Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science

Background: The dynamics of fractional oscillators are
generally described by fractional differential equations, which include the fractional
derivative of the Caputo or Riemann-Liouville type. These equations
induce classical oscillator equations like the harmonic oscillator equation, to
include fractional order derivatives. Solving fractional differential equations
numerically can be challenging due to the non-local nature of fractional derivatives.
Objective: In this paper, a recently developed integral Rohit transform is
utilized for solving systems of undamped and damped fractional oscillators characterized
by differential equations of fractional or non-integral order involving
the Caputo-fractional derivative operator. The solutions of fractional systems
which include undamped-simple fractional oscillators, undamped-driven fractional
oscillators, damped-driven fractional oscillators, and damped-fractional
oscillators are obtained. Methods: by applying the integral Rohit transform,
also written as RT. Differential equations of fractional or non-integral order
are generally solved by utilizing methods which include the fractional variational
iteration approach, the homotopy-perturbation method, the equivalent
linearized method, the Adomian decomposition method, etc. Results: This
paper demonstrates the effectiveness, reliability, and efficiency of the integral
Rohit transform in solving fractional systems, which include undamped-simple
fractional oscillators, undamped-driven fractional oscillators, damped-driven
fractional oscillators, and damped-fractional oscillators and are characterized
by differential equations of fractional or non-integral order involving the
Caputo-fractional derivative operator. Conclusions: The Rohit transform
brought the progressive principles or methodologies that offer new insights or
views on the problems examined in the paper, distinguishing itself from existing
methods and doubtlessly beginning up new research instructions. It provided
precise results for the specific problems discussed in the paper, surpassing the
capabilities of other methods in terms of decision, constancy, or robustness to
noise and disturbances.

Background: Beta-thalassemia is the most prevalent genetic
hemoglobin apathy in the world. It is caused by a reduction or absence of
beta-globin chain production, which is typically a portion of adult hemoglobin
(HbA, which is α2β2). This genetic anomaly will lead to a rapid erythrocyte
turnover, severe anemia, and compensatory ineffective erythropoiesis.
The purpose of the current research is to reveal diagnostic, and predictive
biomarkers that can be performed to detect the decline in renal function in
β-thalassemia major patients with early stage renal impairment with high sensitivity
and specificity, ascertain changes in B2-microglobulin as a biomarker in
β-thalassemia patient. Objective: The samples were collected from Karama
Hospital-Genetic Hematology Center/Baghdad during the period from the 1st
of September 2022 until the 1st of January 2023. Methods: The patient
group consisted of 45 patients with β-thalassemia major with repeated blood
transfusion and the control group consisted of 45 individuals who seemed to
be healthy. Age ranged between (18-35) years (for patients and control). The
serum samples were used to measure biochemical parameters, S.Creatinine,
blood urea, and Urine B2-microglobulin were measured from urine samples.
B2-microglobulin level in Urine was estimated by Sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA) technique, while serum Blood Urea and Serum
Creatinine concentration were calculated by Colorimetric Kit by Spectrophotometer
method, and Ferritin level in blood was estimated by BioMrieux Mini
Vidas. Results: The statistical examination was carried out using SPSS
software. B2-microglobulin biomarkers in the thalassemia Patient group were
significantly higher than those in the control group (p<0.001). While serum
ferritin, B.Urea and S.Cr increased in patient groups compared to the control
group (p<0. 005). Conclusions: All parameters included in this study are
significantly higher in β-thalassemia patients than in healthy subjects. Renal
hemosiderosis and asymptomatic renal dysfunction are prevalent among
β-thalassemia major patients with repeated blood transfusions, which are not
found in routine renal investigations.

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), is a disease that
happened because autoimmune and inflammatory effects, it is mean that the
human immune system offence healthy cells in the body mistakenly, resulting
in inflammation (swelling) in the impacted portions of the body. Osteoarthritis
(OA) is treated as the most famous form of joint arthritis. Objective: It is
a slowly developed, disabling joint problem that decrease quality of life (QOL)
and affects 14% of adults ages 25 and older and nearly 34% of those ages
65 and older. Interleukin elevation levels have been linked to autoimmune
and degenerative diseases, thus in the current study. Methods: We tried to
evaluate the level of interleukins (IL-35 and IL-38) in the two diseases and
found the relationship between immune system response and disease severity.
Three groups (RA, OA and control) have been used in the study. Results:
The comparison between the three groups has been done and the results show a
high significant increase in the level of IL-35 and IL-38 in both patients groups
(RA and OA) as compared with control (p<0.001). Furthermore, a highly
significant (p<0.001) elevated Na level with a significant (p<0.001) decrease
in K and Ca levels was found in the RA and OA patients compared with the
control. Conclusions: The study shows that the rise in the levels of IL-35
and IL-38 declares the instinctive role of interleukins and the immune system
in the regulation and severity of RA and OA diseases, the role of this parameter
may be clear in the controlling and monitoring the progression of diseases.

Background: Theassociationbetween polycystic ovary syn
drome (PCOS) and oxidative stress in women, the possible causes of PCOS,
insulin resistance (IR), obesity, and oxidative stress. Oxidants are chemical
elements that tend to gain electrons, losing positive charge. The Oxidative
Stress (OS) is defined as an imbalance between the formation and synthesis
of free radicals and the antioxidant defense system, which results in oxida
tive damage. Objective: The purpose of this research is to investigate the
effect of nano-melatonin on oxidative stress in the sera of patients with poly
cystic syndrome. Methods: The study includes 120 Iraqi women, divided
into two groups: 60 PCOS patients and 60 healthy control patients. Sample
Analysis Biochemistry analyses the hormonal profile and determines the hor
monal levels (LH, FSH, Testosterone, and Prolactin) that were identified for
all controls and patients. Hormones analysis was performed using the enzyme
linked fluorescent assay (ELFA) technique. Synthesized ML nanoparticles by
ultrasonic sonication. Results: The results indicate that the mean of serum
LH significantly increased (P<0.02) in PCOS BMI ≥ 25 patients G1 (6.19±
3.13) mIU/mL compared with controls C1 (4.504±1.591) mIU/mL, while a
nonsignificant difference (P>0.05) when compared the BMI<25 kg/m2 for G2
(5.55±1.93) with control group C2 (6.31±2.58) of luteinizing hormone in G1
and G2. Conclusions: An increased ratio of LH to FSH was shown to be
characteristic of PCOS. For PCOS, high LH values are crucial. For the pur
pose of diagnosing PCOS, high LH values are crucial release of gonadotropin
hormones (LH, FSH) from the pituitary. To higher the production of androgen
in ovarian theca cells, The LH receptor is activated by the luteinizing hormone
(LH). The nano Mel was higher in the inhibition of Oxidative stress two causes
nano-melatonin high surface area and small size.

Background: Escherichia coli belongs to the Enterobacte
riaceae family and is found in the digestive systems of humans and various
animals as normal flora. Objective: This study aims to identify the optimal
conditions necessary for the synthesis of hemolysin by E. coli isolated from a
variety of clinical contexts. Methods: A total of 120 specimens were collected
from different clinical sources in Baghdad Hospitals. Screening for hemolysin
production was done by plate and Spectrophotometric methods. Furthermore,
many conditions for producing hemolysin from clinical E. coli isolates were in
vestigated including temperature, pH, incubation time, inoculum size, culture
medium, and aeration. Results: Six isolates of E. coli exhibited hemolysin
production. Optimal conditions for hemolysin production were determined:
the temperature was 37 °C with an optical density of 0.931, the pH was 7
with an optical density of 0.976, the incubation period was 24 hours with an
optical density of 0.885, 1% inoculum resulting in an optical density of 0.558,
brain heart infusion as the best medium with an optical density of 1.697, and a
shaker method showing superior results (optical density of 1.235) compared to
static aeration (optical density of 0.988). Conclusions: This study identified
the optimal conditions necessary for the synthesis of hemolysin by E. coli. By
understanding these optimal conditions, researchers may be better equipped to
develop strategies for managing and controlling the spread of these pathogenic
bacteria.

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram negative
apportunistic pathogen that has ability to couse different type of infections and
charecterised by their high resistance to commonly used antibiotics via different
stratiges. Objective: The objective of this study is to detect the prevalence
rate of MβL gene among MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods: Forty
clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were obtained from different hosptials
in Baghdad/Iraq. Their identification was confirmed by using 16s rDNA
as a housekeeping gene (reference gene). Specific primers were used to detect 3
types of Metallo β-lactamase (MβL) genes vim, spm1, and imp1 genes followed
by sequencing the amplified fragment which was analyzed by Geneious software.
Antibiotic sensitivity test for 15 antimicrobial agents was done using the Kirby-
Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: The revealed resistance pattern was
as following: 100% for the combination of Trimethoprim/Sulphamethoxazole
and Nitrofurantoin, 95% for Tigecycline, 82.5% for Ciprofloxacin, 67.5% for
Cefepime, 60% for Levofloxacin, 57.5% for Carbenicillin, 55% for Piperacillin,
50% for Amikacin, 47.5% for Tobramycin, 45% for both Imipenem and Ceftazidime,
27.5% for piperacillin/tazobactam, 22.5% for Aztreonam and 7.5%
for Colistin. More than half (55%) of isolates were positive for MβL enzymes
production during phenotypically assessed by combined disc test. The MIC of
meropenem ranged from 16μg/ml to 32 μg/ml. The percentage of MβL genes
among the total isolates during conventional PCR was as follows: 95% for
vim, 25% of the isolates harbored both vim and imp1, while spm 1 are negative
in all isolates. The result of the study explained that 10 isolates from
the antibiotic susceptibility test were resistant to 10-14 antimicrobial agents
that harbored both vim and imp1 genes. Conclusions: MβL gene could be
used as a genetic marker to determine the degree of resistance in MDR P.
aeruginosa which are more resistant than other isolates that have one gene of
MβL responsible for break the β-lactam ring then inactivating the β-lactam
antibiotic.

Background: Copper, an important trace element for life
on Earth, is crucial to many metabolic processes. This includes its role in
the production and breakdown of nucleic acids and the metabolism of proteins,
lipids, and carbohydrates. Objective: We aim to integrate DLLME with a
spectrophotometric method to establish a novel approach for quantifying trace
amounts of copper in water samples. Methods: In this study, a new ligand
known as a 2-(4 aminophenol) benzimidazole azo derivative was successfully
synthesized. This ligand was created by converting 2-(4-aminophenyl) benzimidazole
into a diazonium salt and coupling it with 8-hydroxyquinoline in an
alkaline environment. The resulting product was a brown azo dye, which served
as the ligand for detecting copper (II) in aqueous samples. Results: To analyze
copper (II) in both pure and aqueous samples, we developed and validated
micro-extraction techniques combined with UV-Vis measurement. Specifically,
we used the DLLME (dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction) method to separate,
enrich, and assess copper (II) in both its pure form and in aqueous samples.
UV-Vis spectroscopy at a wavelength of 503 nm was used for this purpose.
We considered several variables during the experiment, including the type and
volume of the dispersive solvent, the extraction solvents, the temperature, the
reaction duration, and the centrifuging time. By optimizing these conditions,
we achieved linear procedures within the concentration range of (1.0–25.0) and
(2.0–25.0) ￿g/mL for spectroscopy and DLLME methods respectively. For the
spectroscopic and DLLME approaches, the coefficient of determination (R2)
was found to be 0.9963 and 0.9979 for the spectrophotometric and DLLME
methods respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) for copper (II) was found
to be 0.23 and 0.04 μg/mL respectively. Moreover, the recovery of the target
analyte in aqueous samples was found to be between 95.6% and 101% for the
spectroscopy method and between 102.4% and 108.2% for the DLLME method.
Conclusions: These results demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of
both methods in analyzing copper (II) in aqueous samples

Background: The bad administration of antibiotics represents
a worldwide health issue as it leads to the emergence of multidrugresistant
microbes including Staphylococcus aureus, which represents a significant
challenge for public health since it increases its ability to cause potentially
fatal infections. Objective: This study aims to reduce the bacterium’s ability
to form biofilms and antibiotic resistance. Methods: Thirty Staphylococcus
aureus isolates were isolated from different clinical samples in Baghdad city
and their ability to form biofilm was tested using the Microtiter Plate method.
Out of 30 isolates, eight strong biofilm producer isolates were further investigated
for their antimicrobial activity and biofilm formation with the impact of
quercetin. Results: The results showed the ability of quercetin to inhibit bacteria
and had an antibiofilm activity that was determined through investigation
of the minimal inhibitory concentration by taking different concentrations. The
anti-biofilm activity of quercetin was determined for the eight isolates and the
results showed that biofilm formation was reduced by 100% using quercetin at
a concentration of 3.1 mg/ml. Conclusions: Quercetin represents a suitable
alternative to synthetic antimicrobials with the increased rate of drug-resistant
bacteria among clinical samples with highly effective ability as anti-biofilm formation
among strong biofilm producers of S. aureus..

Background: Arabic image captioning (AIC) is the automatic
generation of text descriptions in the Arabic language for images.
Applies a transfer learning approach in deep learning to enhance computer
vision and natural language processing. There are many datasets in English
reverse other languages. Instead of, the Arabs researchers unanimously agreed
that there is a lack of Arabic databases available in this field. Objective:
This paper presents the improvement and processing of the available Arabic
textual database using Google spreadsheets for translation and creation of AR.
Flicker8k2023 dataset is an extension of the Arabic Flicker8k dataset available,
it was uploaded to GitHub and made public for researches. Methods:
An efficient model proposed using deep learning techniques by including two
pre-training models (VGG16 and VGG19), to extract features from the images
and build (LSTM and GRU) models to process textual prediction sequence.
In addition to the effect of pre-processing the text in Arabic. Results: The
adopted model outperforms better compared to the previous study in BLEU-1
from 33 to 40. Conclusions: This paper concluded that the biggest problem
is the database available in the Arabic language. This paper has worked to
increase the size of the text database from 24,276 to 32,364 thousand captions,
where each image contains 4 captions.

Background: Copper tin oxide (Cu-SnO3) is a cheap and
easily accessible tunable that has a 2.5-5 eV bandgap. It is a desirable semiconductor
because of these components for a number of applications, including
transparent conducting oxides, transistors, solar cells and photocatalytic.
Objective: The aim of this research is to increase the rate of yellow dye removal
percentage efficiency by using Photo Irradiation Method that rate was
determined between (59 to 76) % by the simple chemical method. Methods:
Photo irradiation method used to synthesis Cu-SnO3 from precursor materials,
the solution is irradiated by photocell for 30min with cooling (5°C) then drop
sodium hydroxide (4 g in 100 ml) then washed, isolated by centrifugation for
20 minutes, grinding the dried powder and calcinated at (450 °C). Results:
The crystallite size and the crystal structure of Cu-SnO3 NPs are (43-8.2)
nm with a tetragonal structure. Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy
(FESEM) results displayed the formation of spherical and semispherical and an
average size of (35.97 - 74.43) nm. The optical energy gap value (Eg) is 5 eV.
It is clear from the disappearance of tartrazine’s yellow hue in an aqueous solution
that the combination was shaken at 298 K and 185 rpm. Conclusions:
Prove that the removal percentage process by a photo-irradiation method is
more effective than other used methods.