kufa Journal for Nursing sciences

Background: Oxygen therapy is considered the most common drug in the treatment of many life-threatening diseases such as respiratory failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and others. Particularly now, with the spread of the Coronavirus outbreak, it has become the main drug to save the patients' lives and care for them. As a result, the nurse should have more kills and experience to performing this procedure in the aim to maintain the patient's life safe and avoid complications associated with incorrect oxygen administration technique.
Objectives: To assess nurses' knowledge and practice regarding oxygen therapy in (critical care units), (emergency units), (oncology units) at Al-Haboby Teaching Hospital and Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital in Al-Nasiriya City.
Methodology: A descriptive research design was adopted to conduct this study during the period from (14 November 2020 to 20 March 2021).The study was purposive (non-probability) sample of (60) nurses who are working in (critical care units), (emergency units), (oncology units) at Al- Haboby Teaching Hospital and Al-Hussein Teaching Hospital in Al- Nasiriya City. A self-administered questionnaire was constructed by the researcher for the purpose of data collection regarding nurse's knowledge and practice about oxygen therapy. It consisted of three parts: Part I: Part one contains (12) item including demographic data, Part II: This part deals with nurse’s knowledge and consists of five domains, and Part III: Observational Checklist about nurse’s practice during oxygen administration, it contains (26) items. Study began after requested permission to use the tool. The validity of the study instrument (questionnaire) are determined by experts, who have more than five years’ experience in their fields to determine the clarity and adequacy of the questionnaire to achieve the study objectives. They are (8) faculty members from College of Nursing / University of Baghdad, (1) faculty members from College of Nursing /University of Karbala, (1) faculty member from College of Nursing /University of Thi-Qar, (2) specialized physician in Thoracic diseases and (2) Board anesthesia &intensive care. The questionnaire was finalized after the pilot study was used to test the instrument, the results of the reliability for the questionnaire were the reliability of knowledge was r=0.832 and the reliability of practice by (intra observation) was r=0.821 it considered within the acceptable range and the questionnaires had an adequate level of internal consistency and equivalence measurability. The data were analyzed by applying descriptive and inferential data by application of statistical package for social science program (SPSS) version 23.0.
Results: show that, the study sample was presented a low level of knowledge at all five domains related (general knowledge of oxygen therapy and recognizing hypoxemia, indications for acute oxygen therapy, oxygen prescription, and oxygen delivery practices). While in relation to practice, the sample presented low level of practice at both domains (before administering oxygen therapy and during administering oxygen therapy), while presented moderate level of practice at domain (nursing intervention after administering oxygen therapy).
Conclusion: The nurses ' knowledge and practices about oxygen therapy were inadequate.
Recommendations: Conduct training sessions to improve the performance of the nursing staff on the correct use of oxygen therapy. We recommend researchers to do extensive research in the future on the subject of oxygen therapy, including an educational program.

Background: Today, vital signs play an important role in medical wards, to determine children at risk of deterioration.
Objectives: The present study aimed to assess nurses' knowledge toward measuring vital signs for Children in medical wards at Ibn Al-Atheer Pediatric Teaching Hospital in Mosul City, and to figure out the relationship the relationship between nurses' knowledge and their demographic characteristics.
Methodology: A descriptive design was carried out from 1st March until 30th June 2021 on nurses at medical wards in Ibn Al-Atheer Pediatric Teaching Hospital in Mosul City. A purposive sample for this study selected (40) nurses. The instrument is composed of two parts: part one included (7) items which focus on the nurses' demographic characteristics such as (age, gender, marital status, educational level, years of service in nursing, years of service in emergency wards, number of training courses in vital signs). Part two: which is consist of (32) questions. The content validity of the instrument consists of a panel of (12) experts. The dependability coefficient for knowledge is (0.83). Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and significant at p-value ≤ 0.05 by using SPSS version (24).
Results: Most nurses were in the age group between (20-29) years with (50 %). According to the gender, more than half of the study sample was female (52.5%), and having a secondary nursing school certificate was (57.5%). The years of service in medical wards are (1-9 years) were (77.5%), the nurses' knowledge which is moderate knowledge (52.5%), and find a significant relationship with the nurses' participation in a vital signs training course.
Conclusion: The study Results revealed that the most nurses has moderate knowledge and a lower percentage of good knowledge. Also, a significant relationship between nurses' knowledge and the nurses' participation in training courses of vital signs.
Recommendations: The study recommended organize the workshops for nurses who service in the medical wards, and training programs, and appropriate equipment for measuring vital signs in children available on medical wards.

Background: The infectious disease caused by the novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is highly contagious and causes the death of millions of people globally. Preventive measures related to Covid-19 are the firm foundation in fighting the infection. Nurses in the frontline of healthcare systems are at the greatest risk of exposure to Covid-19 therefore, they need high preparedness for success in struggles against it.
Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the level of nurses' knowledge and attitudes about infection prevention and control concerning Covid-19 in emergency units of government hospitals in Baghdad city / Iraq.
Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive study based on survey design is conducted through the period of November 2th 2020 to March 10th 2021 to evaluate nurses' knowledge and attitudes about the prevention of the Covid-19 at emergency units in government hospitals in the city of Baghdad / Iraq. The study sample was purposive (non-probability) sample (Eight hundred and seventeen) nurses, By the Self-administered questionnaire (SAQs) method; data of the study were collected. The survey was included all three major governmental health institutions hospitals (AlRusafa, Alkarkh, and Medical city) in Baghdad city / Iraq.
Results: The results demonstrated the significant relationship between nurses' knowledge level and variables of age group, experience in work, sites of Hospitals and female gender. Also, the study indicated that insufficient knowledge of the participants and a high positive level of their attitudes regarding the prevention of Covid-19 in emergency units in the city of Baghdad. However, the overall assessment of the knowledge and attitudes of the nurses was high when it was computed together.
Conclusion: The nurses at emergency units (front lines) haven't sufficient knowledge about Covid-19 and its prevention, which affects their preparations in the fight against the epidemic.
Recommendations: The study recommends that nurses develop their knowledge and continue to improve positive attitudes about infection prevention and control towards Covid-19.

Background: Knowing the indications for a cesarean section will help to have a better understanding of this common obstetrical procedure and prepare for the high level of care management that it entails.
Objectives: The goal of this study was to determine the factors that influence caesarean section indications among women who visited AL-Dewaniya Maternity and Pediatric Hospital, as well as the relationship between caesarean section women's indications and socio-demographic data.
Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study design is conducted for the period of December 26th 2020 to June 1st 2021 at Al Dewaniya Maternity and Pediatric Hospital. The validity of the questionnaire is determined through a panel of experts and reliability is achieved through a pilot study. By a purposive sample is selected among those who are undergo caesarean section, data was collected through the use questionnaire and interview techniques; and analyzed through the descriptive and inferential statistic.
Results: the mean age was 29±7.723, most of the patient were in the age 20-29 years old (n=217; 43.4%), about (n=149; 29.8%) not read and write, more than half of study participants are housewife (n=339; 67.8%), most of study participants are overweight (n=248; 49.6%). Failure of labor progress were predominated were most common indications for cesarean section, the Oligohydramnios were the most factors indicated for cesarean section, as well as, there were no-significant relationship between women demographic data and their indications for caesarean section at p-value >0.05.
Conclusion: failure of progress of labor was the most indication for cesarean section. Oligohydramnios was the most fetal factors indicated for cesarean section.
Recommendations: Avoiding unjustified cesarean section delivery should be encouraged and detailed medical justification for performing caesareans by doctors should be provided.

Background: Obesity and being overweight have become epidemics among adults in both developed and developing countries.
Objectives: The study aims to assess overweight and obese employees’ beliefs related to weight control behaviors.
Methodology: A descriptive study design was used to assess the employee’s beliefs related to weight control. The study was conducted between 1 / March / 2021 to 4 / October / 2021. The sample of the study consist of 80 employees whose Body Mass Index (25) or more. The instrument of the study is the Health Belief Model questionnaire for weight control behavior. The overall scale was measured on a 5-point Likert-type scale spread over the seven subscales to measure changes in HBM among employees toward body weight control. The data were collected by self-report questionnaire. Descriptive statistical methods were used to analyses data (Mean, Standard deviation, Frequency, percentage).
Results: The study showed that the majority of the participants in the study were aged between (30-39) years, (43.8%) and most of them were males (63.8%). The study finding indicated that the mean score of employees’ beliefs related to weight control behaviors was low (2.57) for all the subscales of health beliefs.
Conclusion: Researchers concluded that the overweight and obese employees’ beliefs related to weight control, in general, were low for all health belief model subscales.
Recommendations: The researchers recommended conducting studies aimed at reinforcing the beliefs of adults who suffer from obesity and overweight to reinforce their intentions towards weight control and to motivate them to change their unhealthy behaviors to healthy such as dietary behaviors and physical activity to reduce weight.

Background: Physiotherapy is considered to aid in the removal of inflammatory exudates, tracheobronchial secretions, and airway blockages, as well as the reduction of airway resistance, in order to promote breathing and gas exchange.
Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate effectiveness of educational program on improve nurses knowledge about using physiotherapy to remove sputum for children with pneumonia.
Methodology: A pre–experimental design used in the present study with application of a (pre-test/ post-test I, post-test II), approach for the study group (One group), the study was carried out from 10th January 2021 to 27th June 2021 on nurses working at children's hospitals in Babylon. By using non probability sampling (purposive sample), the data collection process uses the self-administrating technique in which the nurse fills the questionnaire form by themselves; and analyzed through the descriptive and inferential statistic.
Results: Results showed a highly significant differences at P<0.01 toward effect of program through raising knowledge grades of studied respondents at the post1 period, and that could be enable confirms importance and successfulness of applying a proposed program.
Conclusion: Educational program had a positive impact in the improvement of the nurses knowledge about using Physiotherapy for Children with Pneumonia, where the results of pre-test (42%), post-test 1 (80%), and post-test 2 (78%).
Recommendations: The educational lectures and courses should be regularly done and updated for nurses' knowledge about using Physiotherapy for Children with Pneumonia.

Background: Central Venous Catheters (CVCs) are flexible long catheter that inserted in central veins may placement in subclavian, internal jugular and femoral vein or veins in arm.
Objectives: to evaluate of knowledge for nursing staff concerning central venous catheter care in al-Nasiriyah cardiac center.
Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional design was carried out at AL-Nasiriyah Cardiac Center during the period from 26th September, 2020 to 1st June, 2021 on a total study sample (30 nurses) who are working in intensive care unit (ICU) and surgical wards in AL-Nasiriyah Cardiac Center.
Results: The results of this study showed that nurses' knowledge concerning central venous catheter care domain were low at mean score (0.26).
Conclusion: The knowledge of nurses about central venous catheter care was deficit.
Recommendations: The researchers recommended that all ICU and surgical ward nurses need to participate in education program on CVCs care and encourage them to participate in educational programs in order to improve their knowledge.

Background: Recently, the phenomenon of alcohol abuse has spread among school students, and this is a dangerous indicator that drew the attention of official authorities. It was important to conduct a scientific study to assess the extent of this unusual habit.
Objectives: This study aims to identify the prevalence of alcohol use among secondary school students.
Methodology: A descriptive study design using a convenience random sample of (N=423) students conducted for the periods from 27 / February / 2021 to 8 / April / 2021. This sample is distributed throughout AL-Diwaniya Teaching Directorate. Data were collected through the use of an online questionnaire; and analyzed through the descriptive and inferential statistical approach.
Results: Results show that only 11.65 of students drinking alcohol once time per month; 4% of them are drinking more than 6 serving at a time for 2-4 times per month.
Conclusion: Findings indicate that alcohol use is low prevalent among secondary school students.
Recommendations: The Ministry of Health should prioritize the alcohol use in public health by educating the parents and adolescents the health hazards of alcohol use through health programs and social media.

Background: Teachers are influencing not only the educational levels of students but also their normal growth and development, so their knowledge regarding this important aspect is crucial.
Objectives: To clarify the relationship between demographic data and secondary school teachers' knowledge about adolescent growth and development in the Directorate of Education in Ramadi.
Methodology: A descriptive study was conducted to clarify the relationship between demographic data and secondary school teachers' knowledge about adolescent growth and development in the Directorate of Education in Ramadi from 1 / October / 2020 to 31 / May / 2021 in secondary schools in Ramadi, Iraq. A sample of (60) teachers from the above mentioned schools was selected using the non-probability sampling method to collect an appropriate sample. The sample consisted of (30) teachers of the control group, and (30) teachers of the case group, and a self-report questionnaire was used for collecting the required data.
Results: Indicate that there is no relationship between demographic data and the knowledge of secondary school teachers.
Conclusion: The study concluded that there were no statistically significant differences between teachers' demographic data and their knowledge of adolescent growth and development.
Recommendations: The study also recommended the necessity of intensifying educational programs in this field for the benefit of secondary schools, faculty members and students.

Background: The health systems are not producing the desired output due to some factors such as insufficient skilled and experienced health personnel that lack motivation, lack of management skills, poor working and environment, and inadequate remuneration.
Objectives: The aim of study is to assess factors affecting of nursing work performance, and identify the relationship between some socio demographic characteristics of nurses, and the factors affecting of nursing work performance at Al-Hamdaniya general hospital in Mosul City.
Methodology: A study conducted by using a descriptive design to collect sample from nurses in Al-Hamdaniya general hospital. The study started from the 1st of November 2018 to the 10th of April 2019. The systematic random sample was (75) nurses. The validity of the questionnaire was established through a panel of (8) experts. The internal consistency for questionnaire was (r = 0.72).
Results: The study results show factors affecting of nursing work performance which include the increasing of workload were (49.3%), lack of communication between the nurse and the patient was (65.3%), effort and emotional fatigue (54.7%), the noise in the workplace (54.7%), and not give incentives and rewards (74.7%).
Conclusion: The study finding the most factors that affected of nurses' work such as workload and noise in the workplace, also, there relationship association between that the factors affecting of nurses and the socio-demographic characteristics. While shows no significant relationship between the factors affecting the working of nurses with age and tenure years.
Recommendations: The factor which causes the dissatisfaction among nurses with the working which advantage the hospital to helping nurses for continue their services. The manager uses new strategies at Al-Hamdaniya general hospital in Mosul City which leads to improving the nurses' performance circumstances

Background: First aid is the initial care of the ill or injured. The aims of first aid are to preserve and protect life, prevent further injury or deterioration of illness and help to promote recovery.
Objectives: The study aimed to identify the relationship between primary schools teachers’ knowledge at post-test and their demographic characteristics of gender, age, social status, level of education, and years of experience.
Methodology: The study used a quasi-experimental design to identify the relationship between primary schools teachers’ knowledge at post-test and their demographic characteristics at governmental primary schools in Al-Najaf City, Iraq, by using a convenient sample of 50 teachers that divided into two group (study and control), 25 teachers each group. Data were collected from ten from October 20th 2019 to Jun 9th 2021, and by using self by self-administered questionnaire.
Results: Results shows that a weak relationships are a proved between teachers\' knowledge with socio-demographic variables at P>0.05.
Conclusion: Our findings shows that there is no statistical significant between demographic data of group study sample and their knowledge at (post-test) educational program follow up p-value > 0.05.
Recommendations: The study recommended that there is a need to application of first aid education and training programs in all primary schools in the city of .In addition, to enhance teachers\' knowledge through the use of knowledge dissemination tools such as posters.

Background: Appetite refers to the innate drive to eat food, which declines with aging. This condition is called anorexia of aging. Reduced appetite can result in malnutrition, which is associated with a lower body mass index (BMI).
Objectives: To assess the differences between the anorexia of aging and selecting socio-demographic data among the elderly those residents in governmental geriatric care homes.
Methodology: A descriptive, cross-sectional design has been carried out in the governmental geriatric care homes in Iraq Middle Euphrates governorates. The period of the study started from (1 October 2020 to 27June 2021). A non- probability (purposive) sample was selected to obtain representative and accurate data for the (100) elderly individuals, living in geriatric care homes. Data were collected through both self-report and interviews approaches. Beside the Council of Nutrition Appetite Questionnaire (CNAQ), the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics sheets were included in the study tool and Statistical data analysis was performed using the IBM-Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) for Windows, version 24.
Results: The study included 100 participants, more than half (65.0 %) of the study sample were males and (35%) were female with mean age (72) years old. the study findings indicate there are differences between anorexia of aging and age, marital status, BMI and smoking history. on differences between anorexia of aging and educational level.
Conclusion: It has been concluded that older residents are at higher risk of anorexia associated with aging than the younger age, so they are more likely to suffer from malnutrition and unintentional weight loss.
Recommendations: The study recommended increasing interest and continuous follow-up to the nutritional status of the elderly, as well as the unmarried and smoker's elderly.

Background: Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs), also called randomized clinical trials, are regarded as the most reputable source of evidence that provides the best guide of the effectiveness of nursing interventions during the Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) period and, however, yet in the nursing literature, has not been evaluated the quality of reporting RCT. Practical and conceptual challenges to the EBP nursing movement have been. The limited available scientific evidence on the efficacy of many nursing practices is one of the serious concerns. EBP requests that study evidence from RCTs and other forms of intervention studies that are still limited in nursing be synthesized. On the other hand, comprehensive evaluations, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews that are performed in nursing are also that limited when compared to other disciplines, such as psychology and medicine.
Objectives: The study aimed at applying the declaration of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement to nursing and healthcare provider studies and adequacy of the published reports adhere to the statement and how the content of the published RCTs is being influenced by the adoption of CONSORT on the quality of reporting RCT.
Methodology: Analytical review of literature based on previous studies and reviews derived of international publishers such as (Scopus, PubMed, and Medline) databases concerning Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) Statement Guideline. The collection of data was conducted from 24 November 2020 to 10 February 2021. These studies were collected and filtered according to the specific criteria. Also, was used keywords such as CONSORT, nursing studies, evidence-based practice, evidence-based nursing practice, randomized controlled trial, as well as the articles by the National Library of Medicine, which provided valid and documented data of global research and epidemiology.
Conclusion: Evidence-based practice (EBP) is rooted in solid evidence that the assumption (science-based nursing) in patient care should be supported by sound evidence. It is important that nursing professionals use the CONSORT statement to review, publish, and utilize their reports of nursing clinical and gather the best evidence to support their clinical practice of use and their decision-making.
Recommendations: The authors should consult supervisors and biostatisticians experts early when formulating the study and analysis protocol to improve the quality of reporting the trials in nursing studies. Determine primary and secondary outcomes in advance, preferably in a published protocol. Use adequate checklists reporting, e.g., Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT), Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE).

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the gold standard treatment for gallstones. Because of the numerous advantages of open surgery, such as limited incisions, short hospital stay, no drainage tube and stomach tube use, fewer analgesic and fewer complications.
Objectives: This study aimed at assess nurses knowledge towards pre and post nursing interventions laparoscopic cholecystectomy; and determine the relationship between nurses knowledge and their socio-demographic data.
Methodology: A descriptive study was conducted for the periods of December 21th 2020 to June 1st 2021. The study is carried out at the AL-Imam AL-Hussein Teaching Hospital in AL- Nasiriya city. Non-probability purposive sample was selected of nurses who working at surgical wards. The sample consists of (50) nurses. The validity of questionnaire achieved through a panel of experts and reliability achieved through a pilot study. By used the questionnaire, data were collected and analyzed through the application of descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results: Findings demonstrated that the nurses were moderately knowledge related to gallbladder and laparoscopic cholecystectomy, interventions before and after the laparoscopic cholecystectomy at mean equal 1.43, 1.47, and 1.39 respectively. There were no-significant relationship between nurses knowledge and their demographic data at p-value >0.05.
Conclusion: Nurses who working at surgical wards were express unsatisfactory knowledge pre and post nursing interventions laparoscopic Cholecystectomy due to low level of education and lack of training.
Recommendations: The study recommended that special training session, concerning all nurses' surgical wards for postoperative nursing interventions (Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Patient) at inside or outside Iraq, and booklets should be designated and presented to all nurses' surgical wards, in addition to increasing the number of professional nurses' graduate of the colleges of nursing to the enrolled in surgical wards.

Background: Academic stress refers to any academic demands (e.g., environmental, social, or internal demands) that effect in student behavior. Learning and examination, performance competition, especially mastering much knowledge in a short time, would lead to different degrees of academic pressure. Although all planned courses have been affected by the COVID-19 epidemic, online learning still leaves college students with the same academic burden as usual.
Objectives: this research aimed to assess the academic stress among nursing students, and to assess the relationship between academic stress and Socio-demographic data among Nursing Students.
Methodology: this study conducted by using a quantitative descriptive design during the period of 10 / October / 2020 to 2 / July / 2021, The sampling method was applied in this study using a non-probability purposive method, and 237 undergraduate nursing students were selected of nursing colleges at three Iraqi universities. A two parts questionnaire was used to fulfill the study objectives. The first part includes student’s socio-demographic information, and the second part contains the Academic Stress Inventory Scale to assess the academic stress level.
Results: The result indicated that about (70%) of students experienced a moderate level of academic stress whereas; about (25.3%) had severe academic stress and also about (4.6%) had low academic stress.
Conclusion: Because academic stress and nursing students were significantly correlated in this study, academic stress is a critical issue that requires close attention to minimize the expected impact on student academic performance.
Recommendations: it is important to raise awareness of faculty members about the alarming level of stress among students to help them find new ways of supporting their students.

Background: Knowledge of self-care is an important index for evaluating the outcomes of treatment and the long-term survival of patients with cancer.
Objectives: This study aimed to assess patients’ knowledge of self-care after Gastrectomy; and determine the relationship between patient’s knowledge and their socio-demographic data.
Methodology: A descriptive study is conducted for the periods of 26 / December / 2020 to 1 / June / 2021. The study is carried out at the Oncology Unit of AL-Haboby Teaching Hospital. By non-probability purposive sample was selected of patients who were diagnosed with undergoing chemotherapy. The validity of the questionnaire was achieved through a panel of experts, and reliability achieved through a pilot study. Through the use of questionnaires and interviews, data were collected and analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results: Findings indicate that (32.5%) of the patients within the age group of (56-60) years with a mean of (73.8) years, (65.0%) were males, (60.0%) primary school educated, (87.5%) were married, mostly housewife and insufficient monthly income. Shows that study sample information was presented low level about general information about stomach cancer and gastrectomy, general information of chemotherapy’ and self-care of side effects of chemotherapy. Findings showed there were the no-significant relationship between patient’s knowledge and their demographic data.
Conclusion: Patients were poor express knowledge of self-care after gastrectomy and those not influenced by their socio-demographic data.
Recommendations: Establishing specialized centers to educate patients about self-care stomach cancer and disease-causing risk factors and the importance of early detection of cancer. As well as, a booklet of the side effects of chemotherapy and how to manage it should be written in simple words and use attractive pictures given to the patients and family.

Background: Sexual violence is widespread, affects women of all cultures globally, breeds in silence, and finds legitimacy through cultural norms. Proprietors are partners, husbands, family, and friends. It may be domestic violence (DV), sexual (SV), a serious violation of women’s rights as human beings. It is an important cause of physical, psychological and sexual reproductive health problems.
Objectives: the aim is assessing domestic sexual violence on women's reproductive health during the coronavirus pandemic.
Methodology: A descriptive analytical study was conducted on women exposed to physical domestic violence. Non Probabilistic Intentional sample of (150) of women exposed to violence by a member of her family through the questionnaire for the period of 26th Jun to 28th Feb, 2020. The information was collected by filling out the questionnaire, and the validity and reliability were determined through the exploratory study, and descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used in analyzing the data.
Results: The result of the study showed that the highest percentage (79.4%) of the study sample members ranged in was at age group (20 to 34) years, most of whom were housewives, three- quarters of the study sample had a low educational level, and half of the study sample had a low socioeconomic status, and that the number of births ranging (2-5) children and more.
Conclusion: The results indicated that two-thirds of the study sample suffers of impact sexual domestic violence on them during childbearing age.
Recommendations: The study recommends that women be screened for any type of domestic violence during childbearing age. Incorporating domestic violence topics into education curricula, using social media, the availability of health services, and supporting the strengthening of cooperation between social agencies, justice and the police through law enforcement and research to promote and protect women's rights.

Background: Nephrotic Syndrome (NS) is a kidney disorder that causes children body as well as adult. Nursing students need to develop their knowledge about caring for children with nephrotic through applying the comprehensive nursing syllabus in most nursing schools in order to promote their knowledge and skills to provide optimum nursing care for these children.
Objectives: Assess nursing students’ knowledge towards Caring for Children with Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome and to find out the relationship between nursing students’ knowledge and their demographic data (age, gender, and educational level).
Methodology: A descriptive study was conducted at University of Baghdad / Collage of Nursing. A purposive "non-probability" sample of (142) undergraduate nursing students (males and females) were selected in this study. A questionnaire was adapted of reviewing previous literatures and studies focused for the purpose of the study. The study instrument comprised of two parts, part one was demographic data. The second part assessed nursing students’ knowledge towards Caring for Children with Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome and contained of 27 items which were rated to three Likert scale and scored the follows: Yes (3), Not sure (2), and No (1). Data were collected through using of the questionnaire and the process of the self-administrative report via internet of the period 1st of November 2019 to 1st of January 2020. Data were analyzed through the application of the descriptive statistical data analysis approach (frequency, percentage, mean of scores) and inferential statistical data analysis approach (Pearson correlation coefficient and chi-square).
Results: The findings of the study indicated that nursing students have a fair level of knowledge towards caring for children with nephrotic syndrome, there was no significant association between nursing students’ knowledge and their age and gender, and there was a significant association between nursing students’ knowledge with their scholastic stage at p-value ≤ 0.05.
Conclusion: The study concluded that the level of nursing students' knowledge was acceptable towards caring for children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.
Recommendations: The study recommended that there is need to provide additional education programs are important to improve nursing students' knowledge towards caring for children with nephrotic syndrome.

Background: Diabetic foot patients are more likely to have mental disorders such as anxiety and depression, which can have a significant impact on emotional and psychological performance compared to diabetics who have not experienced foot complications.
Objectives: The study aims to assess the level of depression among diabetic foot patients at Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf Teaching Hospitals and to find out relationships between depression among diabetic foot patients and their demographic characteristics.
Methodology: a study conducted by a descriptive design cross-sectional, this study carried out for a period of 10th October, 2020 to 1st June, 2021. Anon-probability (accidental) sample including 120 patients who have a diabetic foot which was selected of Al-Sadder teaching hospital and Al-Furat teaching hospital in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf Governorate, the researcher is using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to assess the level of anxiety and depression.
Results: The result showed (36.6%) of the study participant have moderate depression. Contingency correlation analysis showed that depression is a significant correlation with the number of hospital admission, duration of current admission, and previous amputation, in addition, significantly correlated with age, economic status, having other chronic diseases.
Conclusion: The researcher concludes that the level of anxiety and depression among diabetic foot patients has moderate.
Recommendations: The study has recommended when dealing with diabetic foot patients, the health care workers devote their time to examining mental health. Also, predict the negative effects of social and psychological effects on mental and physical health.

Background: A patient has being diagnosed with cancer and undergoing treatment. A cancer diagnosis will have a significant impact on one's life. It can be difficult to balance cancer treatment and side effects with the demands of daily life. Stress associated with cancer and it is care, according to study, can display in a many of ways, including depressive symptoms.
Objectives: To evaluate depression level among adolescents undergoing chemotherapy treatment at Pediatric teaching hospitals in Baghdad City and find out the relationship between depression level among adolescents undergoing chemotherapy treatment and their demographic characteristics, such as age, gender, level of education, and duration of chemotherapy.
Methodology: A descriptive correlational study, using an assessment evaluation approach was conducted in the period 15 / December / 2020 to 15/ July / 2021, to assess evaluate the level of depression for adolescents undergoing chemotherapy at pediatric hospitals in Baghdad City. A self-report questionnaire is modified developed for the purpose of the study. A purposive "non- probability" sample, of (45) adolescents, is selected for the present study.
Results: Results of the study indicates that adolescents, who are middle age and males, develop depressive symptoms more than others after being treated with chemotherapy. Adolescents’ depression has highly significant relationship with their socio-demographic characteristics of relapse, complications, mothers’ occupation, gender, education, and monthly income, duration of treatment, age, fathers’ occupation, fathers’ education, mothers’ education and age at diagnosis.
Conclusion: Adolescents’ depression is affected by their socio-demographic characteristics of relapse, complications, mothers’ occupation, gender, education, and monthly income, duration of treatment, age, fathers’ occupation, fathers’ education, mothers’ education and age at diagnosis.
Recommendations: Well-designed and constructed education program can be presented to these adolescents and their parents for the purposes of increasing their awareness toward the disease and making them able to prevent complications and declines associated depression. Regular and periodic investigations should be carried out to monitor the adolescents’ health status.

Background: Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) develops after 20 week of pregnancy in women who originally had no blood pressure. The complication arising of PIH may possibly affect both the mother and her fetus.
Objectives: This study aims to assess the complications of pregnancy-induced hypertension; and to determine the relationship between complications of pregnancy inducing hypertension of pregnant women with their demographic characteristics.
Methodology: A descriptive study was done for assessing complications of pregnancy-induced hypertension for pregnant women. The study started in the period of September 26th, 2020 to May, 20th, 2021. A non-probability (Purposive) sample of 100 pregnant women were attending the Al Basra Maternity and Children Hospital in AL-Basra Governorate. A questionnaire consists of two part include demographic data and complications of pregnancy, which are include "complications diagnosed for the pregnant mother; and complications diagnosed on fetus which composed (17) complications". The reliability of the questionnaire was determined through a pilot study and the validity through a panel of experts. The data were collected by questionnaire and interview. The data were described statistically and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical analysis procedures.
Results: The results illustrated that there are low mean of score in all items of assessment related to complications of pregnancy inducing hypertension for pregnant women, a moderate level of mean of score for assessment concerning diagnosed complications on the fetus. The occupation, daily work and it nature were significantly relationship with their complications.
Conclusion: There was a significant relationship between complications of pregnancy inducing hypertension of pregnant women and their age, occupational status, nature of work, and daily working hours, also, most of the complications (Lack of fluids surrounding the fetus, preterm labor, pre-eclampsia, renal failure, Loss of consciousness) have a significant relationship of pregnancy-induced hypertension.
Recommendations: Adequate awareness regarding the reduction of pregnancy complications can also help to reduce the chances of malpractice as well as, manual booklet of complications of pregnancy and how to manage it should be write in simple words and use attractive pictures given to the women and family which indeed decreased pregnancy complications.

Background: Different psychological symptoms are the most common phenomenon’s that patients with depression and chronic diseases suffer.
Objectives: the study aims to assessment of depression symptoms among patients with lung cancer and their relations with demographic characteristics.
Methodology: Descriptive analysis design is used to assess the level of depression among patients with lung cancer and to find out the relationship between the level of depression and age, gender, educational level, occupation, residence, number of admission, marital status, and monthly income. The study period started in September 15th, 2020 to April 15th, 2021 at the Department of Oncology in Al- Diwaniya Teaching Hospital. total of (110) patients are selected of the oncology department in Al-Diwaniya Teaching Hospital. Ten patients were excluded of the study for the pilot study. So the total number of patients participating in the study was (100) patients. The depression Scale is consisting of 7 items self-rated questionnaire that involves two dimensions.
Results: The vast majority of the patients are males (73%), and (85%) are married couples, (48%) the participants are housewives and unemployed, (62%) of lung cancer patients are urban. Concerning the significant differences between depression with patients' age, the study showed that there is a highly significant difference in depression symptoms with regard to older age patients at p-value= 0.001 respectively.
Conclusion: Most lung cancer patients have severe levels of depression. Nearly two-thirds of the patients are older age, with low income, and urbanized.
Recommendations: Encourage further efforts to improve the psychological and emotional status of lung cancer patients; especially by nursing staff after taking chemotherapy treatment and increase the level of awareness for lung cancer patients and their families about the nature and stage of the disease and how to minimize their distress. Also, encourage organized coordination between the oncology center and the Department of Psychiatry in the hospital for giving the required treatment to reduce depression levels.

Background: High levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) are risk factors for patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Daily activities are very important for CAD patients due to their effect on improving heart functions, lipid profile, reduced risk factors, decreased incidence and the recurrence rate of CAD.
Objectives: To find out the effectiveness of daily living activities program on Total Cholesterol, LDL, and HDL of Patients with coronary artery disease. Methodology: A pre-experimental study design was implemented of the period 20th of December 2020 to the 4th of April 2021.The study was carried out in AL-Nasiriya Heart Center in AL-Nasiriya city on 40 coronary artery disease patients selected by using A non-probability (purposive) sampling method was used for selecting the study sample. The study instrument is composed of 4 parts. The first is demographic characteristics, the second part is the clinical history of patient and unhealthy behaviors, the third part is about investigation of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and levels of high-density lipoprotein, and the fourth part consists of two items related to patients’ responses regarding risk factors, importance of activity, healthy diet, and stress management.
Results: The study reveals that (50.0%) of the participants in the study sample at age group (56–66) years old, and (57.5%) of the participants in the study sample are females, (82.5%) of study sample is married and (85.0%) was urban resident, (35.0%) of the study sample was Graduated of middle school education, (52.5%) of study sample was housewives, and (52.0%) of them are in sufficient income, also (55.0%) of them have (7-9) persons in their family. The results indicate that there is significant statistically differences between pre and post-test for total cholesterol p value (0.044), high density lipoprotein p value (0.00), and low density lipoprotein p value (0.006). Also showed that the cholesterol normal category was (2.5%) changed to (12.5%); Borderline high category was (97.5%) decreased to (87.5%) at post-test, high density lipoprotein normal category was (00.0%) changed to (17.5%); borderline high category was (12.5%) changed to (37.5%); high category was (87.5%) changed to (45%) at post-test, low density lipoprotein normal category was (00.0%) increased to (17.5%); borderline high category was (100%) changed to (82.5).
Conclusion: The study concluded that the instructional program of daily living activities was effective in improving the levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) of the study sample after the program implementation.
Recommendations: Educating coronary patients on the effects of hyperlipidemia on the health of their coronary arteries, as well as encouraging them to participate in daily activities. Increase patient awareness by using Mass Media about the importance of exercise and a healthy lifestyle and its impact on the lipid profile to reduce the incidence and the recurrence rate of CHD.

Background: Ovarian cancer is responsible for higher mortality rate than any other cancer of the woman genital system.
Objectives: this study aims to find the risk aspects and symptoms of ovarian cancer in patients visiting Hiwa Oncology/Hematology hospital in Sulaimaniyah City.
Methodology: This study was a retrospective case-control study conducted in Hiwa Oncology / Hematology Hospital in Sulaimaniyah city, Northern Iraq, the period of the study was 1 / July / 2019 to 1 / march / 2020, based on the recorded database system of Hiwa Oncology / Hematology Hospital from 2013 - 2019, involving 100 diagnosed patients and 200 healthy women as control. Personal information such as age, education, economic status, cigarette smoking, height, weight, diet and eating habits, and used oral contraceptive pills were collected.
Results: The incidence of ovarian cancer in 2013 was 13 cases which increased to 83 cases in 2019. The highest percentage (30%) of patients' age range were 40- 49 years (p = 0.004). Most cases 60% had an insufficient economic state and 33 % of cases were illiterate women. Passive smoking appeared to be more prone to ovarian cancer: especially those with a smoking duration of > 5 years. Additionally, 68% of patients used oral contraceptive pills with a duration range of 1-5 years. Also, a highly significant correlation between diet and ovarian cancer was found in patients. The majority of the patients (76%) complained of abdominal pain and abdominal distension as the first presenting symptoms of ovarian cancer.
Conclusion: This study concluded that age, economic status, educational level, height, passive smoking, weight, diet, and oral contraceptive pill usage were directly accompanied by the possibility of ovarian cancer.
Recommendations: All women especially those after age of 40 years old, should pay attention to education and health awareness including symptoms and causes of ovarian cancer, especially attention to decrease weight and passive smoking and using a healthy diet through decrease consumption the sweets, dairy products, and animal fat and increase consumption of legumes, fish meat, vegetable and fruits.

Background: Professional autonomy is important for nurses to make wise decisions based on sound clinical judgment in the practice setting(s). This will be reflected not only on patient’s best interest, but also contribute positively in creating safe workplaces for nurses, by minimizing job stress, depression and burnout. Also, it may increase job satisfaction and retention of staff.
Objectives: To determine relationship between nursing autonomy and some selected professional characteristic in Iraq.
Methodology: A cross-sectional descriptive purposive study was conducted through the period of December 17th, 2020 to March 13th, 2021. The study sample type was purposive (non-probability), which was composed of (482) nurses who were working in critical care units, emergency and Medical-Surgical units.
Results: The study findings shows that majority of study participant's age group at a level (26-31 years) were (38.4%). (57.1%) were males. Furthermore, most of them (59.5%) were holding Bachelor's degree. The study findings shows a significant statistical association between years of experience in recent unit (p=0.003), developing professional experience (p=0.009), source of knowledge development (p=0.016) and participation in training sessions (p=0.021) and professional autonomy.
Conclusion: Findings of the study shows the association between professional characteristics and nursing autonomy. This reflects that the variable of professional autonomy in clinical decision-making is a concept with multiple faces, and its path cannot be determined by a single factor. Rather, it is a product of the interaction of multiple factors, including subjective, professional and institutional factors.
Recommendations: Strong united nursing groups and professional associations are also required to drive forward in self-government of nursing. Of equal importance, it is essential that the field of nursing work is fully described and clarified based on authenticated job description provided that it is activated with the guarantee of appropriate legal legislation. Provide training session and program in professional autonomy for nurses. Finally, further research must be performed in nursing autonomy due to lack of such studies especially in Iraq.

Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) ranked 4th leading cause of disability worldwide and is one of the most common mental health condition, it impacts mood, behavior as well as physical condition, and suicide behavior is common. Epidemiological studies indicated that MDD has numerous individual, family and social factors associated with its prevalence, and the socio demographic factors have consistently been identified as important factors in explaining the variability in prevalence.
Objectives: The study aims to assess the prevalence risk factors of socio-demographic and psychiatric history characteristics associated with major depressive disorder among outpatients in Sulaimani city.
Methodology: The study involves 329 outpatients with prior diagnosis with major depressive disorder were recruited of the psychiatric clinic in AliKamal consultation center in Sulaimani city via convenience sampling. A questionnaire constructed by the researcher was used to assess the socio-demographic and psychiatric history characteristics. The data collected through face to face interview method and the ethical considerations and preventive measures of covid-19 disease were implemented. The launches were on October 2021 until December, 2021. The SPSS-version 25 was useing for data analysis.
Results: The majority of the outpatients with MDD were females (190, %58) mostly married with low education level and insufficient economic status than males (p˂0.05) large proportion of females (160, 64%) had duration of illness 1-4 year compared to 36% (72) for males, in addition males had more than two number of hospitalization 100% (19) compare to 0% in females due to relapse episode. The suicide attempt was none risk factor associated with major depressive (p˃0.05).
Conclusion: This study highlights the risk indicators of socio-demographic and psychiatric history characteristics among outpatients with major depressive disorder that need more continuous interventions.
Recommendations: The study recommends that future further studies needed to investigate more risk factors among outpatients and planning strategies to minimize its effect on sufferers.

Background: Leukemia is a cancerous changes begin in a marrow cell and blood. It is divided into a cute type, acute leukemia which affects the cells that are not completely developed, and Chronic which is slowly progressed, There is an increasing rate in the risk factors regarding leukemia cases particularly in ages 65 to 69 years old and this represented (1 case per 100,000) while patients aging 70 and over constituting about (10 cases per 100,000). Knowledge of patients and believes regarding the risk factors may include chemical substances, radiation, exposure to benzene comes from cigarette smoke.
Objectives: The aim of the present study was to assess patient's knowledge and believes about the risk factors of leukemia, and to find out the relationships between some of socio demographic variables and patient's knowledge and believes regarding the risk factors.
Methodology: A descriptive design study was carried out to assess the knowledge and believes of patients with leukemia regarding the risk factors of this disease, the period of this study was Jan \ 2018 to June \ 2018, Convenient non probability sampling method was used, the sample consisted of (50) patients who admitted to Marjan Hospital. Questionnaire developed after comprehensive review of literatures related to this topic, it was completed during patient's interview. It consisted of 3 parts: the socio demographic data, Knowledge of patients and believes regarding the risks factors of Leukemia.
Results: Most of the patients age (40%) between (31-36) years old Male patients were more than female (60%). The majority of them (80%) were married. Half of them lived in urban area, in addition their level of education (52%) of them had primary school level, while (76%) of them had sufficient economic status. the result declared that most of patient believed that smoker is risk factor of leukemia. The majority of them did not believed that fear and anxiety, life events (fatigue and frustration), the poverty, contaminated food, stress, and the disease can't be cured. There were significant relationships between all the variables and patients believes and knowledge scores at P > 0.001.
Conclusion: Although it is impossible to prevent leukemia there are various risk factors which may cause this disease, and patients may have different knowledge and believes toward those factors. The current research findings declared that there were significant relationship between patients knowledge and believes with the their sociodemographic data.
Recommendations: Increase Patients awareness about risk factors of leukemia and how to minimize the exposure to them through the ministry of health effort.