Kufa Journal of Arts

The ability of air to carry large amounts of sand and dust depends on the wind speed, the size of the sand or dust particles, the degree of soil cohesion, the stability of the atmosphere, and the intensity of vertical air currents. In general, the movement of dust particles is a function of both the strength of the wind and the characteristics of the particles that carry them from their place.

Dust storms are generated when the wind speed exceeds 7 m/s, as the soil particles attached to the surface of the earth will lose their bonding force with their molecules. These particles begin to move when the wind speed increases, which overcomes the force of friction between the atom and the surface of the earth and the weight of the atom itself.

The phenomenon of rising dust occurs during the day or night, especially in the summer, as a result of the intense heating of the Earth's surface and the surface air in contact with it, which creates a state of severe instability in the surface air layer. As for suspended dust, it occurs after the phenomena of rising dust and dust storms, where dust particles remain suspended in the atmosphere after the winds cease due to their small size, which reaches less than (1 micron). The dust particles remain suspended until they reach the point where gravity overcomes the still winds, so that the dust reaches the final stage, which is

deposition.

Storms take smooth paths in their movement, crossing distances of varying distances, including local ones that arise and disappear within the borders of the political region. Some of them cut vast distances across many countries and across the seas separating the continents, such as their movement from the Libyan desert, accompanying the Mediterranean depressions. Some dust storms are associated with light pressure systems, such as the seasonal Indian depression that begins from India across the Arabian Gulf to Iraq, as well as the Sudanese depression that reaches the Sinai Peninsula and then east to Iraq. There are storms accompanying frontal depressions, the subtropical depression, the Icelandic depression, and the Caspian Sea. Dust storms may accompany highs, such as the Siberian, European, Azores, subtropical, and island highs.

This study aims to reveal the problems facing fish farming and production in Babil Governorate, and the possibility of developing and growing it, by diagnosing the problems that hinder the ways of this development. Fish farming and production constitute an important economic activity due to its impact in providing job opportunities for the population, in addition to its contribution to the optimal investment of the land. Fish farming is one of the important economic activities in the governorate. Fish farming and production suffer from many problems that hinder the sound development of this important production sector. Therefore, what the study aims to achieve in this research is to show the most important problems facing fish farming activity resulting from natural, human and biological influences that affect the development of fish farming and production in Babil Governorate, and ways to address and reduce them for the purpose of developing and growing this activity in the governorate. This research deals with studying the reality of fish production in Babylon Governorate in 2010, and the problems facing this activity in terms of natural, human, biological and environmental problems, and their impact on its development, and ways to address and reduce them for the purpose of developing and advancing this activity in the governorate.

The study concluded with the conclusions it reached, in addition to the sources, and the study reached many conclusions, including:

The administrative units in Babylon Governorate vary in the number of total and productive fish farms, and the center of Al-Mahawil District came in the forefront, followed by the Alexandria District and the Hindiya Dam District, and the marketing process had a clear impact on this focus.
Fish farming and production in Babylon Governorate currently faces many natural, human and life problems that have negatively affected this activity, but these problems can be addressed and their impact reduced by adopting many methods and solutions that will have a prominent role in developing and advancing fish farming in the governorate.
Fish farming in the governorate, like other governorates, is still done in ponds that lack the typical requirements for fish farming ponds.

This research seeks to reveal the reality of the problem of air pollution in the city of Najaf and to identify the most important sources and factors affecting the difference in its temporal and spatial dimensions. It shows: -

1- The amount of falling dust in the city of Najaf was large, especially in the summer, and reached (122.7) grams / m2, while spatially, Yarmouk neighborhood recorded the highest amount of falling dust, reaching (139.95) grams / m2 due to dust storms and the city's proximity to the Western Desert, and the poor soil and lack of vegetation cover, which reduces the severity of dust storms.

2- The research results indicate an increase in the concentrations of suspended particles, and the summer season recorded the highest concentrations in most of the sample sites and reached (116.7) micrograms / m3, while spatially, the highest rate of concentration of suspended particles was recorded in the teachers' neighborhood and reached (199.98) micrograms / m3 due to the movement of transportation and its proximity to the Aden neighborhood and the industrial craftsmen's neighborhood.

3- The research revealed an increase in the concentrations of gases in the air of the city of Najaf. Where higher concentrations were recorded in the summer. Some gases exceeded environmental limits in the summer, including carbon monoxide gas, which reached (31.9) parts per million, while sulfur dioxide gas (0.6) parts per million. As for the gases that were within the environmental limits in the summer, they are hydrogen sulfide gas, which reached (0.3) parts per million, methane gas (0.06) parts per million, ammonia gas (0.4) parts per million, and oxygen gas (19.3%). As for the spatial level, we find that the highest concentration of carbon monoxide gas was recorded in Al-Ghadeer neighborhood (55.5) parts per million due to the increase in car exhausts and smoke from private and public generators. The highest concentration of sulfur dioxide gas was in Yarmouk neighborhood (0.75) parts per million, the highest concentration of hydrogen sulfide gas was in Al-Urouba neighborhood (0.45) parts per million, the highest concentration of methane gas was in Al-Hassan, Al-Ghadeer, and Al-Jihad neighborhoods (0.1) parts per million, the highest concentration of ammonia gas was in Al-Hawra Zainab neighborhood (0.35) parts per million, and the lowest concentration of oxygen gas was in Al-Adala and Al-Moalimeen neighborhoods (19.9%).

Najaf is one of the three cities of the cultural triangle (Al-Hirah, Kufa, Najaf) that are located in one geographical area, which was called (Al-Dhahr), its history dates back to ancient times, and palaces, monasteries, temples and castles were built in it... Historians mention that the Babylonian king (Bukhtanasr 626-539 BC) built Hira on Najaf and fortified it, then annexed the Arab tribes to it. The kings of Al-Mundhir and some of the writers and poets of Al-Hirah, such as Adi bin Zaid Al-Abbadi and others, had taken Najaf as a park, residence and retreat for them; For its pleasant air, many rivers and trees, it was called (the cheek of the Virgin). The Syriacs lived in its outskirts, and the Jacobites established a religious center there. A number of Al-Hirah’s writers were fluent in Persian, Syriac and Greek ([i]). The two Chinese painters (Fan Shen) and (Liu Tse) lived in this region between the years (751-762 AD) ([ii]). It is said that the Kufic script traces its origins back to the Hira script, and that the Syriacs were closely related to Greek culture, and that many of the Arabs of Al-Hirah penetrated this culture after learning Syriac, and then this culture moved to Kufa after it was Egyptianized in the year (17 AH). It is said that Al-Nu’man bin Al-Mundhir selected a collection of poems and stored them in (the White Palace), which is considered one of their famous palaces ([iii]). Regardless of the critical criteria that Al-Nu'man used in selecting and collecting these poems, such work, in addition to the above-mentioned cultural phenomena, indicates great care for poetry, language, literature, and issues of thought and general culture. Among the names given to Najaf are: (Dhahr al-Hirah), (Dhahr al-Kufa), (Najaf al-Hirah), and (Najaf al-Kufa), although Dr. Mustafa Jawad tends to add al-Hirah to Najaf, so it is said (Hirah al-Najaf) ([iv]), in addition to other names given to it, such as al-Tur, al-Judi, al-Ghari, Banqia, and others, which is what some researchers have used as evidence of the depth of the geographical, historical, and civilizational connection between these three cities ([v]).

Therefore, Najaf inherited two civilizations, before and after Islam, namely the civilization of the Lakhmids state in al-Hirah and the Islamic civilization in Kufa.

The research has shown that poetry in general is one of the best means of media, both ancient and modern, in addition to committed or missionary poetry, as it has the great ability to spread ideas and beliefs, and has a sublime effect on the consciousness of the recipient and the leadership of the masses. One of the most important influential beliefs in our Islamic society is the issue of Imam Mahdi (may God Almighty hasten his noble reappearance), who has a great presence in other religions under the name of the Savior.

Among the most important sensual aesthetic values ​​that were extracted from the research are:

They paid great attention to the details of the woman's body; as they described her face, hair, lips, eyes, and figure, and what she wears and what she adorns herself with, so the white color of the face became a model of beauty for them; as they chose the whiteness of the face for the most attractive and beautiful woman, while the jet black color emerged as a symbol of the hair color, and we find that present in Al-Shamakh's poetry, and they described the blackness of the eye and its width in women to the extent that it was for them a standard of beauty, and they were fascinated by the lips of women and likened it to what is fragrant from plants and its pleasant scent, and what is desirable from wine.

The woman’s figure and the slenderness of her waist had a prominent presence, and they described it accurately. They chose for beautiful women a slim waist and a flat stomach. They also paid attention to women’s jewelry, adornment, and what they wore.

The research reached a number of results, the most important of which are the following:

1- This attempt at renewal revealed the extent of the problem that occurred in the origins of traditional grammar, and it crept into its branches, and its errors continued to multiply until now, and the reform attempts that obstructed its path after Sibawayh were unable to stop this deviation; except for a bold and serious attempt that relies on certain principles and a deductive terminological system based on hypotheses proven to be correct, which produces a group of new procedural terms stemming from the very nature of the Arabic language as it performs its communicative function; therefore, all attempts to reform or renew grammar failed; old and modern; because they remained confined to the old methods that were not armed with what modern sciences based on a precise, coherent and clear experimental method that presents an easy-to-apply model are armed with, in addition to the failure of attempts imported from Western cultures as well; Because import was viewed as a raw material that could be accepted in any social situation without considering the subjectivity of the imported product represented in the material, mental and emotional effort and its social and economic circumstances, such a type of import does not succeed in importing industrial goods, so how can it succeed in importing cultural goods whose most special characteristics are represented by language?!

2- The theory of the magical agent charted its own innovative path by eliminating a number of old misleading terms, and keeping a number of them by replacing their denoting concepts, and made some of them secondary explanatory terms. This includes all the terms that classified the forms of the verb that can be used in Arabic such as: (the active participle, the passive participle, the adjective, the infinitive...), and the circumstances in their various forms that perform the function of the verb that can be benefited from with the following description: (verb) came in the form of an active participle, a verb came in the form of a preposition and a noun, etc. In this way, what was classified as a (noun) in traditional grammar is transformed into a (word/form) with a coherent form and a specific grammatical function; for fear of causing confusion in the minds of learners who have been programmed to make those mistakes for a long time.

3- The theory of the magical agent reduced the basic terms to the maximum extent, as the sentence is generated according to its abstract mental image of (verb and noun) and a deleted link between them, then it allocated the noun and verb with four terms that match the two types of Arabic sentences: verbal and nominal according to the change of their positions, so the terms of the verbal sentence became: (indefinite verb + noun/definite subject), while the terms of the nominal sentence are: (attributive subject/definite semantic subject + verb/indefinite predicate), and the terms of the nominal sentence have become complicated, but this complexity is consistent with the nature of the language as an economic means that makes one element have several functions within one sentence.

4- The theory of the magical agent distinguished between the two types of sentences that can be produced in Arabic with characteristics that were not known before; This is why the idea of ​​the qualitative structure in each of them was reinforced, which was ambiguous in the minds of ancient grammarians, rhetoricians and commentators, which led to a contradiction in their vision of the two types of sentences. They see their qualitative independence, but at the same time they see the existence of a relationship of presentation and delay between them, in addition to the lack of precise distinction between the two sentences, as they made sentences that begin with derivatives and the like and raise a subject nominal sentences. Therefore, chaos occurred in the study of the sentence and misleading discussions and ambiguous terms appeared.

After the previous presentation of the dimensions of this theory with its two parts, private and public, we can

stand at the following results:

First/ The opinions that came with the theory of relativity have great philosophical dimensions represented in the lack of confidence in sensory empiricism that continued to look at objects and events in space without realizing the close connection between space and time.

Second/ The theory of relativity shed light on concepts in which man saw nothing but absoluteness, with this theory both time and space became relative, and it also presented a vision of Newtonian physics represented in that time and space are completely mixed in a continuum called (the spatial-temporal continuum) consisting of relative space and relative time.

Third/ The distinction that Einstein made between the real world as we see it and perceive it with the senses, and the theories that the scientist forms in order to understand the sensible world, and find the connection between these two worlds, which is that the theories that the scientist forms are closely related to the data of the senses.

Fourth: This philosophical position was born in Einstein as a result of his reading of the theories presented by philosophers, and his attempt to benefit from these theories and ideas. He read the writings of Plato and Aristotle from the ancients, and was informed about the thought of modern philosophers such as Descartes, Kant, Hume, and John Locke, which prompted him to find a scientific philosophical conception of the universe or the world in which he lives. This conception ended with the creation of the theory of special and general relativity. Fifth: The results reached by this theory suggest the deep and close connection between philosophy and science. Although each has its own field and method, philosophy can never dispense with science, nor can science dispense with philosophy. Each benefits from the other and feeds it with its assumptions and results, which suggests the overlap of sciences with each other, and all work in one field, which is the field of human knowledge.

The current study concluded by evaluating the quality of drinking water in the city of Nasiriyah, for the water stations represented by the Sadrian water complex, the Al-Bu Azm complex, and the Al-Hakim complex. And measuring the concentrations of physical elements [hydrogen ion PH, total dissolved salts T.D.S, dissolved oxygen Do, temperature Temp, turbidity], and chemical elements] calcium Ca, magnesium Mg, sodium Na, potassium K, chlorides Cl, sulfates So4], based on data from the Dhi Qar Environment Directorate for the year 2013.

The study concluded that the quality of drinking water in the city of Nasiriyah is poor, and this is due to a number of causes, some of which are natural and some of which are human, which is the most influential due to the city's release of countless amounts of urban and agricultural pollutants, in addition to industrial pollutants, which led to the deterioration of the quality of the Euphrates River water in the study area and its transmission through the water network of the neighborhoods of Nasiriyah city. Which makes this water vulnerable to diseases related to its pollutants, which makes it a threat to the public health of the city's residents.

The results of measuring physical elements showed a difference in their concentration levels, as the elements exceeded the permissible limit according to the standards of the World Health Organization, especially dissolved oxygen and turbidity, and the hydrogen ion exceeded the standard value in the winter months. While the results of measuring chemical elements showed that they were within the permissible limits according to the World Health Organization, with the exception of the sodium element, which exceeded the standard value in September by a large margin, recording a level of (585 mg/L).

The city of Isfahan has an important place in world history, as it is one of the most important centers of civilization in the Islamic East; especially after the Muslim conquerors set foot there in 21 AH/641 AD, and then it became a center for attracting Arab tribes to be a destination for Muslim travelers and geographers who wrote extensively about its political, social and economic conditions. There is no doubt that this type of writings is considered one of the most reliable sources, as it contains living and contemporary testimonies throughout the Islamic eras; and here we are not talking about the writings of Muslim geographers and geographers, as much as we seek to track the conditions of the city from the social and economic aspects spread across the pages of these writings, so the researcher decided to divide the study into according to the nature of the geographical observations related to the social character of Isfahan by reviewing the name, origin, social component, economic status, and social decrees and occasions mentioned in the geographic writings during the Islamic eras. The study concluded with a number of results that show the special importance of the city of Isfahan compared to the eastern countries.

Tins is one of the most prominent industrial cities in Islamic Egypt during the period extending from the third century AH until the end of the sixth century AH, where it was distinguished by many industries, especially shipbuilding, ceramic, pottery and glass industries, metal industry, arms industry, and industries based on agricultural products. However, its most important industry is the textile industry, as Tins was known as an industrial city through its famous textiles, especially linen textiles from Sharab, Dabiqi, and Bouqlamoun, in addition to weaving the Kaaba cover. Noting that its products were in demand from Islamic countries in the East and West and even from Western countries for their quality and precision even if their prices rose, which was reflected in the prosperity of Tins and its urban growth and the increase in the number of its plans, the revival of its shops and markets, the prosperity of its people, the increase in the number of its factories, the number of its inhabitants, and the growth of intellectual life in it with the increase in the number of its scholars, in addition to what its economic revival contributed to in increasing the imports of the countries that ruled it. Noting that the spread of Tins' fame as an industrial city would not have been achieved without the availability of several factors that complemented each other and ultimately contributed to Tins reaching a high position in this field, especially its important geographical location on the Mediterranean, the abundance of skilled workers from its people, in addition to the availability of raw materials for industry, especially flax, in addition to the interest of the countries that ruled it and its emergence as an advanced city in the field of textile manufacturing.

Arbaeen Pilgrimage of Imam Hussein is an annual carnival that is celebrated by millions of people marching to Karbala, and this marching route is the only place through which these millions pass in a short period, so the roads, services, security and accommodation must have a high capacity to accommodate and serve these large numbers at the same time.

Year after year, the service, workers and supervising authorities increase, and improvements are made to performance, contexts are developed and capabilities are developed.

Hence, the research came to provide a geographic information base covering an area that most responsible authorities lack maps for, and at the same time enrich libraries with geographic information systems research to demonstrate its importance and role in planning, development and growth.

After all that has been presented and what the research has presented of evidence and opinions for the existing disagreement between jurists regarding the legitimacy of dealing with a boy, and after the deductive study that the research has adopted, it is possible to list the results it has reached as follows:

The legitimacy of dealing with a boy has been a subject of disagreement among the media after agreeing on the entry of the condition of dealing with a boy in the sale legally, not customarily, as the perfection of the two considerations, and there is no difference in considering the condition in the sale between the verbal sale and the actual exchange, because it is a sale customarily.
Although the research has touched upon the sales exchange, it has no specificity, as the conditionality and its absence are discussed in all exchanges except in the will, as it has stipulated its consideration. ([i])
The famous jurists consider the conditionality, and the evidence that was presented to prove it is subject to contemplation, except for the consensus of those who worship the consensus of the ancients.
Other statements were mentioned detailing between the dangerous of transactions, so it is not valid or valid, and between the mechanism and independence.
Sheikh Kashf Al-Ghitaa mentioned that dealing with a boy only indicates permissibility. Finally, it became clear that there is no evidence of the invalidity of dealing with a boy. Yes, if we build on the authority of consensus, then we limit ourselves to the certain amount, which is dealing with insignificant things.