Sumer University Journal for humanity science

The study deals with the Islamic conquests in Italy, and the most important Muslim victories during the ninth century AD, which resulted in the persistence of the Aghlabid Muslims in their policy towards the Byzantine Empire, and the extension of the movement of Islamic conquests towards their lands. The study also sheds light on the role of the papacy in confronting Islamic hegemony over Italy by establishing... Fortresses and building cities in order to defend the heritage of the city of Rome.

The current research aims to find out the effect of the TRAGESET model on the achievement and deductive thinking of second-year middle school female students in social studies experimental and control. According to this design, the research sample was randomly selected from the research community, which is represented by government middle schools in the district center and Al-Yamama Intermediate School for Girls intelligence, parental achievement, previous achievement in social studies Social studies for the second intermediate grade, and behavioral objectives were formulated for these the researcher built the two research tools, social studies consisting of (40) objective items of the multiple choice type with four alternatives. The second tool was In the test for developing inferential thinking about the subject, which in its final form consists of (35) items, and after applying the two research tools and analyzing the results obtained by the researcher statistically using Excel and SPSS, the results showed that the female students of the experimental group who studied according to the Trajeset model were superior to the female students of the group. Control subjects who studied according to the traditional method in testing achievement and deductive thinking.

In 1958, Iraq and Syria merged to form the United Arab Republic,. This union was opposed by many Syrians, who feared Iraqi influence and wanted to preserve Syria's independence. In 1961, a rebellion broke out in Syria, leading to the collapse of the United Arab Republic. Former Syrian President Shukri al-Quwatli returned to power, but he was unable to restore stability to the country. In 1963, a military coup occurred in Syria, overthrowing the Quwatli government. The coup was led by the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, which advocated for the establishment of a socialist state in Syria.

The The study aimed to identify the opinions of social studies teachers with the aim of evaluating the social studies textbook for the first intermediate grade. The study sample consisted of (71) male and female teachers, a percentage of (61%) males (34) and (28) females, who teach first intermediate grade students in the Shatra Education Department. affiliated with the Dhi Qar Education Directorate, and they were chosen intentionally, and because of the research method and style, the descriptive approach was adopted in this research, to achieve the desired goal. The researcher prepared a questionnaire consisting of (65) items divided into six levels, including (the introduction to the book, the objectives of the book, the content The book, activities and exercises, evaluation methods) and the validity and reliability of the scale were verified, and the researcher relied on the data package for statistical analysis (Spss), and as a result of the presence of great complaints from students and parents, as the researcher indicated this in a questionnaire submitted to the parents, through which it became clear that what A percentage of (78%) complain about the social studies subject, and the continuous writing of books and the amendments made by the Iraqi Ministry of Education are only out of awareness of the subject, due to the need to take into account the orientations and ambitions of the students. Therefore, it is extremely important that we evaluate the social studies textbook on solid foundations and from a scientific standpoint and a clear diagnosis, since the
evaluation process is A process that does not end with giving results, but rather it is a continuous process from the beginning of one stage until the beginning of the next.

The university library has an important role in achieving scientific and educational success and the diversity and development of female students. Any modern development needs to be read in order to find its reality and learn about its advantages. Attention to the student’s personality is at the member level, and comes in keeping pace with educational goals. This is because those searching for the learner It is the main center in the educational method, The methodological book is only one of the many sources of knowledge and culture, and enhancing the educational process is based primarily on the university library because of the inexhaustible supply of science and knowledge it provides. All of this requires providing a framework for the work of the university librarian in order to carry out the assigned mission and achieve the desired goals. Who is behind this under the law.

The aim of the current research is to know the role of play activities in developing social communication among children with autism spectrum disorder. The researcher has relied on the descriptive approach as it is the appropriate method for the research procedures, and the research population is determined by children with autism spectrum disorder from the first and second grades of primary school to be the research sample itself, and to achieve the goal In the research, the researcher deliberately built a social communication scale, and the scale consisted of (30) items distributed over two domains, and each domain had a group of items amounting to (15) items. After extracting the psychometric properties of (validity and reliability) that were applied to the research sample, the appropriate statistical methods were used for the research procedures. In light of the research results, the researcher came out with a set of conclusions, recommendations and proposals for research complementary to the current.

The caretaker government is an essential component of the country's political and constitutional system, as it must maintain the country's stability and ensure continuity of government work during the transition period. It should have specific powers and responsibilities that qualify it to deal with urgent issues and make the necessary decisions in the public interest.
The tasks of the caretaker government include managing public affairs, resolving crises, managing the economy and finances, working to achieve justice and equality, organizing elections and the democratic process, and maintaining the independence of the executive authority and non-interference in political affairs.
The importance of this organization is highlighted in ensuring the stability of the country, protecting public interests, and enhancing public confidence in government work during the transition period. However, there is a large group of challenges facing this government in its work, especially the scope of its jurisdiction, whether in normal or exceptional circumstances, and how to monitor its work, especially in the case of Parliament not meeting.

This research represents a simple effort in an attempt to study some of the characteristics of the Qur’anic expression in Surat Al-Qiyamah. The surah is found appropriate for what comes before and after it, and the repetition of the word (man, resurrection, that day); Because they are the focus of the surah, and it became clear that there is a peculiarity in the use of some language vocabulary, such as the verb (guesses) in place of the verb (knew), and the interrogative article (ian) in place of (when) in the contexts of the Resurrection, and the deletion of the subject of the report and the construction of the verb for the passive to focus on the event and the possibility of multiple informants. Deleting the majzoumah noun (yakan) due to its suitability to the atmosphere of haste and minimizing the event, and employing conjunctions, each according to its meaning, and using the two forms (fa’il, fa’il); Because of their abundance and exaggeration.

The research aims to explain the style of lamentation according to Al-Mutanabbi and Al-Jawahiri in the poems:“O sister of the best brother” and “I called your grave.” Stylistics was chosen as a field of study because this approach carries profound critical, analytical, and descriptive potential, through which we can monitor the aesthetics of the text, relying on the poet’s language and tools. Artistry is a means of analysis, taking into account the methods adopted by the poet and the relationship of these methods to his personality, thoughts and feelings, and the extent of the influence of the previous on the later. The research began with a short pause at the threshold of the text “its title”, then it was divided into three sections, the first: the phonetic section, and the second: the morphological and lexical section. The third: the syntactic grammatical study, using the opinions of ancient linguists as well as the opinions of modern researchers, concluding the research with the most prominent results.

Realism played a major role in the Iranian novel to express the realism of society. Realism included various aspects such as politics, society's defects, poverty, injustice, daily life, struggle, people's ignorance, and others. The novel in question, which is considered a travelogue by author Mahmoud Dolatabadi, contains these concepts.The writer Mahmoud Dolatabadi was distinguished by a style different from other writers.
The events of the travel story take place in a clear and uncomplicated atmosphere. Its style is the same descriptive and analytical style, using the writer's style and realism, which is the style he uses in most of his works. The main purpose of this study is to find the foundations and features of realism. Considering that the author lives in a sensitive society full of social and political developments, a large part of this life is clearly reflected in the travel story. In this story, we see the work describing the suffering of the poor segment of society, the working class, the customs and morals of the people of the South, women and their conditions, and many of these social events.

The study aimed to identify the reality of selecting educational administration leaders in Iraq, and the most important administrative challenges they face, Reviewing international experiences in this field, and developing a proposed vision for the number of educational administrative leaders in Iraq, The study used the descriptive analytical method to reveal the phenomenon to be investigated and its causes ,and The research consisted of several main axes: The reality of selecting educational administrative leaders in Iraq, And the administrative challenges facing educational administrative leaders in Iraq, And previous studies, And some international experiences to develop educational administrative leaders, The research also concluded by developing a proposed vision for preparing educational administrative leaders in Iraq through the experiences of some countries, There were starting points and mechanisms for implementing the proposed vision, and some recommendations and proposals

This study seeks to determine the goals for which Anas, the storyteller Shafiq Mahdi, narrated some of the characters of his stories (living and non-living) and made them have human characteristics. The study in this study was limited to his three short story collections: (The Chapters), (One Hundred and One Stories), and ( A Thousand and One Tales (A Thousand and One Tales) are stories directed at children of all age groups. The discussion here was limited to one goal, which is the explanatory or scientific goal, in which the storyteller explained some scientific facts to children, through his stories. The storyteller was able, by employing storytelling, to make it serve various purposes, goals, and purposes. ; Among them are educational, moral, and educational, in addition to scientific goals, which are to explain and show some scientific facts in a way that is appropriate to the child’s mental level and make him accept them, and in this study we will look at examples of those goals

The present study aimed at identifying “the effectiveness of the answer sequence strategy on the logical thinking of second-year intermediate students.” To verify this effect, the following null hypothesis was formulated:
At the level of significance (0.05), there is no statistically significant difference between the average scores of the students in the experimental group who read physics according to the response sequence strategy and the average scores of the students in the control group who studied physics. same subject according to the normal strategy. Method in logical thinking test.
The researcher adopted an experimental design with partial control for two equal groups (experimental group and control group). Based on this plan, the researcher chose (Al-Shaheed Hossein Al-Qazi Boys' Secondary School), which is one of the public schools affiliated with Dhi Qar General Education Department/Rifai Education Department for the academic year ( 2023). -2024). Deliberately specified. It included three sections for the second grade of secondary school, which were selected at random. Part (a) was chosen as representative of the control group and included (34) students who studied in the usual way, and part (b) was chosen as representative of the experimental group and included (36) students who studied in the usual way. according to the response sequence strategy they made. Equivalence was carried out for two groups in the following variables:
Chronological age calculated by months, intelligence test (Raven), previous knowledge test, previous knowledge achievement of physics, and logical thinking test). The scientific material was divided into four chapters, namely (Chapters One, Two, Three, and Four) of the Physics textbook for the second intermediate grade. The behavioral objectives of these chapters were formulated, which numbered (149) behavioral objectives. The researcher also prepared (40) teaching plans, with (20) teaching plans for each. Group, and with regard to the research tool, the researcher built a logical thinking test consisting of (20) items, and the validity, reliability, ease and difficulty coefficient, discrimination coefficient, and effectiveness of the false alternatives to this test were calculated.
The experiment was implemented in the first semester of the academic year (2023-2024), which began on (10/8/2023) and lasted (3) months, with two classes per week for each group. Once the experiment was completed, two research tools were applied to two research groups.
The results showed that the students in the experimental group who studied based on the response sequence strategy were superior to the students in the control group who studied traditionally in the logical thinking test. Given this issue, the researcher provided a series of recommendations, including the need for physics teachers in the intermediate schools to use teaching strategies. Modern training courses were conducted by the Directorate of Preparation and Training to develop physics teachers, and the researcher suggested:
1 - The effectiveness of the answer sequence strategy in the academic achievement of fourth grade students in chemistry and developing their creative motivation.
2- The effectiveness of the answer sequence strategy in the achievement of second-year intermediate students in biology and their visual intelligence.

We tried in this research to show the role of the Federal Supreme Court in drawing up the general policy of the state as a guarantor of the application of the law and respect for the constitution in order to satisfy the public needs so that the legislative authority complements the work of the executive authority in the process of building the general policy of the state as the legislative process related to this policy is the basis from which the executive authority proceeds and in the development of plans and mechanisms for its implementation on the ground, and as the legislative process and the enactment of laws that achieve the interest of society and that carried out by the House of Representatives by agreement All constitutions of the world are subject to oversight by the judiciary represented by the highest judicial body in the state, represented by the Supreme Constitutional Court - oversight of the constitutionality of laws - it is from here that the constitutional judiciary can play a major role in that process because the task of drawing up the general policy of the state imposes on those in charge of it a responsibility that those bodies should bear, which makes oversight among the most important constitutional guarantees on those laws and therefore we can say that the constitutionality of policy To achieve this, the Federal Supreme Court, as is the case in Iraq, addresses in order to ensure that the role of the Federal Supreme Court in formulating public policy
and how its contribution is manifested through monitoring the constitutionality of laws or the issue of legislative deficiencies .

This research aims to uncover the social patterns in the quadrilogy novels of Mohammed Al-Humrani through critical and cognitive approaches, highlighting their systematic significance in his narrative discourse. The novels depict various social patterns reflecting the crisis of the Iraqi individual and their harsh circumstances. The freedom of movement and expression in the novel, as a literary genre, allows the author to convey their awareness and express human life and its general issues. The infinite openness of the novel to reality and its diverse variables across all levels is evident. Key terms: social patterns, Mohammed Al-Humrani.

The research aims to highlight the textual aspects in the Holy Qur’an by selecting a group of surahs compiled by the title unit, and to show the textual values that are considered among the most important linguistic theories. The research sought to apply some standards in this theory, and to find points of convergence between them through compliance with the rules of those standards for Quranic discourse .

This research aims to uncover the doctrinal discourse in Al-Taf’s narrations, with all the religious, political, social, and moral dimensions it carries. We have explained in the introduction the status of the military narrations. This was then followed by two sections: the discourse of the self and the discourse of the other. The first dialogue took place between the mujahid and himself in order to tame it and prepare it from In order to fully prepare for self-sacrifice for the sake of religion and belief, and to support the pillar of the Messenger of God (PBUH) and Imam Hussein (PBUH). As for the second, it was directed at the other, whose parties were diverse in those poems. These poems were studied in a critical analytical manner that showed their artistic and stylistic aesthetics and what It carries ideological implications.

The world today witnesses, in every period of human development, the emergence of new discoveries at the theoretical, technical and technological levels. Among the innovations witnessed in the twentieth century is the invention of the information network of the Internet, from which the technology of social sites known as (Facebook) emerged, and in the midst of people’s efforts to learn about and use Facebook as an information medium. In addition to this aspect, major negatives and problems have emerged as a result of the misuse of social media networks. Among the problems that have emerged recently is negative overuse,
immersion in use, and exposure to many stimuli that incite deviance of all kinds through TV series and movies. Therefore, the study aimed to identify:
1-Social intelligence among students of the College of Education for Girls, Shatra University?
2 -The significance of the difference in social intelligence according to the specialization variable (scientific, humanities(
3- The effect of using Facebook on the social intelligence of students at the College of Education for Girls at Shatrah University?
To achieve the objectives of the research, the researchers adopted the Social Intelligence Scale (Abu Hashem, 2008), which in its final form consisted of (36) items. As for reliability, the scale was extracted using several methods, which are re-testing, which reached (0.96), and the Cronbach’s alpha method, which reached (0.87(
After applying the scale to a sample of students from the College of Education for Girls, which consisted of (100) students, the results of the research appeared as follows:
- The members of the research sample have social intelligence.
- There is no difference in social intelligence according to the specialization variable (scientific – humanities(
- There is a difference in social intelligence according to the variable of using Facebook (they use - they do not use(