Journal of Studies and Researches of Sport Education

The process of sports training is not simple, as it requires building and assembling the contents and components of the training unit correctly and effectively. Planning for it requires the trainer to invest all the potential and scientific and field expertise of information, supplies and creativity in order to produce the training unit in an integrated manner to reach the best levels within the limits of what the athlete's capabilities allow in the type of activity he practices.

Over the past years, long-distance races have witnessed many developments that allow for the development of methods and training methods, which led to improving the numbers recorded in these races at various international, Olympic and global levels, while the Iraqi numbers have continued to decline to this day.

Through the researcher's review of the training curricula of the country's long-distance coaches, it became clear that these training curricula do not depend on physiological foundations.
Long-distance events, especially running (5000) meters, are difficult events in terms of physical and technical preparation. Therefore, the researcher decided to prepare a training program that includes developing the endurance trait through physiological indicators, which are the rates of oxygen consumption, energy, and pulse, due to their relationship with developing endurance. Hence, the importance of the research in preparing this study emerges in helping trainers achieve better results for this event.

The evaluation process of the work of coaches is one of the most important matters, as the coach can, through this process, know the level achieved by his training and training methods. Evaluation is not limited to knowing the physical level, but also extends to the skill level. Working to know the level of skills acquired by players is one of the basics of the training process, through which we can know the stage they have reached. Motor analysis is one of the most important means of evaluation that is based on scientific and objective facts in developing these evaluations, as through this process we can identify the details of the movement more accurately than evaluation by self-observation, which depends on experience in the field alone. Since the effectiveness of javelin throwing is one of the important activities that develops very significantly, it is necessary to follow up on its development among players.

The success of any educational sports process in any game is evidence of the progress and development of those sciences, and one of the sports that need continuous follow-up in teaching, building and developing it is basketball due to its physical, skill, planning and mental abilities, which have an effective and major role in advancing and achieving achievement. Therefore, teaching basketball performance requires knowledge of the most important skills of this game and how to teach and build them at the beginning. On this basis, teaching offensive skills has taken a great deal of attention from those concerned with the educational and training process, as they are exciting skills that ignite the enthusiasm of players and the audience and make the game more exciting and thrilling, especially when scoring points. Therefore, these skills must be at the forefront of teaching basketball, especially for beginners, with knowledge of the most important factors that help in the speed and success of learning these skills. Among these factors is sensory-motor perception, the importance of which is highlighted by feeling the tool, which is the ball, and feeling the stimuli of the field, then executing the movement according to good perception of the stimulus. In addition, basketball skills require moving from one skill to another with different movement paths, which require good perception of these paths.

The logical steps taken by scientific research to reach facts and knowledge are the objective way to achieve accurate results that are documented, which usually lead to establishing foundations, principles, laws and assumptions according to the modern scientific method in solving problems and testing hypotheses related to them, in addition to accuracy in observation and experimentation of the phenomena under study, accordingly the researcher decided to study one of the important physiological adaptations, which is the time of contraction and expansion of the heart muscle in long-distance runners, as we try in this study to stand on the nature and level of this time, as the time of contraction and expansion constitute an important indicator of the level of heart efficiency in runners, considering that the time of contraction and expansion of the ventricles is a distinctive aspect of the adaptation of the heart muscle in runners due to the nature of medium and long-distance running activities and the functional requirements of the circulatory system and the body during the performance of these activities

The interest in the psychological aspect has begun to increase in recent years after it became clear that there is a close relationship between psychological factors and performance and the athletic level shown by the player or vice versa, thus leading to fluctuations or declines in the level of performance in training or competition, and the resulting exposure of the player to multiple psychological disorders as a result of increased pressure in training and waste of his physical and psychological energy.
Psychological skills are one of the psychological factors that the player constantly needs to know the level of his abilities and psychological readiness, in addition to attribution, which is considered one of the psychological elements that care about the psychological state of the players. Hence the importance of studying psychological skills and the theory of causal attribution and applying it in the sports field, especially in boxing, and contributing to supporting the process of scientific progress to achieve the best levels for the athlete.

Fencing is one of the games that has received increasing global attention recently due to its challenging and exciting movements for the viewer, and the development that we have witnessed in an exciting way came as a result of the harmony and integration of the physical, skill, planning, body and function, and this harmony and integration did not appear randomly, but rather came as a result of the reliance of trainers on the science of sports training based on other sciences, which achieves the best levels and results, in addition to the state of creativity, innovation and development in the methods and means of sports training through the use of the foundations and principles of sports training and what it requires in terms of scientific planning to prepare training curricula. The fencer must have several special abilities (physical, motor, mental) that are compatible with the skill performance and that achieve success in obtaining a touch, including (accuracy of the thrust, coordination ability, cognitive coordination ability, determining and realizing the duel distance, speed of response, speed of reaction, etc.) Therefore, cognitive coordination ability is necessary in the game of fencing, through the player's ability to coordinate between the armed arm and the leg and control the duel distance at the same time, then coordinate with the work of the nervous system to implement the required movements.

Sports clubs in general have been exposed to major problems and pressures, and we have seen their clear superficial significance in the decline and deterioration of levels. In recent years, different forms of problems and pressures have appeared, and in order to evaluate these problems well, we must examine them carefully and arrange them. The prevailing assumption was that the less severe problems were the responsibility of the coach and the player, and it was expected from the coach or player in particular to manage his affairs and suffer quietly.
Sports training is a scientific and technical process that depends on a lot of information and scientific knowledge and natural and human laws
Through which the athlete aims to reach the highest physical, skill, tactical and psychological levels.
There is no doubt that identifying these problems and recognizing them in terms of size, type and importance is the cornerstone of reform, modification and development, and then raising the sports level in order to achieve the desired goals.

Any movement of the body depends mainly on two components: muscles and the energy needed to achieve muscle contractions, whether light or strong. Given the multiple requirements of volleyball, energy production depends on two capacities: the oxygen capacity, which indicates the muscle's sufficiency to withstand oxygen deficiency during the period of effort, which is characterized by high intensity and in which performance continues for a period ranging from (5-10 seconds) for the first system (CP-AFP) and from (23-1) for the lycopenic acid system. (1) The oxygen capacity, which indicates the muscle's sufficiency in consuming oxygen, as the match sometimes continues for more than two and a half hours. The individual's ability to rise to a higher distance and quickly is considered one of the most important elements of success in volleyball, whether during the process of smashing, blocking wall or smashing serve. Given this importance, multiple methods are used to improve the athlete's performance and ability using strength training Lifting weights with different loads and in recent years the plyometric training method has appeared to improve muscle response to develop the ability to rise, thanks to the Russian trainers who launched deep jump training, which requires the player to jump from different heights and upon touching the ground, he immediately performs a vertical jump, and the main purpose is to shorten the process of muscle contraction. Verhotsky also indicated that deep jump training is very effective in developing the strength characterized by speed in athletes, and plyometric training is the process of linking strength and speed, especially movements that depend on explosive ability such as crushing strikes, blocking walls, and pressing serves, in addition to sudden quick movements in volleyball. Plyometric exercises are designed to work muscle fibers because they have a positive effect on movements that require speed of time in performance, depending on the non-oxygen system, which is used by the researcher to develop non-oxygen capacity, as the importance of non-oxygen capacity appears in volleyball because the player jumps upwards in an average match from 140-200 jumps in addition to stopping and moving from (1-9 m), which It makes explosive power an important element for success in it, and hence the importance of research in developing a training method using plyometric exercises to develop the non-oxygen capabilities of volleyball players to contribute to raising the level of these capabilities and knowing the extent of development in them according to the energy systems used in the game.

Achieving high sports levels is of utmost importance for both the coach and the player, which has made the field of physical education in general and high-level sports in particular rely heavily on sciences and knowledge that serve the sports level, not to mention the use of modern techniques in training such as chemistry, physiology, biomechanics and even psychological laboratories that take it upon themselves to analyze everything that happens in the training arena and push it in the specialized direction that serves the path of movement and its level of performance. This development included all sports, including basketball, which led to a change in the nature of the game and the multiplicity of its modern methods, which in particular emerged through programmed and accurate planning and reliance on studies and research in the field of physical education.
One of those sciences that researchers have relied on to develop the technical performance of movements or skills and reveal their details in terms of strengths and weaknesses is biomechanics, as this science is concerned with applying laws and principles Mechanics of the progress of sports movements under certain biological conditions. This science is considered a means of developing and finding the best kinetic methods in terms of angle, path, height, strength, time, etc. appropriate to the nature of the performance of the skill to be developed in order to bring the athlete to the ideal performance.

Influential teachers are the backbone of the educational process. They are not magicians, but they are skilled professionals. Their influence is evident in the way they carefully and skillfully apply teaching plans in situations characterized by rapid changes and many complexities. Their goal is to bring about desired changes in learners by raising the effectiveness of their performance. Although most of what was written about learning in the past was descriptive, most of what was written about teaching was analytical and specific to what skilled teachers should do. (1) However, this method ignores the differences between individuals, especially when they work in different environments. In any case, there is a need to clearly identify the types of skills that teachers must have in order to be effective. Effective teaching is characterized by certain strategies that can be applied, regardless of which teaching methods are used. Therefore, an effective teacher is one who uses these strategies, and an ineffective teacher is one who does not use them. It seems that teaching skills are very similar to sports skills. An individual can master the basics of tennis, for example, by learning how to perform a serve, as well as hitting the ball with the forehand and backhand, and then being able to make smashes. Moreover, in order to be a good tennis player, he must use these skills in the right place, in the right situation, and at the right time.

One of the most prominent problems that the disabled suffer from is their lack of integration into society and their interaction with it, as most of the disabled come with different physical and psychological capabilities and abilities than others, which hinders this interaction.
There are variables that play a role in renewing this interaction process, some of which are related to the disabled person himself and some of which are related to society, and thus we see that with the progress of humanity with its modern civilizations in various sciences, we find that the disabled have a share and a place to be proud of through progress and development in various types of care from prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, training, and advanced and rapidly developing inventions to make the disabled a human being who lives a life very close to the life of a normal human being. And provide him with enough care to enjoy life, and since scientific and technological development is a basic feature of this era and in all aspects of life, it stands helpless in the face of the phenomenon of poverty, wars and political conflicts that result in many diseases and disabilities, as UNICEF statistics indicate the existence of 500 million disabled people and this number will reach 700 million during the current century, and wars are the main factor in the increase in this percentage

The superiority witnessed by nations in building many aspects that support the sports movement and reaching the wheel of progress towards achieving the correct and published goal through conducting studies and research and knowing the physical, psychological and social capabilities so that it is possible to develop a well-studied scientific plan and open new horizons and many assumptions in supporting sports achievements, including field and track events, where the study of psychological and social factors played a prominent role in evaluating the athlete\'s personality socially by studying the interconnection between individuals and between society and the environment in which he lives due to the dependence of the formation of societies on the growth of the individual and his behaviors through friction and dealing with other human groups.
\"That achieving the highest levels of sports level through the personal qualities and emotional state of the athlete.\" (1)
From this standpoint, the social factors lie in knowing the relationship between the level of social interaction and the level of sports achievement achieved and years of practice in the field of the game, as social interaction works to reveal the extent of harmony between members of the same team

Knowledge and information in this era has become an industry that attracts huge investments to collect information and transform it from its raw form into information services. Products in this era have also become more dependent than ever on information and advanced information technology. Sources of power and influence in the world have changed from the ownership of strategic materials, such as oil, uranium and industrial production, to the ownership of information, which has become a source of power and progress. Thus, the current information age is characterized by investing the human mind in the field of information, using computers to collect and process it, and using the Internet as a means of transferring and exchanging it. Because the Internet has advantages in the possibility and speed of communication throughout the day, interest in its use has increased, especially with the tremendous growth in the quantity and quality of information available on the network. On the other hand, there is great freedom in what is published electronically, as published materials are not subject to any review. Therefore, what is published on the Internet and its quality is a matter of debate. We also do not ignore those psychological and social effects, whether resulting from the interaction between individuals on the one hand or resulting from the interaction between them and information on the other hand. In addition, the Internet provides a valuable educational environment, provided that the student masters the skills of using it and develops a positive attitude towards it. The Internet then provides opportunities for direct interaction with individuals and information. It thus serves as a fundamental pillar for fundamental developments in curricula, teaching methods and assessment. The Internet is undergoing rapid development in various countries of the world. As for this research in the Arab world, it is rare, according to the researcher’s knowledge.