Journal of University of Babylon

This transformation is determined by the transfer of semantics between the familiar expression to an expression in which the poetic language grows, so the strangeness is achieved in the formation of the image because changing the context through the correspondence of the senses contributes to the suggestivity of the meaning, which leads to the emergence of aesthetic values in the poetic language represented by breaking the monotony of its stylistic context and the approach of its artistic images to the strangeness that is achieved when the words leave their familiar logic, raising eyebrows in Same receiver , The creation of a relationship between the unfamiliar and the harmony between them leads the poet to call strange poetic images of the composition amazing in their suggestive maturity, so the suggestion is an artistic feature of the correspondence of the senses and a distinctive way to bring the familiar closer in the structures of vocabulary and their meanings, Mediated by the departure of the language of poetic discourse from the ordinary language to the language of poetry distinct renewed methods and vitality of meanings and the continuity of aesthetic artistic and mental concentration attempts poet creative in the formation of contexts expressive contributed to the formation of a new reality for him.

This paper intends to investigate the situation of modern philosophers towards language and highlight their attitudes taken therein, showing how the linguistic phenomenon was a main reason behind the shaping of the philosophical discourse related to language in the 20th century which witnessed some writings which dealt with the attitude to language. Titled “Linguistic Curves”, such writings sought to place language in the philosophical frame to highlight the problems and crises encountering natural language and the historical stages in which linguists-philosophers viewed this problematic issue, namely the logical positivism. The view Ludwig Wittgenstein, the Austrian philosopher who typically represents this attitude is particularly relevant. Through out the various stages of his intellectual development, he had a unique attitude to the linguistic phenomenon, especially in his later intellectual stage in which he saw that the task of philosophy is summarized as being criticism of language.

The idea of this research stems from the study of an important element of character building elements in Burhan Shawi's various mazes، which formed basic themes on which he built his different world of fiction by employing (meta-narrative) in it . And because of its importance and presence in his narrative sequences . We dealt with the character of (the narrator) in his mazes Logically sequential، and the importance of (the narrator) appears in that . It refers to more than one indication as a form associated with an author who lives in a civilized and cultural environment that he is affected by and bears its concerns and tries through writing to be active in it. And who played the game of narration through the level of time, without being captive to this game, leaving the freedom for the voices of the characters to say a narrator about them with his voice, in order to make way for the multiple angles of vision. We follow an inductive approach in our analysis of the texts (labyrinths) to reveal the nature of the relationship of (the narrator) with the characters، and therefore we can say that (the narrator) is one of the poles of the communicative process between the author and the reader or between the imagined world and reality . And the visions of critics and researchers have multiplied around it.

The use of internet has become widely common and a necessity for achieving daily tasks especially among university students and sometimes it reaches the level of addiction. This study aims to assess of Internet addiction among psychology students and its impact on their academic performance. A descriptive, cross-sectional study among psychology students was used at the Psychology Department in University of Garmian with stratified sampling method for 95 students using the Kurdish version of the Kimberly Young Internet Addiction Test (IAT). The result of the study showed that there were no differences between the males and females in Internet addiction, the results showed that both males and females got high scores from the average level of Internet addiction, and their scores were close in levels (normal, moderate, and severe) for Internet addiction, and the result indicated that most students are addicted to the Internet crossed their academic years with two exam trials instead of one, this result revealed the impact of the Internet on their academic performance.

The two researchers were interested in studying the concept of love in modern painting, as the researchers divided the subject of their research into four chapters. As for the limits of the research, it was represented by the spatial limits (Europe), while its temporal limits were represented for the period (1839-1897 AD), while the objective limits included the study of the applications of the structure of love in modern drawing, which are found in some documents and international encyclopedias and others, which included (art galleries, public holdings, museums, The electronic information network, magazines, newspapers). As for the second chapter, it was divided into two sections about me. The first topic (the structure of love in European literature) As for the second topic (the concept of love in European art), while the third chapter included the research procedures, the research community, the research sample and its analysis.
The fourth chapter included the results of the research and its conclusions, and the most important results were 1- Applications of the human and social contents of love in the structure of modern painting. As for the conclusions of the research, the most important of them were 1- Most European artists used the forms of love in their artwork. They relied on drawing with colors that suggest love, in forms, movements, or events.
The fourth chapter included recommendations and proposals, and the research concluded with a list of Arab and foreign sources and a summary in English.

The two researchers were interested in studying the concept of love in modern painting, as the researchers divided the subject of their research into four chapters. As for the limits of the research, it was represented by the spatial limits (Europe), while its temporal limits were represented for the period (1839-1897 AD), while the objective limits included the study of the applications of the structure of love in modern drawing, which are found in some documents and international encyclopedias and others, which included (art galleries, public holdings, museums, The electronic information network, magazines, newspapers). As for the second chapter, it was divided into two sections about me. The first topic (the structure of love in European literature) As for the second topic (the concept of love in European art), while the third chapter included the research procedures, the research community, the research sample and its analysis.
The fourth chapter included the results of the research and its conclusions, and the most important results were 1- Applications of the human and social contents of love in the structure of modern painting. As for the conclusions of the research, the most important of them were 1- Most European artists used the forms of love in their artwork. They relied on drawing with colors that suggest love, in forms, movements, or events.
The fourth chapter included recommendations and proposals, and the research concluded with a list of Arab and foreign sources and a summary in English.

Abstract
The research deals with the formulation of glass mixtures using phosphorous oxide as a substitute for silica and within the Seker Lama rule, because phosphorous oxide is one of the substances that are acidic with a group of acidic substances. Lead oxide was used from within mixture (1) and sodium carbonate in mixture (2), and the mixtures were equipped with a glass system The mixtures were ground by smelting mortars, and the produced glass was applied to the red clay of Babylon at a temperature of (400 °C, 550 °C, and 600 °C) for thermal leveling، and to accurately identify the properties and compounds of phosphorus oxide. This oxide was discussed in detail in the theoretical framework as well. To some properties of glass and compounds used in the research. The table of samples was formulated by (14) samples and they were colored using copper oxide (CuO), red iron oxide (Fe2O3), cobalt oxide (CoO), manganese oxide (MnO), and two dyes (red and blue). A chromatic analysis test was also conducted using the (L.a.b) system to find out the numerical values of the resulting color, and a texture test was conducted to know the nature of the surface because of its impact on the aesthetic and semantic side of the ceramic work. Either the tests that support the color and texture results are the (microscope) test, through which we learn On the colored crystals, phases, and non-molten materials and their impact on the color results. This hardness test was carried out to find out the extent to which the glass layer can withstand external stresses in order to maintain the durability of the work. Either the arithmetic tests are (density) and (surface tension) tests, and their results came within the range of the density value. For ceramic glass, the surface tension was less than the normal ceramic glass.

The current study aimed at (school bullying among middle school students in the province of Babil) in the schools of the center and districts of the province of Babylon by building a scale for school bullying among middle school students and to find out whether there are statistically significant differences in the percentage of this behavior according to the gender variable and the variable Living
The study was carried out on a randomly selected sample consisting of (300) male and female students for the middle school stage (second) in the province of Babylon for the academic year 2022-2023 divided into (150) females and (150) males belonging to four schools, two schools for males and two schools for females divided into these schools To rural and city schools, the sample percentage was (21.27%) and the sample percentage for the original community was (0.024%)
On the basis of reviewing the literature and previous studies, a scale was developed and its validity was confirmed by presenting its paragraphs to a group of specialized arbitrators in order to express an opinion on its validity and suitability in terms of content and wording of the paragraphs, while ensuring the stability of the tool by distributing the scale in its final form to a sample It consisted of (40) male and female students who were chosen randomly, and then the same scale was distributed to the same persons after a period of (15) days to determine the degree of stability.
The results of the questionnaire were statistically analyzed to reveal the percentage of school bullying among middle school students. The obtained results indicated that the prevalence of school bullying was (2.27%) for the general sample and (21.27%) for the research community, as the percentage of school bullying among males was (1.33%).) and females (9.33%), which indicates that the percentage of school bullying (verbal) for females is greater than for males. The results, after statistical analysis, also indicated that there were statistically significant differences in the percentage of school bullying between rural and city students, as the largest percentage of rural students compared to the city. While the study proved that there are no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of school bullying among females in the countryside or the city. From this study, it can be recommended to develop training programs for students in the middle school on methods and how to deal with their school bullying in order to understand their demands and psychological needs to reduce school bullying rates and achieve psychological, educational and social compatibility for them.

The 100m race requires special physical requirements like top speed to be decisive in racing, The importance is the use of training methods to develop physical capabilities according to the scientific foundations that are related to the components of the actual training for this event For the purpose of bringing about a development in the level because the event requires strength and high speed from the first step to the starting line, The problem is that there is a clear weakness in the achievement of the Babylon team, from the moment of leaving the starting cube for the first step, and it continues to the acceleration stage until reaching the maximum speed (30 m) and this leads to losing some time The researcher went to use a variety of training methods to develop the special strength of the working muscles to contribute to solving the problem they suffer from, Objectives Preparing exercises using training tools to develop some physical abilities and the digital level of the 100m runners for the youth group, identifying the use of training methods between the pre and post test of the sample to develop them, methodology The experimental approach was adopted with one group design to suit the nature of the problem, community and the sample Select (6) runners who represent 100% of the original population by the intentional method, conclusion The exercises using aids had a positive effect on some physical variables (explosive strength and strength characteristic of the speed of the legs, the maximum transitional speed from the low start) for the research category.

Agriculture is one of the important elements and components in achieving the economic stability of the state, so through it it can meet the needs of the population. Smail) as a model, where we conclude from this study that the agricultural areas in the district increased between two years (2010-2020) in order to improve the economic situation and finance the concerned authorities for the agricultural sector during these years, but this increase returned to decrease during the two years between (2020-2022), which Refers to a significant decline in agricultural operations during the last two years as a result of a combination of natural and human factors, which contributed to the decline in agricultural activity and the decrease in cultivated areas. It also showed a decrease in the areas occupied by winter crops compared to summer crops, which constitute (94%), i.e. an area of (234,728) dunums. This area represents all


winter crops, including grains, legumes, and tubers. As for the area of vegetables, it occupies (1154) dunums. This shrinkage in the area is due to The areas occupied by grains are larger than those occupied by the rest of the winter crops, while the summer crops occupy a low percentage of the area of cultivated crops if they occupy (6%), i.e. an area of (14109) dunums, and the reason for this is due to the availability of water in the winter seasons and its scarcity in the seasons summer, if it deliberately waters it with rain and groundwater.

To investigate the source of difficulty faced by Iraqi EFL learners in using English present tense forms and uncover what makes their errors frequent and similar, this paper addressed the potential epistemic models which may underlie tense forms and impose specific meanings on them. It also tackled a couple of questions relevant to the relation between time and tense and whether the latter is a time signal per se. To answer these queries, a set of EFL learners' responses to tense related questions was collected from their academic test sheets and analyzed qualitatively. The analysis showed that disparity between the English and Arabic epistemic models leads the natives of each language to construe the tense related sceneries differently. The English present tense, for example, locates an event on a timeline which consists of temporal areas at different distance from the moment of speaking. This tense also shows its reality status depending on physical or virtual accessibility of that event at time of speaking. This contrasts with the Arabic concept of present tense which attributes the evolutionary phase of an event (rather than the event itself) to some agent causer and the status of that phase is prototypically valued as unfulfilled reality regardless of time reference. Consequently, the learners' tendency to impose their native epistemic models on the English tense causes frequent errors whose similarity is stimulated by those models which represent the learners' shared epistemic knowledge in their cultural community and thus they do not fit the English tense system.

The research aims to identify the impact of augmented reality technology on achievement and technological enlightenment scale for fifth grade students to achieve the research objective, The Researcher has adopted the experimental method as she used the experimental design with two equal groups, on experimental and the other a control group with a post test of achievement and measurement of technological, the researcher intentionally chose the research sample which is Al-salam Primary School for Boys to conduct the experiment , the experimental the control group by simple random drawing Both the two groups or research has been rewarded and the researcher also prepared of the research The research prepared tools of the research which consist of (20) testing part the virtual honesty and the content honesty and the coefficient of difficulty and the coefficient discrimination ,testing by two ways like ;half reliability method, and the stability of choice by the method of alfa- krunbakh and the second tool is the technological Enlightenment scale which consisted of (20) items, and the apparent validity survival validity and its stability was calculated using the alfa-krunbakh method and the researcher applied experiment in the first semester of the academic year (2020-2021), The experiment started on Sunday (29-11-2020) and ended on Thursday (18-3-2021) and the date were statistically processed using the appropriate statistical means Research results showed: Experimental group has successes studied according to Augmented Reality Technology on the groups downtime according to usually method to get science and effect size (1,309) and this is a big sig, the technological Enlightenment Scale effect size (1,29) and this is big sign and in case of feedback of the research the research set of conclusions and recommendation and suggestion.

There is no research on the French artist Toulouse-Lautrec regarding the movement rhythm، so we followed his artistic works related to the movement rhythm and its representations. The aim of this study is to identify the aesthetics of movement rhythm and its representations in the works of Toulouse-Lautrec, and since Lautrec was physically handicapped, he used to project his physical suffering on his artistic works, so his works were about movement rhythm because of his disability. On the descriptive analytical method in analyzing the samples within an artistic and philosophical framework، and we reached that the artist Toulouse-Lautrec achieved in his works a superior aesthetic through the representation of rhythm as aesthetic indications associated with time، especially in works that refer to dance scenes, the rhythmic movements were activated in multiple directions within the same work to give it Aesthetic represented by those forms and the sense of rhythmic movement and the pictorial time within the boundaries of the artwork. Lautrec’s works were characterized by the realistic side when viewed by the recipient despite the post-impressionist movement to which the painter belongs. It is a modern movement in the schools of modern painting. The painter used both shapes and lines. Colors and spaces are supportive in bringing the artwork into existence, as if he made those who support his elements an important topic.

The current research studies (Fantasia aesthetics in contemporary digital advertisingThe research included four chapters, the first chapter dealt with (the methodological framework of the research) represented by the problem of the research, its importance and the need for it, as well as the objective of the research, which aims to identify (Fantasia aesthetics in contemporary digital advertisingThe chapter also contained the limits of the research and the definition of its terms.
The theoretical framework included three topics, the first topic dealt with a study (Fantasia in contemporary philosophical thought), while the second research included (conceptual fantasyAs for the third topic, it was concerned with the study of (contemporary digital advertising), and the theoretical framework ended with the researcher reviewing and discussing previous studies, in addition to the indicators concluded by the framework.
As for the third chapter, it was devoted to the research procedures and was represented by a community, while the research sample reached (2) a model that was chosen in an intentional way. The researcher reviews some of the results as follows:
1- The creative work came to achieve psychological dimensions seeking existential themes that were manifested through the structural elements (line, texture, shape, image) implemented according to an ingenious allegorical formulation that mixed with reality and imagination, which gave it the pragmatic reading as in models (1), (2).
2- The product of the art of design is characterized by the encoded spiritual discourse, through its digital formative structure full of the semantic sign that carries within it a veiled content that is marked by the intention of transmission, so the work came (1), (2) carrying an implicit signification that has been socially adapted according to traditions and customs, thus achieving a dimension Subjectively, objectively, individually and societally.
Among the most important conclusions reached by the researcher:-- Fantasia is based on a fertile knowledge and artistic ground because it is the fruit of an aesthetic pursuit with cultural and historical roots, which made its topics a mixture of ideological discourse that reflects cultural / societal events.
3- The aesthetic dimensions of fantasy varied through its manifestations in the structure of the digital advertising design according to various methods used by the designer to disclose the intention of the message that carried psychological contents, and with this mechanism the digital advertisement became a proposition and an agent for a Problems of contemporary life experienced by LaA person, whether social or psychological, and at the same time, produces a creative space in which a person finds an outlet for him through which he expresses the rapidly growing desires and inclinations, as is the case in the nature of contemporary life.
One of the most important recommendations reached by the researcher, she :- 1- The necessity of directing students' taste towards holding electronic exhibitions that include digital arts, including design, so that students can contemplate technological developments and benefit from their data.
4- Holding educational courses and workshops on the use of electronic programs towards website platforms and the World Wide Web to train students on the mechanism of instant and free interaction with computer technology and develop students' capabilities in expressive artistic performance.