Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development (JEASD)

This paper offers analysis and design of data protection and administration utilizing constructors or special member functions (SMF) and destructor or demolition function (DF) capacities that begin the objects of its class and manipulated the data using encapsulation or concealing data in object-oriented programming (OOP). In (OOP), the accentuation is on data rather than procedures. Class is a technique that ties the data and attributes jointly. SMF work is utilized to begin or initialize the occurrence of a class and DF work crushes the objects when they are no longer needed. Lastly, the paper exhibits Performance Evaluation and Simulation Results for depict how certain security constraints are taken SMF whose errand is to initialize the objects of its class.

This paper presents an optimal design of a modified Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller with nonlinear signum function for vibration control of a single-link flexible manipulator system. This manipulator is a Single Input Multi Output (SIMO) system with applied torque as the input signal, and the hub angle and tip deflection as the outputs. The dynamic model of the flexible link system is represented by finite element method. The Bacteria Foraging Optimization (BFO) algorithm is used to tune the parameters of the PID controller. A nonlinear signum function is added to improve the performance of this controller. Different types of inputs are tested with different payloads to illustrate the robustness of the control scheme. The scheme successfully reduces the effect of the vibration and minimize it to zero at the tip-end, even with payload variation.

Eight reinforced concrete rectangular beams were designed and tested to study the effect of using self-compacting concrete (SCC) and normal concrete (NC) on the flexural cracking behavior under two concentrated load. All beams have the same longitudinal and vertical steel ratio and gross section area of (15000) mm2. The tested beams were divided into two groups; the first group consists of four self-compacting concrete beams (SCC) while the second group consists of four normal strength concrete (NSC). Each group was divided into two series according to clear span to effective depth ratio (ln/d), each series includes of two compressive strength (f_c^' ). It was found that the beams which made from SCC was more stiffer as compared with the beam which made from NCC with same of the clear span to effective depth ratio, longitudinal steel ratio, vertical steel ratio and relative compressive strength. The first crack in the SCC beams about 26.95% from the ultimate load while the first crack in the NSC beams about 20% from the ultimate load, the ACI 318-08 equation is conservative as compared with the experimental study, the max crack width of SCC beams is lesser than the NC beams.

Planning for road is one of the important application of highway engineering. The planning depends on several parameters (geological, topographical, agricultural, parcels pieces and urban development). planning utilizes the geological map for giving depiction of the soil of case study. GIS technology is used for utilizing the digital map, visualizing and analyzing data. The cadastral map is then converted from clark 1880 geographical system to clark 1880 projected. The project system is converted to WGS84 by adding many different of coordinate system factors. The analyzed data is served to specify parcels pieces of suggested routes

Due to high mechanical properties like high strength, and light weight, fiber-reinforced/core have been commonly utilized in structural sandwich composites that are used in many diverse engineering areas like complex aircraft and automobile parts, wind turbine blades, cage systems also and so on. In this study, Vacuum assisted resin infusion molding (VARIM) was used to manufacture two types of synthetic sandwich composites by using 80 °C for duration of 8 hours. Stacking sequences of sandwich composites were [0º/90º/0º/PVC foam 10 mm /0º/90º/0º] and {0º/90º/PVC foam 5 mm /0º/0º/PVC foam 5mm /90º/0º}with constant thickness. The experimental investigation on two types of synthetic sandwich composites by using repeated impact for different impact energy from 5 to 20 J at room temperature was compared. Specimens prepared with dimension 100 mm square were subjected to low velocity impact (LVI). The results are are obtained show that the sandwich composites with multi core are stiffer than the normal sandwich composites.

This research is to study the possibility of using the peas husk, as biosorbent alternative low-cost to treat lead from wastewater because of its widespread and toxic application in the industrial products. Peas husk was obtained from waste plant peas on farms or food. Powdered peas husk was used to absorb lead ions from solutions simulation in batch experiments. The effects of contact time, initial metal concentration, dose and pH on the simultaneous adsorption of lead were studied. Experimental results concluded that better absorption efficiency was obtained within 30 minutes of connection time. Maximum removal of lead on the peas husk was achieved when pH is 4 which is about 96.9 %. Surface morphology was observed peas husk before and after application of adsorption process of solutions of lead under Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM).

Fatigue behavior of composite material of woven fiber glass with polyester resin was investigated in 5% HCl (Hydrochloric acid) and salt water has salinity about 3.5% (35 gram/liter) at room temperature. The specimens are immerged in HCl and salt water for different periods of 2, 3 and 4 days then the fatigue test was carried out. The results showed that the Acidic media (HCl) have signification effect on the fatigue life of composite material when it compared with salt water. On the other hand, the fatigue life of test material decreases when the specimens remain in the HCl and salt water to long period, also it can be notice that the strength reduced by about 20 %, 28 % and 50% for 2, 3 and 4 days respectively for the specimens immersed in (HCl). While the strength reduced by about 8%, 20% and 29% for 2, 3 and4 days respectively for the specimens immersed in salt water.

This study presents experimental investigation results on evaluation of rutting resistance characteristics of asphalt binder containing two types of Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS). In the present study, pure asphalt binder (40-50 PEN) typically used in the middle and southern regions in Iraq was obtained from two sources and blended with different amounts of SBS, 3, 6, 9%, based on the total weight of the asphalt binder. The Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) was used to evaluate the modifier asphalt binders at various temperatures, i.e., 25, 35, 50 and 60 °C. Good multiple linear relationships between log transformation of rheological properties and the amount of SBS asphalt modifier were obtained from this study. The SBS contents, temperatures and applied frequency are significant variables. It was found that the addition of SBS modifier generally increases the asphalt binder resistance against rutting. It was observed that an increase in SBS content causes an increase in G*/sinδ and enhanced the viscosity at high temperature by increasing the values of low and zero shear viscosity.

An electro-kinetic technique was usedin this study for removing of zinc from Iraqi contaminated soil was brought from area close to the Al-Doura refinery plant (silt loam soil). Many experiments were constructed with different electrode purging solutions of tap water at pHof 4.5, 5.5 and 6.5. Chemical anionic surfactant (SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate) for washing soil and as enhancing conditioner wasalso used.Used tea leaves (UTL) was used as a low cost adsorbent material to prevent reverse osmosis flow, which may affect the removal efficiency.The results showed that the removal efficiency increases with decreasing pH of the purging solution. It was noticed from the first three experiments (using purging solutions with pH of 4.5, 5.5 and 6.5), the best removal efficiency was at pH of 4.5 (64.37%). This because when the pH increases, the tendency for metal ions to become adsorbed onto the soil particles also increases.

The main objective of the current research is estimating of the structure performance of reactive powder concrete hemispherical domes and the effects of the changing of its thickness and steel fiber ratio on structural behavior. The current paper presents an experimental program included casting and testing up to failure for six domes. Four of them made fully of Reactive Powder Concrete, and two made of Ferrocement Concrete. All specimens have 800 mm diameter, 400 mm height, and they were reinforced with welded wire meshes. The variables in domes are the values of thickness which are (20 mm, 15 mm), steel fiber ratio (1%, 2%) and type of concrete (reactive powder, ferrocement). A single point load applied at the crown of dome until the failure is happened. The dome is sitting on four supports. In general, the ultimate strength capacity of the dome increases with the increase of thickness, steel fiber ratio and concrete strength.

This study is an experimental investigation of the effects of methanol addition to gasoline on the performance (brake power, brake specific fuel consumption), and emissions (carbon monoxide CO, hydrocarbons HC) of a spark ignition engine, engine vibration was also measured (Acceleration). The tests were carried out at constant throttle variable speed condition operating with standard and advanced spark timing (10˚ and 11˚ BTDC respectively) over the range of speed from 1500 to 2250 rpm and compression ratios CR=8 and 9 using various blends of methanol/gasoline 0% (M0), 5% (M5), 10% (M10), 15% (M15) and 20% (M20) methanol by volume. The experimental results showed that for standard spark timing, maximum power was obtained at M10 CR9 by increase of (18.29%) from M0. While for advanced spark timing, maximum power was obtained at M20 CR9 by an increase (18.27%) from M0. Advancing spark timing resulted in power increase by (13.4%) from standard spark timing. Optimum compression ratio for gasoline fuel was 8 while for methanol-gasoline blends was 9. Emissions of CO and HC were decreased significantly by using methanol as fuel additive and increasing methanol content in the fuel.

(RFID) is a technology used for identification or tracking of any objects. RFID system contains "tag and RFID reader" that performs the main operation of identifying things. a library system has been built using RFID components and using special programs. Microsoft access database was used to build the tables that needs to store the information of the books. The implementation of the system has been done in two main stages, the first one is a Hardware Device "RFID-RC522" and "Arduino card", and the second is the implementation of a specific read software program, a graphical User Interface (GUI) for the system has been built by using Visual Basic (VB).

An important feature in the design of passive and active filters networks is the method of the analysis employed. The purpose of this work is to synthesis two active low pass filters, the first is doubly terminated sixth order RLC passive ladder network and the second is multiple feedback network. The analyzing of the ladder network is achieved using graph-theoretic approach and the simulation is realized via MATLAB software tool version 8.1.0.604 (R2010a) using Butterworth values for a corner frequency of ωc=1 MHz. A confirmation of results is achieved by nodal analysis and numerical analysis using Newton-Raphson method, respectively. The synthesized complete circuit requires 14 operational amplifiers and uses voltage subtractors and non-inverting integrators as building blocks with capacitors and inductors values evaluated from choosing R=1 "kΩ" as an arbitrary value. For the second network, an RC passive circuit is used, the feedback and feedforward transfer function are obtained using the transformed T-network. The elements values of an active network are computed by considering a corner frequency of ωc=10 kHz.

This paper presents numerical, analytical and experimental studies of composite system for the Nano composite pipe. Woven roving and roving (fiber glass and carbon) composite pipes with (2%) Carbon Nano powder /epoxy composite and (50%) volume fraction have been tested. The experimental work included manufacturing pipe specimens by two techniques; first was filament winding technique using roving materials and second was vacuum bag technique which used woven roving materials. Also filament device was designed and manufactured. Manufacturing of composite pipes has been done as a conventional pipe for inner diameter of (100mm) and wall thickness of (4mm). In numerical work: the ANSYS package version (11) with element shell (63) was applied to investigate the effect of internal pressure on composite pipes. Test rig was designed and perform to study the effects of internal pressure and bending load on composite pipes, as well as the tensile test was done for the specimens. In analytical solution expression was achieved to define the effects of combined stresses on composite pipes.

This research aims to use a number of special techniques for segmentation medical images through algorithm fractal segmentation as a new technical in the field of digital images segmentation .This is an important aspect in the field treatment applications. External edges of the image can be portioning and identifying the homogenous areas using three criteria to evaluate the segmentation method in terms of accuracy quality and effiencey. Resulted images quality were better than the original through detecting the edges of images blurred and highlight the edges of images and using Approximate fractal and digital filter (DCT). Way calculated by comparing the performance of the candidate fractal with effects such as an influential Laplace.The results shared a similar performance with low -noise image. Meanwhile, they were better using stimuli fractal with high-noise image. The investigation was made in MATLAB.