Sumer University Journal for humanity science

The topic (the international monetary system under the Keynes-White projects 1943-1944) is one of the important topics, especially in the study of international economic and monetary conditions, because economic stability is one of the basic goals and the lifeblood of any country. After the outbreak of World War II and the end of the gold standard system, the Allied countries, especially... Britain and the United States of America decided to think, develop plans, and create a post-war economic system. During that period, a group of economists emerged who took on drawing the economic map, led by the British economic advisor John Maynard Keynes and the first assistant to the American Treasury clerk, Harry Dexter White. Both parties sought to consolidate their positions and prospects. His career and serving the interests of his country.
Keynes was keen to restore Britain's collapsed position in the global economy, and White worked to strengthen the leadership role of the United States of America in the new order of the post-war world. Finally, the participants at the 1944 Bretton Woods conference agreed to adopt White's project due to the economic and military
strength of the United States. On the one hand, most European countries, Latin America, and Third World countries were in dire need of American aid, on the other hand.

The pioneers of free poetry searched for aspects of novelty and creativity in Western and Arab literature based on the strong desires they felt for innovation, modernity, and diversification in the life of poetry. Most of the poets of modernity and change were proficient in one or more foreign languages, so in their writing they came from a dual culture.
Accordingly, the pioneers of free poetry interacted with the Arab and Western heritage with a good understanding, as they were able “to look at the heritage from an appropriate dimension, and to represent it not with images, shapes, and templates, but rather with essence, spirit, and attitudes. Thus, they realized in it its moral dimensions.” They also considered their modernity as a link in the chain of modernities. Which began at an early age, linked to aspects of innovation and modernity of diversification appropriate to the modern era.
This study focused on examining the Iraqi literary culture of the poet Nazik Al-Malaika and the English poet Edith Sitwell, a comparative study within renewal and modernity according to the descriptive and analytical methodology.
Various matters of Western and Arab modernity began to enter into it, directly and indirectly.

The research studies the great role played by Arab poetry in confronting the tyranny practiced by the Barbars and Jews in Andalusia. The Arab poet had a clear and honest attitude regarding all the events that took place that Andalusian society went through, and he worked to reject them and stand against them. His position was a courageous position towards all. The attempts made by the Barbars to fragment the unity of Andalusia, This was the focus of our first section of the research. These people created division among the princes of the Umayyad state by their victory for princes at the expense of other princes, and in this period they took advantage of the weakness and internal fighting among the princes of this state, to continue what remained of it in the great strife that turned Andalusia into states ruled by separate kings. They were known to blame the sects, as well as their handing over the affairs of the people - when they ruled Granada - into the hands of the Jews, who we talked about them in the second section, who wreaked havoc on it. To stand at them and see the attitude of poetry towards them, as the Jews, with the help of the Barbars rulers and other leaders, tried to degrade the status of Muslims there and undermine Islam in every way. so they began to control the necks of the people and the livelihood of their lives, until the voice came as poetry of getting rid of them through a revolution it uproots them and rids people of their evils. This revolution was influenced by a poem that inflamed feelings and Moved swords, and was the desired end for them.

This research aims to (build an evaluation model for the difficulties of learning language skills among first-year primary school students). The researcher used the descriptive method as an approach to achieve the goal of his research. Because it suits the aim of the research, the research community included professors specialized in methods of teaching the Arabic language who hold the title of
professor and assistant professor in Iraqi universities (except for the universities in the Kurdistan Region), numbering (82) male and female teachers, and the researcher relied on 50% of the research community. His sample for research reached (41) male and female teachers.
After reviewing the sources related to the topic of his research, the researcher identified the difficulties of learning linguistic skills (listening, speaking, reading, and writing), which included (39) difficulties, distributed into four main skills, the first of which included difficulties specific to (the listening skill) and It included (10) difficulties, the second included difficulties (speaking skill) and included (9) difficulties, the third included difficulties (reading skill) and included (9) difficulties, and the fourth included difficulties (writing skill) and included ( 11) Difficulty, and to ensure its veracity, it was presented to the arbitrators and specialists in the Arabic language, its teaching methods, and in measurement and evaluation, and it obtained an approval rate of (88%) from the arbitrators’ opinions.
The researcher adopted the three-round Delphi method in applying his research tool, and after extracting the results related to the research topic, the results resulted in the following: It became clear from the results related to the difficulties in learning language skills for first-year primary school students (listening, speaking, reading, and writing) and for the three rounds on According to the Delphi method, no difficulty was ruled out by the judges for the model, as the highest arithmetic mean was (00.2) with a standard deviation of (00.0), and the lowest arithmetic mean was (85.1) with a standard deviation of (53, 0); Thus, all difficulties are acceptable because their arithmetic averages fell within the agreed upon range, which is represented by the hypothesized mean, whose value is (1).
The researcher concluded that all difficulties were accepted by the arbitrators, and they fully agreed on the validity of the model paragraphs.
The researcher recommended conducting an applied study of the model to evaluate primary school students to identify students who suffer from difficulties in learning language skills. This is to develop their own educational program.
The researcher suggested conducting a study similar to the current study at the upper levels of the primary stage and other stages such as middle and middle school.

The aim of the current research is to analyze the content of the first-grade biology textbook according to the components of knowledge scientific research, and the following questions emerged .
The researcher relied on analyzing the content of the first intermediate grade biology book according to the components of scientific knowledge, which includes seven components, namely (scientific facts, scientific concepts, scientific generalizations, scientific principles, scientific rules, scientific laws, scientific theories), and then the researcher presented them to a group of Gentlemen, experts and arbitrators in the field of educational sciences After ensuring the validity of the analysis standard, the researcher analyzed the biology books for the middle school for the academic year (2023-2024) based on the paragraph unit for counting and recording. The reliability of the analysis was calculated in agreement with external analysts and with the researcher herself via Time.

This study aimed to identify the reality of the teaching practices of first- grade teachers in light of the application of comprehensive quality standards from the point of view of their educational supervisors. The study sample consisted of (61) male and female teachers in the first grades in primary schools in the Nasiriyah Education Department, with (30) teachers. And (31) female teachers representing (50%) of the total population of the study. The researcher prepared a measure of the teaching practices of male and female first grade teachers, where the measure consisted of (54) items distributed over five areas: (the area of lesson planning and implementation, and the area of teaching methods and classroom management). , the field of evaluation skills, the field of professional ethics, and the field of self-professional development), and after ensuring the validity and reliability of the tool, it was applied to the study sample.

Sheikh Hassan al-Dakhil al-Hijami was considered one of the pillars of the Great Iraqi Revolution in the year 1920 AD in the Muntafak region, specifically in the city of Qal'at Suker, which is located north of the city of Nasiriyah today. Sheikh Hassan was one of the prominent clerics, and one of the agents of the religious authority in the aforementioned city. He sought knowledge in the city of Najaf. Al-Ashraf graduated from the hands of many virtuous scholars, and he had good literary talent that he acquired from his father, Sheikh “Dakhil”. He spent most of his life in his hometown of Najaf Al-Ashraf, then he moved to the city of Qal’at Suker at the beginning of the twentieth century as a representative of the religious authority there, and when Iraq was exposed To the British occupation during World War I 1914-1918, Sheikh Hassan Al-Dakhil called for meetings and discussed the situation of the country and the repercussions of that occupation. He also contributed to the Battle of Shuaiba in 1915, and after that he became one of the leaders of the Twentieth Revolution in the North Muntafik region.

At the beginning of the second half of the twentieth century, the Shiite community witnessed the birth of Shiite political Islam with its internationalist ideas and doctrinal proposals. During the 1960s and 1970s, the Shiite Islamic movements contributed to its resurgence in Arab Shiite societies and others. However, the decade of the 1980s and the dramatic transformations that accompanied it at the global level, starting from the rise of Islam as a political, human and civilizational force, until the collapse of the socialist experiment, presented intellectual challenges to the Shiite Islamic movement. After profound reviews of the system of Islamic political thought to determine the priorities of Islamic action on the political and social levels, the idea of establishing \"Kawader Islamic ( cadres) Movement\" emerged with its civilized Islamic discourse mixed with the achievements of modern political thought, and its political activity that is closest to realism - according to its justifications - in Islamic political work. That was obvious due to its call to adopt the democratic option and to emphasize Iraqi specificity in political action and to address its political reality in light of the international equation.

Every text aims to reach a specific goal or to clarify a specific idea or criticize a situation or phenomenon, and in the poetry of Ibn Hazm, which was known for its intellectual, religious and philosophical differences in an era in which there were many internal disturbances, strife and wars, where its ideological dimensions are evident, it is a prominent, influential and innovative model. Ancient Arabic poetry in the light of a modern, conventional vision, and in revealing these matters according to Ibn Hazm Al-Andalusi through his ideology that wrestled with examples of poetic texts published in the collections of Andalusian poets. From this it becomes clear whether Ibn Hazm agreed with the poets of his time in his ideological vision or differed.

This research deals with the violence practiced by grammarians against their competitors for national reasons, i.e. we see some grammarians - early and late - blaming their opponents for nationalism, and reminding them of their foreign origin, so either they explain their grammatical error because of their foreignness, or they try to reduce their scientific achievement and attribute it to others, or they blame them for the difficulty and difficulty of gramma.