Journal of college of Law for Legal and Political Sciences

Divorce is a phenomenon and an important issue for society. Therefore, it is considered a social phenomenon in itself, and divorce is one of the complex matters faced by husband and wife. Because of the difficulty of solving it, and it produces complex effects and leads to a dead end and a closed path, and therefore marriage and its continuation lead to a closed path, and divorce legally is considered a right, just as it is a right in Sharia that is one of the rights of the husband and not the wife, even if it causes harm or injustice to the wife, and these are the difficulties that she faces. Spouses are considered ordinary people, so what about these difficulties and the consequences of the issue of divorce for the disabled person? On this basis, the legislator intervened in this issue to establish solutions and limits based on the principles of equality and justice. Legal protection includes many programs and laws, including the personal status of the disabled person, It has become a subject of discussion in various fields, especially among legal scholars, to grant them legal protection and guarantees through national legislation, constitutions and treaties that concern states

In this research, we address the issue of liability resulting from electronic communication, that is, electronic chats between young men and women, whether written, audio, or visual, and the damage resulting from them. As a result of technological progress, the adoption of digital electricity technologies, and the remarkable development in the field of information technology and uses of the Internet in various fields, New methods of communication have emerged among young people. Social media platforms have opened the door to instant exchange of text messages between young people. Where the young man writes his message and receives a response immediately, as online connection programs provide various services that include written conversations in which messages are written and responded to instantly. In addition, these technologies also allow audio and video conversations, which allows young people to communicate in a more interactive and transparent manner. Over time, these technological means have evolved and become an integral part of young people's lives.

In order to preserve public money and prevent extravagance, squandering, and waste of public money, there must be a specialized oversight body that is financially and administratively independent of all legislative, executive, and judicial authorities, represented by the Federal Financial Supervision Office, which works to detect errors and deviations and verify public expenditures

The compensation claim is the legally defined penalty for each administrative liability, and it is a natural result when the three conditions of liability are met, including error, damage and causal relationship. He shall be a reparatory for the damage and proportionate to its amount, whether the damage resulted from a material act of the Department or a legal act of it. The compensation claim is a judicial means created by the legislator to protect the individual rights in the face of the administration when it engages in an activity that results in harm to the individual's interest. In this case, the aggrieved party has to prove it to the court. Where the judicial authorities that consider compensatory disputes differ according to the applicable legal system, and this is related to the nature of the dispute, whether one of its parties is a person of public or private law, and also varies according to whether the judicial system is a unilateral or dual system. In addition, the limitation periods in the compensation claim differ from that in the cancellation case, where the period is relatively short in the cancellation case. As for the compensation case, the matter is different, as the person affected by the illegal management decision, if he is unable to file a cancellation claim because of the limitation period, can resort to Compensation claim to claim compensation for the damage he caused as a result of the management's wrongful decision

After the fall of its previous regime in 2003, Iraq witnessed radical transformations in its form and in its new legal and political system, represented by the federal system and democratic parliamentary rule based on the protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens and the peaceful transfer of power. Its new constitution of 2005 embodied the dimensions of these legal, social, political and economic changes, including the reorganization And the formulation of the legal relationship between the individual and the state by defining the foundations for acquiring citizenship and the rights and duties resulting from it to enhance the role of individuals and their active participation in building Iraqi society.

The Federal Republic of Iraq's General Budget Law for the years 2023, 2024, and 2025 enjoys a uniqueness that no previous general budget law project in modern Iraq has had. This is due to it being the most expensive budget ever, not to mention its exceeding of the annual budget rule. The developments that have been amended in Iraq's general budget reflect the government's efforts to achieve financial balance and enhance economic growth, with a focus on promoting social justice. It requires firmness in implementation and transparency in dealings, in addition to establishing the sanctity of citizens' funds and their standard of living. There is no benefit from a budget that improves the country's economic situation and reduces the individual's standard of living

In recent years, the world has witnessed tremendous developments in various fields thanks to technological advances that have revolutionized daily life. The current era is witnessing a shift towards what is known as the age of information and globalization, as technologies have advanced significantly in various sectors and fields around the world.Among these developments, the discovery of the concept of artificial intelligence stands out, which allows the design of machines that approach the level of human thinking in responding, predicting and solving problems. Artificial intelligence is very useful in various fields, including politics, economics, education, and culture.Many actors in modern society make use of smart technology in many areas, including international relations. Artificial intelligence technologies help in enhancing cooperation between countries in various aspects such as politics, diplomacy, trade, security, and technology.However, the use of smart technology can also have negative effects, as errors or harm to individuals may occur.Studies indicate that artificial intelligence can have positive and negative impacts on international responsibility and relations between countries. The optimal use of artificial intelligence can enhance cooperation between countries and improve their interests in various fields, but caution must be taken against the potential risks associated with these advanced technologies.Studies also indicate that different theories in international relations, such as idealism and realism, can help understand how artificial intelligence affects international relations and international responsibility.Overall, AI is an important development in the modern world, but it must be used with caution to avoid potential negative effects

Modern democratic systems have subjected the actions of the head of state to judicial or political oversight. Previously, the actions of the head of state were immune from oversight and were called acts of sovereignty and were left to be examined by the judiciary. However, with the issuance of the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq in 2005, it subjected the powers of the President of the Republic to oversight, so that the judiciary and legislative authority (Council Representatives) is of great importance in the field of oversight of the powers of the President of the Republic, and the political oversight exercised by the House of Representatives in addition to the legislative function is not without danger, as this measure could lead to the removal of the President of the Republic from his position, which would generate a major political impact on the state in general and on The President of the Republic in particular, and hence our desire to shed light on the oversight of the powers of the President of the Republic in Iraq, and to clarify the position of comparative legislation on this issue

Global threats related to international security are associated to armies, weapons, and military wars only, as was the case in the past. The world today is witnessing new types of threats that did not exist or were known previously, but they represent a major threat to international security. Environmental problems are one of the most prominent of these new threats. Of a global nature because of its serious repercussions on international peace and security

There is a large number of children around the world who are deprived of their right to education, as this right is one of the basic rights that cannot be neglected due to the impact this right has on building and preserving society. Accordingly, the study aimed to consolidate the child’s right to education as well as to know who a child is according to the provisions of Islamic Sharia and international agreements. The study also discussed the comparison between what is included in the noble Islamic Sharia and what is included in international treaties related to the rights of the child. The child’s right to education is also considered an economic, cultural and social right. Therefore, the child’s right to education cannot be separated from the rest of the rights granted to children, because education is the preservation of the child’s mind and protection from all manifestations of ignorance. Also, through education, human resources can be optimally utilized, as Developing children’s capabilities will prepare a generation that is fit and qualified to lead society

Inclusion is a privilege granted by the legislator to the administration, under which it authorizes the issuance of an inclusion decision against an employee or person charged with a public service according to the procedures stated in light of Inclusion Law No. (31) of 2015, if he commits an act that violates the law resulting in damage to the funds of the entity for which he works, however. The administration’s decisions are subject to the oversight of the administrative judiciary, especially its oversight of the legality of the validity of the subject element in the decision through matching the decision to the images that represent aspects of the verification of the subject element in the inclusion decision. If the judge finds that the decision has been marred by a defect represented in the absence of a direct violation of the law, Or that the administration made a mistake in interpreting or applying the provisions of the inclusion law to the facts the most prominent and important role in clarifying the legitimacy of the shop element in the inclusion decision, and directing the administration to follow the proper procedures to protect the employee’s rights and state funds alike

Companies governance means the rational management of the company in a way that ensures the application of rules and laws and protects stakeholders. Governance has become a new slogan adopted by most developed countries as part of the globalization system attracting foreign and national investments. The obligations corresponding to the application of the rules of governance fall on the company's shoulders, which are the obligation to disclose shares, case of conflict of interest, disclosure of the company's general policy, disclosure of financial information and reports, and transparency in the preparation of financial reports. Information and its commitment to specific conditions and the exclusion of some confidential information affecting the company from its presentation, as well as the regulatory organization of the company and enhance its ability to manage risks, and these guarantees are reflected positively on company’s shareholders, creditors and other stakeholders by ensuring their administrative and investment rights, disclosure and transparency are the basic principles of governance that provide stability and protection for all parties and dealers with companies as they provide the information needed by shareholders, investors and bodies regulatory on the basis of which decisions are taken because in the event of the loss of such important principles. We will be facing incorrect and limited information misleading the public and make explicit violation of the law, as it is the responsibility of the management, in addition to disclosure and transparency, to know the extent of its ability to manage risks for the company in order to face the risks and reduce their effects when they occur to reduce their effects on the company, as well as ensuring the existence of tight control, whether internal or external, to ensure and protect its legal and economic entity

The electronic administrative investigation is one of the effective means of modern electronic administration, and in order to reach the actual facts and truths, it is necessary to carry out the electronic administrative investigation and know its concept, characteristics, and legal nature, as well as how to resolve the work of the investigative committees quickly, with extreme accuracy, impartiality, and better transparency, All of this is done through the use of modern electronic means of communication with technical and technological development in Internet services. In addition to that, the emergence of new crimes that require special, high-quality technical expertise of a technical nature in conducting administrative investigation in the scope of crimes of an electronic nature, which are committed By employees or workers in state public facilities, This requires the establishment of a special legislative organization and effective provisions to achieve formal and objective guarantees for the employee who violates his job duties, as well as real legal rules that regulate the electronic administrative investigation. Therefore, we need administrative investigators with experience in the technical and digital aspects and in the field of information technology, With the possibility of seeking assistance from experts in this field, especially when serious administrative and financial violations occur, as well as disclosing secrets, data, and information related to job activity, monitoring the employee’s e-mail, and reviewing all of his papers, data, and documents, And knowing the competent administrative authority to refer to the electronic administrative investigation for the purpose of reaching the truth through the effectiveness of conducting the electronic administrative investigation, Conducting an electronic administrative investigation also facilitates and removes all obstacles and obstacles created by traditional legal systems when conducting a traditional administrative investigation, and then explains the legal effects produced by this investigation, and in this context, it achieves the real goals desired for it

Niger is one of the areas of greatest interest to international powers. Given its strategic, economic, and security importance, and in the midst of the changes that have occurred in Niger and the occurrence of the military coup there in 2023, it was necessary to know the reasons and motives for the coup, the motives for French interest in Niger, the reasons for its intervention in this strategic region, and its position on the coup, which was not limited to Focusing on the security aspect only, but rather seeking to immerse itself more in Nigerian internal affairs through a pragmatic cooperative policy to achieve economic and security goals in particular while restoring its cultural and historical heritage.

Power is the essence of international relations, and one of the most important determinants for understanding the behavior of states, and one of the topics that occupies a large space in contemporary political studies and since ancient times. It is one of the most important, most widely used and pivotal concepts in international relations. It is a changing historical phenomenon that has witnessed a lot of development and growth in its form and nature throughout Time stages, according to the change in the surrounding international factors, and the change in its components over time and eras, and its composition of changeable elements (material and moral), and it is a dynamic and relative concept due to the difference and variation in its forms and images, names, and fields of use, from hard and soft power all the way to smart power

that applies justice among people is of high importance and enhances trust between litigants. On this basis, the need arose for us to explain the procedural organization for writing a judicial opinion, which is embodied in the manner in which judicial rulings are issued. Writing this opinion results in the issuance of a decisive judicial ruling on the dispute between the opponents. The purpose of writing the judicial opinion on the draft ruling is the result of the judge’s thinking and contemplation about how to apply the correct legal text to the dispute before him without influencing the judge or interfering in his work when writing this opinion, and this is what made us embody these procedures with an integrated theory and address the problems resulting from them. With a simplified and legal study

Investments have become necessary today due to their role in information and communications technology, infrastructure development, and job creation in investment-receiving countries. However, there are many legal and administrative obstacles facing foreign investments or preventing the flow of foreign capital based on Iraqi Investment Law No. (13) of the year 2006 and other legislative and regulatory institutions involved in implementing these laws. The study identified the necessary legal mechanisms to overcome these obstacles and thus provide a suitable and safe environment to attract foreign investment. From this standpoint, foreign investment was defined in the study, its types were explained, and guarantees were provided to protect the investor, and through studying these points The study reached a conclusion that includes conclusions in addition to many ideas that we believe will enable the concerned authorities to attract foreign investment and promote facts about the country without exaggeration or omission

Now, artificial intelligence technologies have the ability to simulate human behavior, and the ability to reach decisions that are very similar to the decisions made by humans, and from here the use of these technologies, especially smart robots, began in many fields, the most important of which are those systems used in the commercial field, such as the spread of smart agents. In electronic commerce and relying on them to conclude commercial contracts and implement trading deals, all of this raises the issue of the application of the rules of traditional commercial law to the commercial operations carried out by these systems, especially with the growing voices to grant these entities legal personality, so the rules must be reconsidered. Current commercial law to include all developments currently taking place. Through research, I addressed the extent to which the traditional rules of commercial law apply to these systems and whether we can call them a merchant and adhere to what the law requires merchants to adhere to through two sections. In the first, I dealt with the conceptual framework of artificial intelligence through its definition. It explained its characteristics and the extent to which it has legal personality. The second section dealt with the commercialization of artificial intelligence businesses by stating the conceptual framework of the rules of commercial law and granting the status of a merchant to artificial intelligence systems. The study concluded with a conclusion that included a number of conclusions and proposals