rather emerged from the sum of the constituent elements of the textual structure. Therefore, it is necessary to study the textual image interactions and understand how this narrative image is positioned within the elements of the textual structure in order to discover the mechanisms of textual operation and the specificity of the narrative visual structure in the book "Al-Ara'is". The narrative image in "Al-Ara'is" was structurally influenced by the specificity of characters, time and place, the event structure, and the narrative perspective. Thus, we encounter a narrative visual specificity stemming from the specificity of the components of the textual context and interrelated with the cultural identity formed within the context of Al-Tha'labi's book "Al-Ara'is". The visual aspect did not separate from the two intersecting contexts; namely, the textual and the cultural but rather interacted with them, possessing its aesthetic and cultural distinctiveness manifested through them.

This study aimed to reveal the impact of the harvest strategy on the development of reflective thinking among female students in the second intermediate grade in the subject of the Arabic language. The control group consisted of (25) students According to the usual method, and to achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher designed a test to measure the development of contemplative thinking, and its validity and reliability were confirmed. The test was applied to the two groups before and after conducting the experiment. The results of the data analysis showed statistically: the presence of a statistically significant difference between the two groups attributed to the strategy. Harvest in developing contemplative thinking, for the benefit of the experimental group.

The study aimed to identify the impact of the educational essays strategy on empowering the first intermediate grade learners on their ability to solve the issue . The research sample consisted of (58) students. Art was intentionally chosen from the study community for the academic year 2022-2023 in the city of Mosul .the researcher adopted the experiment approach , then divided the sample into Two equal groups in a number of variables , with (30) students in the experimental group that studied the subject according to the educational scaffolding strategy , and another control group of (28) students who studied themselves according to the usual method using pre-prepared teaching plans . in order to achieve the aim the study and test its hypotheses – the researcher relied on a test tool to solve the mathematical problem that she prepared , in its final form , consisting of four essay paragraphs with a specific answer .(8) weeks after which the tool was applied postoperatively to the members of the main sample, then the data were collected and analyzed statistically using the second test for two independent indicators ,and the results indicated :
- There is a statistically significant difference (0.05) between the average ability of the experimental and control groups to solve the mathematical problem for the experimental group .
- In light of the results of the research , the researcher came out with a number of conclusions: she also made several recommendations as well as proposing several titles for future studies.

“The phenomenon of vocal and stylistic pluralism” is one of the modern concepts that entered the Arabic novel, and was adopted by contemporary novelists, to embody their ideas in a free form that simulates a kind of democratic narration, and to give free rein to each character, to embody their style and presence in the world of the novel. This is considered a qualitative leap in the life of the novelist’s creativity, which carries a lot of realism in the literary discourse, whereby each character presents with his tongue and his social, individual and psychological characteristics, expressing his situation in his dialect, which creates a diversity of voices within the novel whose characters’ points of view differ in expressing the goals they seek. to reach it, In order for the novel to become close to the language of daily social life, with the diverse voices of its characters that reflect the diversity of reality. This is exactly what the writer "Wasini Al-Araj" went to in his novel "Balconies of the North Sea", in which he resorted to the concept of pluralism at the level of narrative structures in which he mixed the daily real with the mythical and imaginary, with the tongues of characters he employed for various purposes in his mixture of poetic fiction, where home and exile are. , love and strife, suffering and coping; To bring together in his fictional discourse the Algerian “I” and the European one in a societal utilization of the story, in which the characters were the daughter of their societies. This was shown by the writer who simulated the reality with the tongue of his characters and their dialects, so the polyphony came close to the realism of the fictional event.
Accordingly; This research opens the door to a mixture study of a modern novel, in which there are many voices and linguistic styles, to bring it out with a new narrative vision. From it with different linguistic concepts acquired from its world and society, to be in front of an explanation of the concepts of hybridization and stylization used in "Balconies of the North Sea", to analyze the vision of the multiple sound system as well as the stylistic structures of each voice within the novel, relying on the narrative approach and the stylistic approach, to be guided to achieve the goals and objectives of the study.
It remains for us to say that in our research experiment, this is a new adventure in the depths of a stylistic environment whose mainstay is the writer's language in the first place, and how to employ different voices in constructing the novel "Balconies of the North Sea".

The research aims to clarify the methods of modern scholars in dealing with the sources of lexical material, preferring some methods over others, and providing appropriate solutions for dealing with the sources in future dictionaries, This is done through a equivalent study of newly authored dictionaries: the dictionary of the body of the language, the intermediate dictionary, and the basic dictionary, because of their collective effort, and they were issued by linguistic academies representing the east, middle, and west of the Arab world.

Our study of the significance of parallelism in Abu Al-Atahiya’s poetry revolves around his poetic language in terms of sounds, morphological forms, and grammatical structures. We have discussed the parallelism of these issues in his poetry to know the music generated from sounds, forms, and structures, as well as the connotations that emerge from them, as the function of parallelism is not limited to the aspect Aestheticism, or musical rhythm only, but it goes beyond meaning, and the connotations that come out of it.
The poets of the first Abbasid era mastered the use of language in constructing their poems. Their language was easy, in terms of sounds, formulas, and structures, as they took care to choose expressions perfectly, so that they would serve the desired purpose, which gave their texts a musical dimension, as a result of their extreme care in repeating linguistic phenomena and their striking parallelism. This repetition added coherence to the artistic structure of the poem and gave it high musicality, in addition to the connotations it conveys.

This research deals with the grammatical objections which are made by shaaban Al –Athari(d828A.H.) in his book (AI –Hedaya fe sharh AI –kefaya) to Ben malik al –Andulusi (D. 672A.H.) And it qims to inguirty to these objections and to try to become cIear The dia IecticaI reIatiouship between AIfyat Bin maIik which mtan Iong poen(of one Thousand vevses)in AI –khuIasa and AI –feyat AI – Athari in kefayat Al – Ghulam. And this study attempts to find out about these objections and to critic them .And this vesearch had reviewed these objections by vevising the different books of Bin maIik by giving priority over AI-AIfeiya.

This study was conducted to shed light on the impact of climatic changes to which Basra Governorate was exposed and some of the factors influencing biodiversity, especially wild animal diversity in the west of Basra Governorate. By man through the increasing destruction of the environment through the release of environmental pollutants, especially greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides and other gases as a result of industrial activities and means of transportation and the increasing burning of waste and others, or from the natural environmental pressures that are originally the result of human activities.
The problem of the study was to search for an answer to the following question: What is the impact of climate changes and biological interactions on the change of wild biodiversity? And I assumed that the climatic changes that afflicted the whole world and Iraq in general and the study area in particular had a significant impact on the change of wild biodiversity in the western side of Basra Governorate.
The aim of the study is to identify the reality of wild biodiversity, one of the most important things that specialists should delve into in order to reach results that may benefit the competent authorities.
The study concluded that there is a clear effect of the climate change witnessed in the study area, as the climatic characteristics such as temperatures (maximum and minimum) and wind speed recorded an upward trend during the period from (1976-2020), while there was a trend towards a decrease in relative humidity and precipitation. precipitation for the aforementioned period, while the biological interactions (such as competition and predation) as well as overgrazing, increasing population numbers and investing natural resources in the study area had a prominent role in affecting wild animal biodiversity through the extinction of some types of biodiversity with the threat of extinction of some other species due to change The environmental status of biodiversity. The study recorded the extinction of ten species and the threat of about fifteen other species at risk of extinction.

The present study deals with the different Intonation techniques that are used by Iraqi EFL teachers to the University level .The aim of this study is to investigate how these techniques are used in teaching intonation to EFL Learners at Iraqi the Iraqi Universities. In this study,it is hypothesized that : First, Iraqi teachers of English pronunciation are aware of all the techniques of teaching intonation and they use them in their pronunciation classes: Second, Iraqi teachers of English pronunciation are unaware of the techniques of teaching intonation and they do not use them: Third, some techniques are more frequently used by all teachers; and fourth, teachers' experience has an impact on the use of intonation teaching techniques. Two methods were used for data collection: a questionnaire and an interview. The samples included 50 Iraqi English pronunciation teachers. The data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The British model of teaching intonation, particularly Tench's (2005) model, has been used which focuses on classifying the teaching techniques according to the form and function of intonation. It is found that many Iraqi English pronunciation teachers know the intonation teaching techniques, but others still need to. Some of the techniques are more common than others. In addition, using different techniques is affected by the variable of teacher's experience, so the teachers with long experience use more techniques than those with less experience. The necessity for teaching intonation at the universities using modern methods and techniques is among many other recommendations and suggestions that this study ends up with.