Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics

In this paper, we define a new notion namely essentially retractable module relative to a submodule also, a new generalizations of compressible modules relative to a submodule are introduced where a module is called compressible module relative to a submodule of if for all non-zero submodule of such that contains , there exists a monomorphism . Some basic properties are studied and many relationships between these classes and other related concepts are presented and studied. Also, we introduce another generalization of retractable module which is called small kernel retractable module.

A scale drawing is a significant tool in many fields such as geography, mathematics, and astronomy research as it has a variety of applications, including Google maps. We present a new way to benefit from the scale drawing in soccer image. When the distance of the camera is uncertain, the scale drawing can be used to determine the relationship between the ball and players to estimate the ball size and to determine the zoom up and zoom in. The research findings indicated that the proposed work was succeeded to compute the scale drawing in two ways: line detector and length detector with approximate results to the desired results.

Modelling of software development effort estimation models have been a hot research topic over the last three decades. Numerous models were proposed in these decades to predict the effort. The key challenges for future software development is providing accurate software estimations. The failure to acknowledge the accuracy of effort estimation can cause inaccurate estimation, customer disappointment, and consequently poor software development or project failure. This research presents a new computational technique namely adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) for modeling the software effort estimation. The proposed model was developed utilizing COCOMO dataset. The mean magnitude relative-error (MMRE) and the coefficient of correlation (R) are applied as assessment indices. Results show that the accuracy of the proposed model is quite satisfactory in comparison to actual values. Moreover, a comparison study was conducted with other approach, and it was concluded that ANFIS produced better results in comparison with the APF, SLIM, and COCOMO methods. It is recommended that ANFIS to be used as a predictive model for software development effort estimation.

A swarm is a group of a single species in which the members interact with one another and with the
immediate environment without a principle for control or the emergence of a global intriguing behavior. Swarm-based
metaheuristics, including nature-inspired populace-based methods, have been developed to aid the creation of quick,
robust, and low-cost solutions for complex problems. Swarm intelligence was proposed as a computational modeling
of swarms and has been successfully applied to numerous optimization tasks since its introduction. A correlation
with the fundamental Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and PSO modifications demonstrates that hybrid swarm
optimization outperforms existing strategies. The downside of hybrid swarm optimization is that it frequently tends
to arrive at suboptimal solutions. As such, efforts are being made into combining HSO and other algorithms to arrive
at better quality solutions.