Tikrit Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of metformin alone or in combination with vitamin C and E on fasting serum glucose (FSG) concentration and lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patients. One hundred and three newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients participated in this study. They were divided into 3 groups according to treatment. The first group involved 32 patients were kept on metformin therapy alone. The second group involved 37 patients were kept on combination of metformin and vitamin C and vitamin E . Whereas the third group involved 34 patients were have no drug therapy but kept on diet restriction. The duration of treatment was for 2 months . Another group consisted of 35 healthy subjects participated in the study as a control group. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by Quetelet index (Weight/Height2). Fasting serum blood samples were used for measuring serum glucose concentrations and lipid profile using special commercial kits. Serum LDL-c concentration was calculated by Friedewald equation and atherogenic Index was calculated as TC /HDL-c . The results found that there were a significant elevation in weight, BMI, FSG, Tc ,TGS, LDL-c and AI and a significant reduction in HDL-c in type 2 diabetic patient before starting treatment as compared with control group. The results also found that metformin group showed a reduction only in weight, BMI, FSG and Tc whereas the combination group showed a highly significant reduction of all studied parameters and significant elevation of HDL-c. The diet group showed non significant changes in all of the studied parameters. This study has been concluded that the addition of Vitamin C and E to metformin therapy produce additional beneficial effects on weight, BMI ,FSG and lipid profile over metformin alone or diet therapy alone in type 2 diabetic patients

Enterolysin A, is a cell wall-degrading bacteriocin (metalloendopeptidase) secreted by some E faecalis strains which can kill a wide range of bacteria and on of virulence factors of this bacterium.The prevalence of enlA gene in E. faecalis isolated from clinical sources in our country is not studied. So the present study was performed to determine the prevalence of enlA gene in E. faecalis isolated from different types of infections and the distribution of this gene among these isolates according to infection site. The present study was conducted on Forty two clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis isolated in a previous study from patients attending Tikrit Teaching Hospital in Tikrit city, Iraq, with GIT , UTI ,vaginal, wound and burn infections which were re-identified according to microscopic, macroscopic and biochemical tests.Enterolysin A structural gene was determined in E. faecalis isolates by specific primer (EN1EF1:TTC TTC TTA TTC TGT CAA CGC AGC , ENIER1:GAC TGT GAA ATA CCT ATT TGC AAGC) using PCR technique.The results of PCR for enlA gene (the gene responsible for cell wall hydrolyzing activity) showed that (16.6%) of E. faecalis isolates possess this gene ,since gel electrophoresis results showed DNA bands with molecular size 960bp in comparison with DNA marker. According to the distribution of enlA gene of E.faecalis isolates in respect to isolates sources, the results showed that this gene was detected in 1(14.3%) of vaginal isolates, 1(10%) of urine isolates, 5(35.7%) of stool isolates, and no of wound and burn isolates were harbor this gene. No literatures concerning the distribution of enlA gene according to sources of infections were available for comparison. So from our results we can concluded that the distribution of this gene is low in clinical isolates of E. faecalis, while it is important in stool isolates for competition of this bacterium with intestinal normal flora and colonization.

A simple, reliable and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of trace amount of procaine hydrochloride in pure and in pharmaceutical preparations (injections) has been developed. The method is based on the oxidative coupling reaction of procaine hydrochloride with phenothiazine and in the presence of ferric nitrate to form a green-water-soluble dye, which is stable and has a maximum absorption at 610 nm. A graph of absorbance versus concentration shows that beer's law is obeyed over the concentration range of 50-2000 μg of procaine hydrochloride in a final volume of 25 ml or (2-80 μg.ml-1) with a molar absorpitivity of 5.51 x 103 L.mol-1.cm-1, a Sandell sensitivity of 4.28 x 10-2 μg.cm-2, a relative error was less than 1.98% and a relative standard deviation was better than 1.72% depending on the concentration. The optimum conditions for full color development are described and the proposed method was applied satisfactorily to pharmaceutical preparations containing procaine Hydrochloride using standard addition method

Aims: to assess the effects of valproate (VPA) on serum levels of testosterone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol ( E2) in adult male epileptic patients in comparison to healthy controls. Methods: This study was conducted from Oct. 2005 to Aug. 2006. Patients were received from specialist neurology Clinic. Out of 62 patients interviewed only 46 fulfilled the criteria of selection . Apparently healthy 50 subjects were also included in this study as a control group. Blood samples were taken from both patients and controls and assay of testosterone, prolactin ,FSH, LH and E2 were done using radioimmunoassay (RIA) technique. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using special equation. Results: There was a significantly higher testosterone levels in epileptic male patients on VPA therapy in comparison to healthy controls, with insignificant effect on the levels of prolactin, FSH, LH and E2. The duration of therapy and the dosage of VPA had no effect on the serum levels of the above measured parameters. Conclusion: VPA monotherapy might be associated with significant increase in serum testosterone level with insignificant effects on serum prolactin, FSH, LH and E2 in adult male epileptic patients and the duration of therapy and daily dose have no influence on such effect.

Background: Leptin, the product of the ob gene, is a hormone secreted by adipocytes. Animals with mutations in the ob gene are obese, leptin affects not only nutritional homeostasis but also reproductive events. A prospective study was done to investigate serum leptin ,estradiol and testosterone levels in 100 fertile healthy women with regular cycle aged(18-45) years with different weights and to see the influence of obesity on these parameters , the correlation of leptin with body mass index ,waist \hip ratio , estradiol and testosterone level was determined. Methods fasting blood samples were obtained for the measurement of all studied parameters. serum concentrations of leptin was measured using ( ELISA) , estradiol and testosterone concentrations measured by ( ELFA ) technique (enzyme linked fluorescent assay)by mividus, the body-mass index was defined as the weight in kilo-grams divided by the square of the height in meters. Results: according to the body mass index (BMI), the women were divided in to 3 groups: Group (1) normal weight(30 women) with BMI≤24.9 kg\m2 , group( 2) Overweight(30 women) with BMI=25-29.9 kg\m2 , group ( 3) obese (40 women) with BMI≥ 30 kg\m2. The mean value ±SD of the weight in normal weight group was (53±5)kg , of overweight group was(65.8 ± 4.7) and of obese group was(91.6±16) so there was a highly significant difference between the 3 groups (p-value=0.000) , the Mean ± SD of waist\hip ratio in normal, over weight and obese groups were (0.79 ± 0.06, 0.81 ± 0.03 and 0.84 ± 0.05) respectively and there was significant difference between the 3 groups(p-value=0.04), the leptin mean ± SD of normal ,overweight and obese groups were(12.4±6.7, 18.2±5.8 and 24.4±16.4) respectively, and p-value =0.000. Estradiol mean±SD of normal ,overweight and obese groups were (46.2±30.2 ,54.6±25 and79.9 ±52.7)respectively ,p-value =0.03,Testosterone mean±SD of normal, overweight and obese groups were (0.14±0.06, 0.16±0.07 and 0.2±0.09)respectively, p-value =0.00. Conclusions. Leptin correlate significantly with BMI, W\H ratio and estradiol level, the women with higher BMI(obese) has higher level of leptin, estradiol and testosterone so the leptin clearly appears to be linked to the reproductive system .

The study focused on comparing the biochemical data analysis of serum urea and creatinine levels. Two age groups were selected for the study, children (mean age 5.78 ± 2.50) age and adults (mean age 44,73 ± 14.19). The biochemical data analysis was conducted to compare the first group (27 childs with renal impairment against 31 normal controls) and the second group (44 adults with renal dysfunction compared with 32 normal controls). The results of the data analysis shows that serum urea seems to be a better index in children for renal function while serum creatinine gives a more sensitive indication of renal dysfunction in adults due to effect of diet and other factors on renal function in adults while the skeletal mass, affect the s. creatinine in children due to skeletal muscle mass, although this findings is not statistically significant.

Aims: To compare parameters in Iraqi subjects with Metabolic syndrome , without metabolic syndrome, and comparing the parameters between two groups of the patients with metabolic syndrome the first group without drug but the second group were using drug. Method: Study were carried on 60 Iraqi Subjects ,40 of them with metabolic syndrome ( 20 of the patient did not use any drugs while 20 of the patient used drugs and the rest were control group) . All Study subjects were taken from Balad hospital .The study measured age , Wc , DBP , SBP , FBG , TG , Cholesterol, HDL , LDL , VLDL , and UA. Results: There are high significant difference between control and study group regarding the following parameters age, Wc , DBP, SBP, FBG ,TG ,HDL, and UA where P values were less than (0.05) .but Cholesterol, LDL, VLDL were more than 0.05 no significant. Comparing treated group with not treated group, found that high significant for DBP , SBP ,FBG ,TG and VLDL with P value less than (0.05) but age , WC ,Cholesterol , HDL , LDL and UA with p value more than (0.05) no significant. Conclusions: In metabolic syndrome WC, blood pressure, FBG and TG were increased but HDL was decreased. All parameters decreased when used the drug in the metabolic syndrome. Except HDL increased after used the drug.

This study was conducted to investigate and evaluate the level of serum lipid profile in type II diabetic patients with different treatment by measuring the level of total cholesterol , triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, fasting plasma glucose and to compare them with the level of non –diabetic and normotensive volunteers selected as control (group 1). Methods: This study included (64) patients with type II diabetes ,and (12)healthy control subjects (group 1). Patients were divided into 4 groups according to their treatment :group 2 (n=12) diabetic patients on diet therapy only; group 3 (n=16) patients on combined treatment with insulin and metformine ,group 4 (n=18) patients on daonil only, group 5 (n=18) on insulin only. Blood samples were obtained from all diabetic patients and control subjects after over night fasting (14-16 hrs) and serum lipid profile, fasting plasma glucose were done for the patients and control. Weight, height & body mass index were calculated according to the equation weight in kg/(height)2 in meter. Result; The result revealed that serum total cholesterol, was significantly raised in diabetic subjects as compared to control. There was no significant difference in serum LDL cholesterol, and serum TG between group 1 and 3, also no significant difference in serum LDL cholesterol, between group 1 and 5. Conclusion: It was concluded that the efficacy of the administration of metformin and insulin simultaneously without negative effects. No changes in serum HDL-C. Thus ,early diagnosis and treatment of dyslipideamia can be used as a preventive measure for the development of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabete

Objective: to investigate the differences between the effects of metformin, glibenclamide, a combination of metformin plus glibenclamide and insulin on glycemic control and lipid profile. Subjects and methods: this study was conducted in Mosul-Iraq. A total of 136 type 2 diabetic patients were enrolled in this study. Thirty two, apparently healthy volunteers, were also included in the study as a control group. Blood sample were taken from the patients and controls and the serum were analysed for measurement of fasting serum glucose (FSG), HbA1c and lipid parameters. Results: the FSG of the metformin group (8.78±3.55 mmol/l) was significantly lower than that of glibenclamide and insulin groups (11.45±2.79 mmol/l), (13.16±6.18 mmol/l) respectively and there were non significant differences between the total cholesterol (TC) (4.49±0.93 mmol/l), high density lipoprotein (HDL-c) (1.3±0.48 mmol/l), low density lipoprotein (LDL-c) (2.43±0.95 mmol/l) and atherogenic index (AI) (3.72±0.93) of metformin group in comparison to that of the control group (4.69±0.39 mmol/l), (1.34±0.38 mmol/l),( 2.80±0.62 mmol/l) and (3.82±1.21) respectively. The levels of TC (4.49±0.93 mmol/l), LDL-c (2.43±0.95 mmol/l) and the value of AI (3.72±0.93) for the metformin group were significantly lower than that of other studied groups, while the HDL-c of the metformin group (1.3±0.48 mmol/l) was significantly higher than that of other studied groups. The level of triglyceride (TG) of metformin and metformin plus glibenclamide groups (1.68±0.81 mmol/l), (1.85±0.76 mmol/l) respectively was significantly lower than that of the glibenclamide group (2.85±1.01 mmol/l). Conclusion: this study concluded that antihyperglycemic therapy with metformin in type 2 diabetic patients may have uniquely beneficial metabolic effects in addition to their glucose lowering effect.

Background: There are many risk factors that accentuate wrinkling like age, sex, occupation and smoking. Clinically, there is some sort of relationship between facial wrinkling and skin malignancy in association with sun exposure. Objective: To test the assumption whether skin cancer has relation with skin wrinkling frequency and sunlight exposure or not?
Patients & Methods: A case-control study was conducted in Department of Dermatology and Venereology in Baghdad Teaching Hospital in the period from April 2011 through March 2012 on ( 57) patients with various skin tumors, and (79) respondents as a control group. Socio-demographic information, sunlight exposure duration measurement and full dermatological examination were done. Facial wrinkles were examined and measured according to wrinkle score in the group. Scores were simplified into: shallow (I, II), medium (III, IV) and deep wrinkles (V, VI). Results: The frequency of skin tumors were as follow; basal cell carcinoma (45.6%), squamous cell carcinoma (42.1%), and others (12.3%). Outdoor activity was more in patients with tumor, while about one third of control group only had outdoor activity (P<0.01). Shallow wrinkles are more frequent among indoor workers while there is no difference in frequency of medium and deep wrinkles among indoor and outdoor workers. Patients with superficial wrinkles more commonly affected with skin tumors than those with deep wrinkles. Conclusion: The present work had confirmed a negative association between the frequency of wrinkling score and skin tumors. Sunlight exposure had positive association with skin tumors, while outdoor activity may increase frequency of deeper skin wrinkling

Ramadan fasting is one of the 5 pillars of Islam and one of the most significant Ibadat (worships) of Islam. Throughout the world, millions of Muslims fast during Ramadan to fulfill this religious obligation. Aims: The aim of the study is to determine changes in the serum concentrations of gonadotropins, testosterone and prolactin hormones in infertile males after fasting of Ramadan and whether fasting improves fertility in the male. Participants and Methods: This is a case series study was conducted on 54 infertile male subjects aged (25-50 years) who fasted during Ramadan. Two blood samples were taken from each patient, one before and the other after fasting of Ramadan. Serum FSH, LH, prolactin and testosterone measurement was done by using Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELISA). Results: There was no significant difference in serum FSH, LH, prolactin hormones when we compared them before and after Ramadan fasting. Concerning serum testosterone hormone, there was a decrease in its level after fasting but not reach significance when compared with its level before fasting. Conclusion: Serum levels of FSH, LH, prolactin and testosterone were unchanged after fasting of Ramadan

This study involved fifty four bacterial isolates of different species collected from patients with urinary tract infection in TIkrit city during February-June 2008. Bacterial isolates were identified by using morphological and cultural characteristics and biochemical tests.Results showed that17(31.48%) bacterial isolates were gram negative and the rest were gram positive. The resistant bacterial isolates were examined for 17 antibiotics belonging to various group of antibiotics and also to 5 salts of heavy metals, in addition to the ability of utilize of different sugar as carbon source. These isolates revealed different patterns of resistance and utilizing ability of sugar. Another character of plasmid DNA in the bacterial isolates was investigated. Character of plasmid DNA in bacterial isolates was also included in this study where the transposition property for genes coding for antibiotics and heavy metals resistance and utilizing ability of sugar was detected using the incubation temperature 40 °C to 90 minutes as inducer factor for transposing genes jumping. in this concern results showed that in all isolates genes coding for all antibiotics except (Ciprofloxacin and Nitrofurantion), heavy metal (HgCl2) and sugar (Lactose).

Lisinopril is an antihypertensive drug that is primarily used in the treatment of hypertension, congestive heart failure, heart attacks and also in preventing renal and retinal complication of diabetes that acts by inhibiting angiotension converting enzyme (ACE). The present investigation deals with the formulation of lisinopril double layer tablet containing 100 mg fast release layer and 100 mg sustained release layer to be formulated using wet granulation method.
Twelve formulations are prepared for bilayered tablets; 6 formulas for fast release layer study (FF1 to FF6) and another 6 formulas for the sustained release layer study. Friability of all formulation was less than 1%, which indicates the tablets had good mechanical resistance. Drug content was found to be uniform in all formulas. The tablet thickness was found to be 5.12 to 5.31 mm. Acceptable weight variation and content uniformity. Hardness was low for fast release lisinopril layer formulas FF1 to FF6, while it was high for formulas used to study the sustained release layer (SF1 to SF6). On the other hand disintegration time was short for formulas containing super disintegrant as crospovidone 15, and 10 seconds, croscarmelose 27, and 24 seconds and sodium starch glycolate 24, and 19 seconds and the shortest time for disintegration was for crospovidone containing formulas (FF1, and FF4); 15, and 10 seconds respectively for fast release layer study with no disintegration for the formulas used to study the sustained release of lisinopril. At the same time the release study for formulas containing crospovidone was within 20 minutes, while formulas containing HPMC K100 was 12 hours release. To be concluded that double layer tablets were attempted to be prepared for controlled drug delivery. The first layer of lisinopril provides the initial drug release while the second layer provides sustained release of lisinopril for increase patient compliance and decrease frequency of dosing for more control of hyper tension.

Background: Appendicitis is associated with high rate of wrong diagnosis. Objective. To evaluate the predictive value of 5-HIAA in diagnosis of appendicitis. Patients & Methods: Spot urine samples were collected from 147 patients with appendicitis and 45 healthy control. 5-HIAA was detected in urine samples in all patients using ELISA method. Results: The mean 5-HIAA level was 4.5 umol/mmol creatinine in healthy individuals, 5.8 umol/mmol creatinine in wrongly diagnosed appendicitis, and 15.7 umol/mmol creatinine in patients with appendicitis. The difference between patients group with appendicitis and other 2 groups was statistically highly significant [P<0.001], However, the difference between the normal individuals group and wrongly diagnosed group was statistically non significant. The test had 81% sensitivity and 85 specificity. Conclusion: This study indicated that determination of 5-HIAA as non- invasive test was with predictive value in diagnosis of appendicitis. Thus reducing the malpractice in surgical operation in Iraqi community.

Background: Family planning assist in achieving the optimal growth and development of each member in the family and protect the women from the side effects of multiple pregnancies. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence, awareness and practice of contraceptives, and the determinants of contraceptive use among women attending Tikrit teaching hospital.
Subjects and Methods: a cross sectional hospital based study was conducted in Tikrit teaching hospital from February to May 2011. A total of 280 married women aged between 15-50years were participated in this study.
Results: The prevalence of family planning practice among them was 77.1%. Despite that all of women (100%) knew about contraception but only (80%) were in favor it. Favor and practice of contraception inversely related to educational level. Among users, the modern methods were the most common methods used by women (64.3%) while only (35.7%) used the natural traditional methods.
Conclusion: this study revealed high awareness about family planning methods, in the same time the prevalence of practicing it was high. Favor and practice of contraception were more pronounced in low educated and unemployed women

This study investigated the biochemical parameters of two parasites, Trichomonasvaginalis and Toxoplasma gondii among females attending the gynaecological out patients clinics in MaternityRizgaryHospital, several health centers and some private clinics in Erbil-Iraq, from 16th July 2007 till 15th July 2008, by using different diagnostic methods. In addition, a comparative study to evaluate the biochemical changes due to tichomoniasis and toxoplasmosis. The serum samples were examined for some biochemical parameters like cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoproteins-cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoproteins-cholesterol (LDL-C), total proteins, albumin, globulin, with some elements such as calcium, sodium, potassium, chloride, iron, copper and zinc. Infection with Trichomonasvaginalis had no significant effects on the studied biochemical parameters among non-pregnant women. Toxoplasma gondii causes a significant decrease in total protein level among non-pregnant women, while in pregnant women, reduced calcium level was observed.

A series of substituted chalcones (1-4) were synthesized and used to prepare some new membered heterocyclic compounds (Pyrimidinones)(5-12) by their condensation with urea and thiourea, and four membered heterocyclic compounds (Pyrazolines) (13-16) by their condensation with 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine also, four membered heterocyclic compounds (isoxazolines) (17-20) by their condensation with aminohydroxide hydrochloride.
All reactions were carried out under microwave irradiation (MW1) is described. The synthesized compounds are characterized by FTIR and C.H.N analysis. We also study the biological activity for prepared compounds against four types of bacteria & one type of the fungi

Introduction :Psoriasis is a chronic proliferative skin disorder with reported incidence of 1.5%-4.8% in different countries. Its etiology is still unknown, while genetic, metabolic and immunological mechanisms have been recommended as its causes. Literature suggests that lipid metabolism maybe play a significant a role in pathogenesis of psoriasis, and psoriatic patients manifest significant lipid abnormalities.
Patients and Methods: The study comprised 53 psoriatic patients and 50 age and sex matched healthy subject. For all patients, clinical assessment by using Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score was performed, and fasting blood sampling was collected to assess the lipid profile.
Results: Psoriatic patients, in comparison to healthy subjects, show a significant high serum level of total cholesterol (TCH) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and no significant differences in the serum level of triglyceride (TG), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL).
Conclusions: Psoriatic patients were associated with lipid abnormalities. Atorvastatin shows a promise role in treatment of psoriasis. Furthermore, Atorvastatin demonstrate a beneficial therapeutic role in psoriasis by its hypolipemic efficacy. Further studies were recommended to assess the therapeutic efficacy of lipid lowering drugs in treatment of psoriasis.