Journal of Education for Humanities

The research aims to identify the effect of using the method of synchronous electronic practical presentations in the development of some teaching skills of the students of the fourth stage, History Department.
The experimental and control groups were chosen using the method Simple randomization, where division (A) of (22) male and female students represented the experimental group, and division (B) of (21) male and female students represented the control group .
The researcher prepared a questionnaire for teaching skills observation, in which the planning skill was approved, amounting to (5) components, preparation skill amounting to (6) components, and the attention-grabbing skill amounting to (6) components, so that it can be observed and measured, where it gave the alternatives: (not practiced, practiced at a weak level, practiced at a Medium level, practiced at a good level), the weights (0, 1, 2, 3) respectively, and we have verified its validity by presenting it to a number of arbitrators, and its stability in the manner of percentage agreement among observers.
After completing the experiment, statistical analysis of the data showed the following results:
1- There is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the students' average grades of the experimental group who were taught according to the method of practical presentations, and the students of the control group who were taught according to the usual method in the lesson planning skill.
2- There is a statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the students' average grades of the experimental group who were taught according to the method of practical presentations, and the students of the control group who were taught according to the usual method in the preparation skill for the lesson, in favour of the experimental group.
3- There is statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the students' average grades of the experimental group who were taught according to the method of practical presentations, and the students of the control group who were taught according to the usual method in attention-grabbing skill to the lesson, in favour of the experimental group.
In the light of the results, the researcher reached several conclusions confirming the effectiveness of using the method of electronic practical presentations in developing the skill of preparing for the lesson and attention-grabbing and its compatibility with the usual method in developing the skill of planning the lesson. He also made many recommendations in the light of this, including, paying attention to libraries, and providing them with scientific resources that help students in understanding and learning academic subjects, as well as paying attention to classrooms in terms of providing them with modern technical means... And as a complement to the current research, the researcher put forward proposals for future research.

The study aimed to determine the effect of the group learning strategy on the academic achievement of fifth-grade female students, as the sample number reached (59) female students. The researcher used a partially controlled experimental design (control and experimental group) (Al-Farahidi School for Girls) and was rewarded The two groups in a number of variables (Chronological age in months, academic performance of girls in the previous year, intelligence test). To achieve the goal of the research and test its hypothesis, this required the preparation of a main tool: the achievement test, which consisted of (30) items in the final form, and the data was processed statistically using the t-test.) for two independent samples. The results showed that the experimental group, which learned according to the group learning strategy, outperformed the control group, which learned using the traditional method, in the achievement test.

The study seeks to show the importance of studying the phonetic performance of the eloquent sentence, and its impact on expanding the significance and identifying it and indicating the methods of its performance. The idea of the research is based on mentioning the descriptions that make up the eloquence of the sentence and its accurate significance, and the characteristics of the pronunciation of the rhetorical style through the study of general and special descriptions of the sounds of sentences in Arabic discourse. Therefore, the study will address: the description of the sounds of eloquent sentences and their significance, the description of the sound of the sentence and its indication of meaning, and semantic transformations contrary to the apparent requirement.
It also deals with phonetic description, which is a description of the methods of performing Arabic texts, the eloquence of the performance associated with the type and characteristics of the text, and how vocal performance affects the delivery of meaning.
The study has detailed this in three sections: the first section talked about the phonetic description of the eloquence of the Arabic sentence, and the second topic talked about the characteristics of vocal intonation, and the third section dealt with the general phonetic description and the eloquence of sentences, and the study adopted the descriptive inductive analytical approach.

Industrial place: It is the place that a person creates in search of safety. It is the environment that embraces him and consists of the house, especially with its different names, such as a house or a home. It is the place of a person’s residence and the place of his stability in general. It is within its framework that family and social relationships are formed.
If we look closely at our ancient Arabic poetry, we notice the poet’s connection to the place, and the first image in it is represented by him standing on the ruins of the homes of his loved ones, what he identified from the ruins of the homes and the drawing that was attached to the ground, and it is said, “May God live, Talak wa Talak.
Pre-Islamic poets, since Imru’ al-Qais, have begun their poems by standing over the ruins, crying over the homes, and continuing to describe them. They made this a quasi-technical rule, which they did not deviate from except in rare circumstances. Until the greatest artistic means of opening poems for poets became standing at home .
As for Ibn al-Dahan’s poetry, I mentioned several artificial places that depict his attachment to the land, homeland, and home. They made him unleash his imagination and express his emotions in beautiful images that tell of his attachment to the place in which he lived or took refuge. He depicted his feelings, which reveal what is inside him of suffering, alienation, or longing.

The importance of the research lies in collecting the narrations of Abd al-Rahman bin Abdullah, none of whose works have reached us, the conditions and their decline, along with what was lost and dropped from the narrations of Arab scholars in the second century after the Hijra, and the large number of narrations chosen by Ibn Duraid in “Jamharat al-Lughah”. The narrations of Abd al-Rahman were Bin Abdullah, the exalted cup among the narrations.
As for Ibn Duraid, he collected the narrations of Abd al-Rahman bin Abdullah in “Jamharat al-Lughah” by the editor, either from the books of Abd al-Rahman bin Abdullah that have not reached us, or from the books of his uncle al-Asma’i (D. 216 A.H.) on the authority of the one who narrated from him, or by hearing the narration with a chain of transmission on the authority of Abu Dawud al-Sijistani. (D. 275 A.H.) on the authority of Al-Allamah Al-Asma’i on the authority of Yunus bin Habib (D. 182 A.H.), or someone who wrote them.
Abdul Rahman bin Abdullah derived his linguistic material from his uncle Al-Asma’i and from some of the Bedouins, in addition to hearing from those who heard the Bedouins in the desert, even if he did not say that explicitly, but it is not without the idea that he heard from them, as he heard other Arabic scholars. Those who lived with him.

Upon re-reading the texts of Abi Hayyan al-Tawhidi in the light of the currents and trends he stored in the besieged critical visions, we find that many of the contents of his texts and his expressive formations seemed deeper and more poetic, and perhaps the underlying ideology that accompanied the book took you had the greatest role in directing that discourse. Al-Tawhidi's choices were not random, but rather in-depth creativity. Especially in the narration of the news and its narration, and the logic in which the texts successively, and its escalation according to the pessimistic vision of Al-Tawhidi, the topic is friendship and the role of the friend and its influence, so the texts were successive according to an escalating epistemological movement and similar to the integrated. Accordingly, it was necessary to present readings that go beyond the ordinary and the apparent as well, and to research the poetics of the details, even if they are circulating news, and although poetics is concerned with what is formal, the content that the texts summarized contributed to the crystallization of that poetics, and revealed the text's aesthetic implications. Perhaps the book framed The subject is human and social, in which Al-Tawhidi collected a number of slanted images that were produced by the lived struggle in the juices of an intellectual and social concept and its color in a unique expressive formation.

The research seeks to study and explain the biography of the venerable follower Abdul Karim bin Malik al-Jazari, who has a prominent and distinguished role in serving the noble Prophet’s hadith. The research aims to unveil his private life by stating his name, surname, lineage, birth and upbringing. The research also aims to Explaining his scientific life, in terms of the scientific situation in his time, mentioning the praise of scholars and explaining his position in the science of hadith.

English Abstract: Human resources represent one of the prominent elements upon which construction, civilization, and the development of the individual, society, and state are based. Because man is the most important axis of construction and urbanization, and this responsibility falls on him, and his presence is important and key in the civilizational interactions between him and nature, which he harnesses to serve his species and benefit them. The successors of the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, knew this matter and employed every human energy in a manner appropriate to its capabilities and circumstances, because they knew through experience and expertise that failure to employ these energies would lead to the loss of a fundamental building block in the construction of civilization, and our Arab and Islamic reality speaks of this truth, as there is so much energy. We lost it due to neglect and misuseEmployment, intentionality, envy, difference of opinion, lack of religious and cultural awareness, and future outlook. The research yielded important results, including: that optimal employment of human resources is an important issue in building civilization, the success of the state, and the development of society, and its loss is a loss for the state, the individual, and society. It was the general features of better employment. For human resources, such as seeking piety, piety and compassion in the employee and specialization in the job, the good selection of administration and economic officials also highlighted good results in organizing the administration in the states of the state, and ensuring the stability of the economic situation in most cases in the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphate.

The Arabic novel have witnessed major transformations after the sixties of the last century, and benefited greatly from the postmodern narrative writing styles, by breaking the familiar technical rules, going beyond stereotyping and modeling in its forms adopting postmodern narrative techniques of eliminating the relationships by breaking cohesion and replacing it with the logic of dismantling and dispersal, as well as about the dissolution of the boundaries separating pronouns and the narrator’s transition from the third person to the first person and vice versa, and denying the illusion of the narrative world’s realism, and the openness of the text to other literary forms and history, and returning to the past and exploring it over and over again, through adopting a set of narrative techniques, the most important of which is the metafiction technique which is characterized by self-reflexivity or self-awareness, through which the narrative works on itself, by retreating from representing the outside world in favor of shaping and questioning its inner world.
The nature of the research required dividing it into an introduction, three chapters and a conclusion. The introduction addresses the shift of postmodern narratives towards openness in writing, and the concept of “metafiction” was also identified. The First Chapter is titled “Metafiction and Critical Theorizing” the discussion included the narrative’s preoccupation with itself through commentary and critical theorizing. The Second Chapter is titled “Metafiction and working on completing a writing work (the “Manuscript”), as the novelist completes a writing work for himself or for others which is called the “Manuscript” and reuses it in his novel. As for the Third Chapter, it is entitled “Metafiction and the breach of narrative levels, and it includes narrative breaches by the novelist or the narrator through intruding into his narrative world and interfering directly in the dialogue of the fictional characters or the reader. And finally; the Conclusion comprises the most important findings of the research. And we have included in the reference the sources that we used in preparing this research.

Markets are considered one of the vital facilities in cities, through which sources of livelihood are secured for their residents, including foodstuffs as well as other needs related to daily life, such as clothes and household needs, in addition to being an important source of revenues for the state treasury through taxes imposed on commercial operations . Given that the prosperity of markets is linked to the extent of political stability in cities, it was necessary for the ruling authorities to create a state of security stability, to ensure the conduct of commercial transactions there.
The Seljuk era is considered a clear example of the extent to which markets were affected by the political and social events that accompanied the period of their rule in Baghdad. Therefore, in this research, those events will be traced, the extent of their impact on the economic situation in the city of Baghdad, and the position of the ruling authorities regarding the exposure of the markets to the situation of instability, and they sometimes take some measures in an attempt to restore commercial activity to the city.
The research includes two sections. In the first section, it was referred to the political events that took place in Baghdad during the period of Seljuk rule, and the extent of their impact on the markets in the city, despite their attempt to restore commercial activity to the city, the continuing political problems prevented this.
In the second section, the impact of social circumstances on the conduct of commercial activity in the markets of Baghdad was examined, including the differences between Sunnis and Shia and the extent to which the markets were affected by these differences, which sometimes reached the point of clashes between them. The impact of the movements of the Ayariyyeen and Shattar (Thieves and bandits) on the markets was also discussed, and the exposure of the merchants and the commercial shops to loot by them, along with to referring to the social events that took place in Baghdad, which sometimes led to the shop owners being forced to close their shops, whether by orders issued by the ruling authorities, or by the desire of the owners of those shops for the purpose of commemorating those events and participating in it.

The phenomenon of alienation is one of the constant phenomena in the spiritual experience of the Sufi poet, and this phenomenon was in his consciousness and existence, so he lived it in both worlds (the apparent and the hidden), and used it with its different meanings, although this phenomenon has a terminological specificity in this spiritual experience as are the other terms such as symbol and love, but the centrality of this phenomenon revolves around separation and connection .

This research analyzed and elicited the meanings of the attributes mentioned in verses (36-43) of Ash-Shura Surat. The harmony of their connotations was discussed by dividing this study into an introduction and three dimensions. The first dimension is the harmony of the connotations of the expression of the word and the context in faith and worship, while the second dimension discusses the harmony of the meaning of the word and the context in dealings. The third dimension focused on mechanisms of harmonizing the connotation of the meaning of the expression and the context.
The methodology of the study: Analytical descriptive
It analysed the impact of the succession of these verses on the perfection of the positive personality that refuses to comply with earthly desires. It revealed the cohesion of words in their contexts; The fact that the lexical item represented the pivotal element in communicating meaning because of its association with its structures and contexts as well as the association of these qualities with the main idea. The human perfection of the Muslim personality is the most prominent perfect independent unit that enhances the positives and confronts the negatives. This study also analysed the associative methods for their roles in the cohesion of the text and the tightening of its structure. It showed the accuracy of cohesion and consistency to build an aesthetic image that is perfect in its textual structure and the harmony of its parts through the order and tight cohesion between the relationships of its structures and its links; which resulted in a complete aesthetic image (coherent and coherence).
The results of the study can be summarized as follows:
The lexical item in the verses represented the pivotal element in communicating the meaning to the recipient because of its links with its contexts; which resulted in highlighting the connotative meaning in an eloquence form that shows the level of cohesion and coherence of the text.
The accuracy of the organization and consistency of the structure of the sentences of this aesthetic image، and the harmony of its parts through the arrangement and link between the relationships of its structures. The qualities of the verses under study are of praise for those who adhere to them, the availability of these combined qualities achieves the human perfection of the Muslim personality, which enhances the positive qualities and aspects and refutes the negative qualities and aspects.

The aim of this research is to identify the extent of the possibility of investing in modern technologies in developing scientific research skills by following the content analysis method, and to present a proposed model represented by a modern and advanced interactive digital platform, which can be designed specifically to develop scientific research skills, meet the needs of many researchers, and contribute to the application of Quality standards in the field of scientific research, and improving its outputs at all national and Arab levels. One of the most important goals of the interactive digital platform is to mobilize researchers and attract them to one place that provides them with a suitable communication and interactive environment, enabling them to demonstrate all the skills, experiences and capabilities related to scientific research, and all the techniques, applications and computer and digital programs that they need in all stages and steps of scientific research of its various types, methods and scientific specializations. Enabling researchers to carry out their research projects by taking advantage of the content of the digital platform, all the tools, methods, programs and activities it provides, and the technologies and programs it makes available using cloud computing, in addition to other very important goals.
The research recommended that more research efforts be made to develop the model of the interactive digital platform that he proposed, and to study the requirements for transforming it into a realistic project capable of investing in modern technologies in the field of developing scientific research skills, at various academic levels, and in all scientific fields, fields, and specializations.

A poem from the eyes of our poetic heritage. The ancients sensed its splendor, originality, and uniqueness, so they called it the orphan, meaning the one with no equal or equal. A poem that tells a wondrous love story between a princess and a poet that was passed down through the generations in a context of mystery.
It is a wonder that the most famous poems among writers and poets have no author, especially given the accuracy and accuracy of the chain of transmission that is known about our narrators. Our astonishment reaches its peak when we know that a long chain of lineage and curses exists for this poem, but it stops with the narrators and does not go beyond them to the name. This mighty poet who formulated his love into a poem written by his creative fingers. It is the poem known as Al-Yatimah or the poem Al-Da`diyah, which is attributed to more than one poet, most of them among the most distinguished poets, such as Dhul-Rumah, Abu Al-Shays, Ali bin Jabla, known as Al-Akuk, and others. Even when we almost reach the name of its creator, we find that he is a nobody among the poets, and we see an aura of mystery surrounding him. He is Dawqalah. Al-Manbiji, as some sources confirm.
We do not know for certain who the poet is? Is he Tihami, Iraqi, or Najdi? Did forty poets really claim it? What is the time of the poem? Is it pre-Islamic, Umayyad, or Abbasid? How many verses does it contain exactly?
Therefore, we chose to work on this topic, which we called “The Da’adi Poem between Historical Contexts and Textual Formation.” This study was divided into the following topics:
(1- Conceptual introduction, 2- Historical context of the poem, 3- Text formulation, 4- Paraphrasing the text, 5- Conclusion)
Keywords: Adiya/contexts/historical/interaction/text

The dramatic genre is one of the literary genres that infiltrated the novel genre. The novel attempted to portray life and reality by borrowing the dramatic simulation method. The more it aimed to represent reality vividly, the more the dramatic elements increased and dominated.
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, there was a proliferation of dramatic elements in the novel after Henry James emphasized the necessity of dramatizing reality within it. He saw this method as primarily aesthetic, allowing you to experience the event as if it were happening in front of you, more beautiful than hearing about it afterward. James derived this critical aesthetic judgment from Aristotle, who preferred tragedy over epic, as the former is based on representation, condensation, cohesive unity, and richness of its composite elements. Tragedy achieves complete simulation with the least amount of time and events possible.
These artistic characteristics were what Henry James attempted to exploit in a new narrative art primarily based on "showing" while "telling" connects the narrative scenes.
Since Henry James, drama decisively entered the novel genre as a dominant aesthetic component. Consequently, a new narrative type emerged, combining elements of the novel and drama, which we might call the dramatic novel or the novel with dramatic elements. This development was aided by various political, economic, and social circumstances in Europe—particularly in England—leading to its maturity and subsequent prevalence.

This research dealt with an aspect of economic life in Khorasan and Transoxiana, which is the means of commercial dealing in the markets of Khorasan and Transoxiana, where the means of commercial dealing in these markets were numerous, and the methods of commercial dealing included (bartering and dealing with money, deeds, and securities, in addition to the prevalence of types of sales. Merchants used these methods to carry out their commercial transactions. The state also paid special attention to monitoring markets and combating greed, extortion, and fraud. The research was divided into two sections. The first section dealt with the means of doing business in the markets of Khorasan and Transoxiana. The second section dealt with control in the markets of Khorasan and Transoxiana, as well as the research results and a list of sources and references.

The research works to investigate the dynamism of the rhythmic transformation (kinetic and aesthetic) of the poetic image when it oscillates between memory and the poetic imagination, as they constitute the vital and active field in which the rhythm of these images grows, and in which the chosen temporal process is transmitted within the immediate moment, which gained its value and advantage from the mnemonic activity that It allows - the possibility - to link actions directed towards the past and those directed towards the future, in a single system of causal, semantic and rhythmic harmony, despite the qualitative difference inherent in the origin of each of them (memory and imagination), that is, in their return to truth and illusion, in response to emotional and artistic motives that contribute toCreating the interpretive logic of the poetic text.

Job waste and related behaviors are negative phenomena that cost the state large sums of money as a result of wasting large hours of administrative work without productivity in the field of development , One of the widespread forms of job waste in the educational institution is that many employees devote themselves to working for tasks other than the basic duties assigned to them for the job. Within the organization, this assignment comes as a result of the pressures imposed by some parties on the employee, who in turn cannot not do it, and from other forms of waste related to working hours that do not comply with the legal hours. The employee evades work for reasons related to eating and resting without having a legal basis that allows him to do these actions. In addition to the bureaucracy and complex routine at work that cost the state many procedures that can be dispensed with modern technology that can shorten the time and effort expended on administrative work within the educational institution.
If the Ministry of Education were to apply precise standards in the work based on determining the amount of material and moral reward according to the level of productivity, it would find a huge amount of wasted time resulting from job waste that would go to waste, which contributes to the failure of the educational institution despite the many laws and reforms in the field of education, and from this From the starting point, our study was divided into two sections. The first section dealt with job waste and human development, while the second section analyzed the results of the field study. Finally, the most important conclusions that we reached were mentioned, and then some recommendations were presented to those working in the educational institution in order to eliminate Job waste.

This research deals with the imperative verb and its meaning in the poem ((Walk in God’s way until the end)) by Abu Bahaa Al-Din Al-Sayyadi (d. 1287 AH); Because the imperative has many connotations and many functional characteristics It does not apply to the situation and its meanings are affected by the context and evidence of the circumstances.
The poem ((Walk in the path of God until the end)) by Al-Sayyadi included many imperative verbs, They numbered fifty-five verbs, and varied between abstract, augmented, correct, and irregular, and came out From its original connotations to other connotations that were deduced through the context and evidence of circumstances, this came, The research aims to clarify these implications and introduce Abu Bahaa al-Din al-Sayyadi, his scientific personality, and his efforts
Which appears through his travels and writings, especially in the field of poetry.

The poems of Ibn Danial Al Mosul’s poetry are an artistic value abounding with stylistic structures and unique rhetorical formats, the features of which define the purposes of comic literature in which the poet created a poetic’s image framed by a spirit of humor aimed at the pursuit of self-drawing with the smiling face of the smile, in the pursuit of the smile, in the search of the smile and social scourges, as long as the Egyptian society was afflicted in the Mamluk era, and to ease the restrictions, inertia and monotony that accompany man in his life Poetic humor should be the breath of the poet and the audience together. So this study came to reveal the artistic value of the poetic sense of humor, and the poet’s ability to draw the character, or attitude, with laughter-provoking words, through poetic comedy infused with many methods and purposes, the research dealt with and heighted it Linguistic, and semantic interpretation .

The research aimed to identify the impact of the brain-based learning strategy on the acquisition of mathematical concepts and logical intelligence among fourth grade scientific students, , an intentional sample of fourth-grade scientific students was selected in Al-Siddiq Preparatory School for Boys in the city of Mosul for the academic year (2023-2024 AD), The total number of students reached (83) students, and they were distributed into two groups: Experimental by (43) were taught through the brain-based learning strategy, and controlled by (40) were taught in the usual way.
After conducting the equivalence process between the two research groups and preparing the necessary requirements for research, the researcher prepared two tools: the first: the test of the acquisition of mathematical concepts in its final form of (30) paragraphs objectivity, and the second: the logical intelligence test be in its final version of (16) items of the type of multiple choice, the two tests were characterized by honesty, discrimination and consistency
After collecting and analyzing the data statistically the results showed a statistically significant difference between the two research groups in the acquisition of mathematical concepts and logical intelligence and in favor of the experimental group.

Issaq bin Ibrahim played an important and effective role in providing services to the Abbasid Caliphate, starting with his assumption of the position of head of the Baghdad Police by order of Caliph Al-Ma’mun (206 AH/821 AD). His role was not only limited to performing tasks related to maintaining internal security and holding accountable those who violated the authority of the Caliphate, but also it extended to... He performed military and administrative tasks as a governor. He was not only the executive hand of the caliphate, but he had positions on several political, intellectual, and religious issues that he did not express directly. He also described Issaq with many qualities that qualified him to gain the trust of the caliphs and which indicated his good conduct. Therefore, Issaq became Ibn Ibrahim. He served as the governor or prince of Baghdad and represented the caliph in its rule. He continued in his position as head of the police from (206 AH / 821 AD) until his death in the year (235 AH / 849 AD), during which he lived with four caliphs (Al-Ma’mun, Al-Mu’tasim, Al-Wathiq, and Al-Mutawakkil) and gained their trust.

The second Abbasid era was most commonly known for its weakness and debility, especially by the weakening of the authority of Abbasid caliphs, and the leaders ' quibbling and incompetence. And this weakness was due to the hereditary rule of the Abbasid state, which led to the competition between the children of the ruling Abbasid family, especially and most notably between Caliph al-Ameen (193-198 Ah / 809 - 813 ad) and his brother al-Mamoon (198 - 218 Ah/ 813-833 ad) for the post of succession, and for the sake of strengthening their forces, and for these purposes they asked other forces to support them, Caliph al-Mamoon relied on the power of the Persians, Since his mother was one of them and was administrating and living in Persian areas. However, Caliph al-Ameen relied on supporting his position with the help of the Arab element from Baghdad. Hence, there were two different forces that entered the internal struggle between the Abbasids. And after their brother's turn came for succession in (218-227 Ah / 833-842 Ad) he thought of relying on a force that supports him in controlling the situation, and drove away the Persians as well as the Arabs about his plans for the sake of build a military force close to him, he relied on the Turks with whom he was related by marriage, his mother being Turkish, as well as their high believe in their combat ability, and since they were mostly known for their knighting and fighting style, so he relied on them, and formed an army Especially in Baghdad and Samarra, especially after the counting numbers of the revolutions in that period, and in deed, he was successful in restraining many of these forces, especially the movement of Babik al-khazami in (201-222 AH / 816-837 AD). He also achieved tangible victories over Ram front.
 
Due to the role the Turks played in the Abbasid state from the military intelligence side, they reached the highest ranks and became influential in it, due to the continued competition for a succession position by the Sons of the Abbasid dynasty, hence the ruling family heavily depended on them.
The Turks influential powers bar risen even more, especially after the death of the caliph al-wathiq Bin-Almutasim (227-232 Ah / 842-847 ad). And since no successor were chosen after him, the knowledge of choosing a new Caliphs successor fallen in the hands of the Turkish leaders.
This paved the way for Turkish leaders to compete with each other day after day in order to reach and control incendiary decisions and resources in the Abbasid state, and even some of their children inherited the conflict with other leaders of the Turks children, and conflict and dispute became a character of this area and its effect lasted until the year (334 Ah / 945 ad).

This research studies the patterns of restricted nominal sentences that were mentioned in the glorious Surah of Al-Dukhan and were examined grammatically and semantically.
Following an examination of the types of absolute nominal sentences in the blessed surah and its patterns, we divided the research into two chapters: the first chapter studied the nominal sentences modified by the verb, while the second addressed the nominal sentence restricted by a modifying letter. The first chapter included the nominal sentences already restricted by the modifying verb (Kana), which was unique in entering to the nominal sentence compared to the other modifying verbs. Kana’s name in the surah was divided between a prominent or hidden pronoun, and the name did not come as an apparent name.
The second chapter included patterns of nominal sentences restricted by the letter; it was restricted by the letters (Ina) and (anna) and (lakinna) and (la’ala), while the ones modified by (ina) came with a varied name between the pronoun of speaker (naa), and the pronoun of the addressee and the absent. The addressee came to the singular and plural, and the absent came singular, and the name modified with (lakinna) came apparent, whereas the name of (la’ala) came as a pronoun connected to the absent.
This blessed study consisted of two chapters and a conclusion of the most prominent findings we arrived at in these patterns. We endorsed the study with the most important sources and references such as books of parsing of the Qur'an: the parsing of the Qur'an for Zajaj, the parsing of the Qur'an for Nahhas, the parsing of the Qur'an and its explanation for Muhyi al-Din Darwish.
We also relied on grammar books such as: Al-Kittab by Sibawayh, Mughni al-Labib and Shuthoor Al-thahab by Ibn Hisham, and the standards of language by Ibn Faris, and Al-Kashaf of Zamakhshari and others. The interpretations books included: the Tafsir of Tahrir and Tanweer by Ibn Ashur, Al-Durr Al-Masoun by Al-Samin Al-Halabi, and the grand Tafsir of Al-Razi and others

This study deals with a syntactical issue divided into two sub issues of Arabic Syntax: the Iḍāfah and the Adjective. The problem of this issue and the details that accompanied it, have caused the spread of syntactical errors in many writings and linguistic usages. None of the linguists working with linguistic correction and common errors paid attention to correcting this error or alerting it in the extent of researchers acquaintance with linguistic correction efforts.
This study seeks to find out the roots of this error, explain its causes, and draw attention to it, along with an explanation of the syntactical rules upon which the correction of common errors in this issue is based. The study adopts the descriptive approach in studying this issue to reach its objectives.

This study aims at exploring the pragma-rhetorical strategies employed in Oxford Union Debate on Islam to refute the claims presented that Islam is not a peaceful religion. Mehdi Hasan’s speech,as counter-argument, is chosen as data for the analysis.To achieve the aims of the study, an eclectic model is used in data analysis. It is composed of Aristotle’s argumentation appeals (1909 ), McQuarrie and Mick’s figures of speech (1996) and Brown and Levinson’s politeness strategies (1987). The most important conclusions of the study are :1) The pragma-rhetorical strategies used by Mehdi Hasan are argumentation appeal, figures of speech and politeness strategies ,2) Logos outnumber other types of argumentation appeal in the data under study, hyperbole is the most commonly figure of speech used in Hasan’s speech, and off-record strategies are more predominantly used than other politeness strategies.