Journal of Techniques

In this paper the effect of stress concentration on fatigue resistance is studied for low carbon steel (0.16%C) carburized by gas method (V) notch with depth of (0.1, 0.3) mm was made in the basic and carburized metals, to investigae the effect of stress concentration. Fatigue test (rotating bending) was carried out on the specimens at constant stress amplitude and stress ratio (R= -1).
The results show that the increasing of carbon on the surface material up to (0.7%C) leads to improve fatigue strength. Also the notch on carburized specimens leads to a decrease in fatigue resistance.
The decrease in fatigue strength was found through calculating (Kf).

The aim of this research is to study the effect of organic silicon coating on the hydraulic resistance or coefficient of friction ( גּ ) in pipes . The coatings were made by dispersing mixture of oxides and silicates into the organic silicon and also to increase the durability and longevity of pipes . During several experiments on four types of this coating mathematical relations have been obtained to calculate the coefficient of friction ( גּ ) after addition of new correction coefficient (Ψ) to the plasies equation for turbulent flow , ( Ψ ) depends on the compositions of the coating and it was clearly observed that this coating deareases (גּ ) in a range between 20.5% and 41. 3 % compared with the pipes without any coating Relations have been obtained between Reynold's number and ( גּ ) and Eu number and with correction coefficieat (Ψ) . Water was used as Newtonian liquid and aqueous solution of polyvinylchlovide PVC as Non-Newtonian liquid.

In this investigation field survey was made on AL-Rumatha river, from location of south of Dewannia ,until site of Al-Muthanna project for water treatment in Al-Rumatha city. Samples were taken from selected locations. Comprehensive tests were carried out to assess the suitability of water for different uses. Especially, the new project of water treatment of Al-muthanna which lies on this river. The important tests adopted inelute “a total count for colon bacteria in the water” . The mentioned tests were chosen because of their direct relationship with change of environmental balancing ,and also they to specify the type and quantity of contamination... ْ

The present work is studying and designing an instrument to detect Pressure by using Electro / Penumatic Method. The other methods need some of mathematical procedures, also calibration after a certain period of usage. This means there is a percentage of error in their readings because of moveable – mechanical parts.
Theoretical study of the known pressure measurement methods which are mostly hydraulic and mechanical are investigated.

A visual interpretations of R.S. image ( composed of bands 4,5,7) covering the studied area was performed. Iineament, drainage pattern and lithological maps were drawn. Studying and analyzing of these maps show a good correspond between ence lithological unit map interpreted from the image and geological map prepared in this paper from previous studies. Dendretic drainage pattren and valleys controlled by fractures were noticed in the area.
Area lineament studies (97 lineament, 450km length), density and number bar and rose diagrams were drawn. These digrams showed that the main domain direction at the whole hole area (which represes the regional tectonic direction) is N45◦ E.while the main domain direction at Sasan area only is N15◦ E. Multi domain direction at studied area reveals multi stages of stresses (multi tectonic movements) affects the area. Correlation between these digrams with fractures digrams drawn from field readings showed that fractures domain directions are more than lineaments domain directions, and there is no dependable relation between these two kinds of domain directions.

New Schiff bases were obtained from the reactions of 2,5-dimethoxybenzophenone and substituted 2,5-dimethoxybenzophenones with various primary aromatic amines. These Schiff bases were verified by some spectral data (IR, UV).

Monthly water samples were collected from two stations in the midle sector of AL-Masab AL-Aam-River from November 2000 to October 2001.Results show monthly flaculation in values of all parameters studied.The monthly air temperature range was 14-43 Cº,and the light penetration was 38-64cm.The pH was toward alkalinity.Dsslved oxygen concentrations and free CO2 inversely correlated with water temperature.The total alkalinity of water was due to the bicarbonate and carbonate.Salinity between 4.20,8.40g/L.No values differences were observed between the two stations.Siginficant positive relation was found between water temperature and salinity.Also negative relation between dissolved oxygen and temperature and positive relation between alkalinity and salinity were found.

This research is concerned with the study of the precision to achieve signal receiving system from the satellite known as Global Positioning System (GPS). This precision covs the horizontal positions used in surveying engineering.This work contains a field study including the comparison of the horizontal positions found from (GPS), relative to the various projections system according to ellipsoidal systems.

The effect of the heat and magnetic properties at the critical temperature,crystal structure and the oxygen content on SmBa2Cu3O7-superconductor has been studied. This compound has been prepared using the solid state reaction method. The results of this investigating show that the annealing temperature of 950º C for the samples prepared with compacting pressure of (10 ton/cm2) is the best condition for obtaining the high temperature SmBa2Cu3O7- superconducting compound with optimum
Tc and  values and orthorhombic crystal str

In this research , a theoretical modified equation which calculates the required pressure in extrusion process of polymer (p) , has been formulated with use of the lower bound theory. A comparison the results from modified equation and the experimental results and Imada results was made to study the effects of reduction ratios and semi-die angle on the extrusion pressure at the strain rate equal to ( 66 x 10 -4 sec -1 ) by The lower bound theory which assumes equilibrium of forces was used by (Hoffman and Sach) and it is developed by Imada in order to take the effect of redundant work and strain rate in to consideration. The modified equation gives a better agreement with the experimental results than Imada equation with increase in reduction ratios and semi-die angle.

The paper studies high Voltage generated in over head transmission line especialy caused by earth fault in transposed line where there is componsation for reactive power and transmission the position of the fault and the time of fault are taken into account .The result explains the effect of the fault when the work can be utilized to attain economical system insulation and protection

This research is aiming at designing and implementing a database for sketches of drawings and designs, thus accessing of such documents that could be stored on CDs according to a particular index will be achieved, thus reducing the pager work and keeping the original sketches in safe on one hand, and having, the capability of connecting with other windows applications on the other hand.

In this paper new series of (2-Isoxazoline) VIa-c and (2- Pyrazoline) V a-c were prepared by condensation of aromatic Hetrocyclic Chalcones IIIa-c with hydroxylamine hydrochloride and phenyl hydrazine using glacial acetic acid .The synthesized compounds IIIa-c, VIa-c, V a-c were characterized by using FT/IR spectra, C.H.N. analysis. The validity of the expected chemical compounds to the prepared compounds in this search was obvious from FT/IR spectra and C.H.N. results. It also deals with study of the biological activity of the prepared compounds (VIa-c), (V a-c) which showed biological activity against (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) in comparison to the aromatic Hetrocyclic Chalcones IIIa-c. The verification between (2-Isoxazoline) and (2- Pyrazoline) is in their abilities to inhibit the growth of gram positive and gram negative bacteria.

The heat storing / transporting mass of the rotating regenerators in power plants is usually made of corrugated plates. Corrugations serve to provide greater turbulence and thus film heat transfer coefficient as well as providing sufficient stiffness to airflow passages. The metal plates are usually made of different sizes, pitches and profiles. The thermal characteristic and pressure drop of alternative (springy shape coil packed bed) capable of performing the same thermal duty is presented in this study. Coil elements cross-section diameter ranging from (dc=2mm) to (dc=8mm) with springy shape of the coil elements diameter ranging from (ds=50mm) to (ds=100mm) with pitch distance twice the coil element diameter are considered for the packed bed. The performance (film heat transfer coefficient, the pressure drop, thermal efficiency) of the pack is investigated computationally and compared to the plate matrix performance. It is found that the heat capacity and the film heat transfer coefficient of the alternative pack for most sizes of (dc & ds) are greater than that of the original pack and cause an increase in the thermal efficiency. although the heat transfer surface area of the alternative pack is less than that of the original pack. It is found also that the pressure drop in the alternative pack is much less than that of the original pack for all sizes of (dc & ds).

Road Safety Audit (RSA) is a proactive strategy that aims at treating the cause of traffic-accidents through a formalized examination of existing or future road projects in view of traffic safety principles. Expert system is a promising technique that can turn complex interpretation of auditing examination into simplified and friendly used procedures using power and storage capabilities of computers.This research aims at developing an expert system that can serve as a diagnosis knowledge-based system of traffic-safety condition at rural roads due to the principles of RSA. The expert system deals with the database of safety auditing examination according to checklists extracted from the program of RSA for rural roads in Iraq. The input data is coded in the environment of Microsoft Visual Basic 6, which is tightly integrated with Windows-Me operating system. The developed expert system nominated as Rural Road Safety Audit Expert System (RRSAES) enables auditors to optimize their outputs and maximize the safety benefits of RSA. After interactions with user (auditor) in the auditing course, the system displays the road safety audit indices that indicate the safety condition of road design elements at the audited site.

Minimization of machining time is one of the most important tasks in the modern manufacturing technology. This paper aims to compare between two different types of curves approximation techniques namely Best Line Curve Approximation (BLCA) technique and Incremental Line Curve Approximation (ILCA) technique. These two approaches are based on approximation of any curve segment by a sequence of linear segments. Throughout building robust mathematical model via computer iteration programs ILCA technique and using the simple iteration method as a numerical approximation tool to achieve these tasks. The “Best Line” is the tangent line that touches the maximum number of points, while the incremental line is a chord line that intersects the interior curve throughout a small interval so that the produced deviation is still within the required tolerance. The proposed approaches are applied to numerical example for the purpose of maneuverability. The results show that BLCA approach requires further modification to control the tool path, but it gives a wide reduction in the length of tool path compared with ILCA approach which tends to maximize the tool path length but it requires a very simple modification to control the tool.

Chill cast wear pins of Al-Si alloys containing 3,12 and 22 wt% Si have been slid against a continuous SiC emery paper. Bearing pressure was varied on flat bed abrasive wear test in the range 0.006 to 0.072 MPa and the wear rate was in the range 10-9-10-8 cm3.cm-1. In the Al-Si alloys wear rate decreased with increasing silicon up to eutectic composition and thereafter increased. In all the alloys, wear rate varied with load in two distinct linear regions separated by a transition point and is interpreted as purely oxidative at low loads and a combined oxidative cum metallic wear at loads higher than the transition point of 2N. Occurrence of subsurface damage was not identified in all the alloys under all condition of testing except at higher loads to 2-3 μm. Evidence has not been obtained to show the mechanical fragmentation of silicon deep in the subsurface region.

A three-dimensional conformal transformation involves converting from one three-dimensional system to other systems. In the transformation, true shape is retained. The aim of this paper is using this type of coordinate transformation to connect the World Geodetic System (WGS84) with local coordinates system, because it gives the following facilities:
• Infinite.
• Accurate results
• Minimum cost
• Need minimum Ground Control Points (GCPS).
Thus, the researchers have designed a program (TRANS.m) is wlitter in (MATLAB) language in order to achieve this task (3D conformal transformation at high speed and accuracy.

Wavelet-Network (W N) model has been very recently proposed and applied to image processing. In this paper a general model is proposed for the reconstruction of the lost blocks of the irregularly sampled image.The proposed model is fast and it uses the correlation between the lost block and its neighbors. An algorithm is introduced which uses first thresholding to determine the presence or absence of edges in the lost block. The interpolation scheme minimizes the square of the error between the border coefficients of the lost block and those of its neighbors. The proposed method is able to improve image quality in terms of both visual perception and image fidelity The architecture of the proposed neural network is fast forward multilayer perceptron and in it’s learning it uses the resilient back-propagation training. The reconstruction error is expressed in terms of (PSNR) When it is viewed on a monitor, there is virtually no difference between the original and the image reconstructed using the proposed method.

This paper is concerned with 16-bit stream data compression by using sequence dynamic code, with the minimum code of 4-bit and maximum of 19-bit for 65536 probabilities, and this means compressing 16-bit data to 4-bit depending on file size. In this algorithm Start Code is used to compress many strings to length of 4-Bit, if the probability of strings is 15-string or less. And the Dynamic Code is used when the probability of strings more than 15-strings, the maximum length reached by the dynamic code is 19-Bit; also this paper describes the header file size for this algorithm. The computer tests show the results on two types of text The results are compared with Huffman and Shannon Fanon coding by using compression performance

Iron (II) complexes with mixed ligands acetylacetone bis(semicarbazone)-LH2 and some substituted phenols {2-aminophenol (P1H) or 3-aminophenol (P2H) or 4-aminophenol (P3H) or 2-nitrophenol (P4H)} have been prepared and characterized physico-chemically . They have been found to have general formulas [Fe(LH2)(PmH)]Xn or [Fe(LH2)(PzH)2]Xn and [Fe(LH)(Pm)] or [Fe(LH)(PzH)(Pz)] in neutral and basic medium , respectively (where PmH = P1H or P4H ; X = SO42- or Cl- ; n = 1 or 2 ; Pm = deprotonated P1H or P4H ; PzH = P2H or P3H ; Pz = deprotonated P2H or P3H)

A new pigment was isolated from aqueous extract of Iraqi red radish peels (Raphanus sativus L.) the pigment is characterized by conventional characterization methods i.e. UV, IR, TLC, PC, elemental analysis and molecular weight determination.

Controlling of ceramic properties is considered as one of the important steps that has to be taken. This has been carried out using different hydroxyl compounds as dispersants for two types of Sudanian kaolin, Merkhiat and J. Umm Ali. They were glycerin, glycerin jelly, poly(ethylene glycol) and Arabic gum. The dispersion stability was examined using sedimentation test under gravity in aqueous medium. It was found that good dispersions were obtained. Most of the kaolin particles settled as good deflocculated suspensions, whereas aggregation was much easier with kaolin suspension having no dispersant. This was reflected on the final packing density of the sediments. It was also found that the type of dispersant and its concentration have an influence on the final packing density. Arabic gum and Merkhiat kaolin were the best.

Tape-casting has been used to prepare different alumina ceramic sheets using block and random copolymer of butyl methacrylate/methacrylic acid as dispersants prepared by group-transfer polymerization. They were bounded with 40-60 vol.% of poly(butyl methacrylate) solution. Their mechanical properties were investigated in three-point bending test, and this was compared with oleic acid as well known dispersant for alumina particles. Higher moduli and higher bulk densities were obtained from tapes prepared with copolymer dispersants than those using oleic acid.

Heat exchanger made of heat pipes elements immersed in a fluidized bed represents one of the most economic devices used in recovery of waste heat energy. In the present work ten copper heat pipes (each 22.2mm diameter and 550 mm length), fixed in staggered arrangement with (175mm) static bed height, and (176,353,707μm sand mean particle diameter) were used . Two types of air distributors (bubble cap and perforated plate) were used with an open area of (21.6%, 6.36%, 3.97%). The study covers the air mass velocity from (0.31 to 0.57 Kg/m2 Sec), with hot bed temperature of 160Co. The results show that the overall heat transfer coefficient for the heat exchanger using bubble cap distributor is slightly higher than that for perforated plate, while the power consumption was greater by 30% for bubble cap distributor. Bubble cap distributors pressure drop was 90% greater than perforated plate distributor for the same operating conditions. At the same time , it shown that heat transfer coefficient is increased with open area increase, while opposite response was found for power consumption .

The effect of surface treatment on fatigue life of AISI4340 steel was studied. The specimens were heat treated by oil quenching , then they were low tempered at 200C, medium tempered at 320C and high tempered at 650C. The specimens were then tested. Best fatigue performance was obtained from high tempered specimens. The surface of 650C tempered specimens was then ground, polished, and chromium plated. It was found that best fatigue performance was obtained from specimens that were oil quenched and tempered at 650C, then polished

The solution of three dimensional Navier-Stokes and energy equations for the problem of natural convection in a square enclosure as a result of differential side heating has been obtained numerically. Two cases were studied for different values of Grashof numbers (103, 104, 106). The effect of Prandtl number and aspect ratio on the flow and thermal field is also verified. Fully elliptic laminar Navier-Stokes equations are solved using primitive variables method with finite volume technique. The results show that the secondary flow region is increased with increasing in Grashof number. Also the results show that the central core region is increased with the increase in Prandtl number. The predicted results are compared with published results and found to be in good agreement.