JOURNAL OF KUFA FOR CHEMICAL SCIENCES

1,3,4-thiazole ring consider one of most important and common from five membered heterocycle compounds present in many from variety natural products and medical agents. The 1,3,4-thiadiazole ring exhibit variety wide spectrum from pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiepileptic, antineoplastic, analgesic, antiviral, anticancer and as antitubercular etc. The wide and vigorous activities for thiadiazole ring and also their derivatives make them a bioactive important compounds and from this importance the attempt to write this review came to highlighted about their reactions, their synthesis methods and also their pharmacologically applications.

New mixed ligand complexes of cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II), zinc(II) and cadmium(II) were prepared and identified. We prepared new azo imidazole compound and investigated the ternary complexes of (4- SuMBAI ) and ( 1,10-Phenanthroline ) with different transition metal ions by available analytical and spectral tools. Based on data obtained, the octahedral geometry was suggested for all mixed ligand complexes

New arylazo imidazole ligand (HMAI) was prepared by coupling 4-acetylphenyldiazonium chloride with 4,5-Bis-( p-.Methoxy phenyl ) imidazole in alkaline acetone medium. The obtained azo compound was characterized by micro elemental Analysis, FT-IR, UV-Vis 1H-NMR, and mass spectroscopy. The reaction of this azo ligand with Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) chloride salts produced eight heteroleptic complexes. These metal-azo chelate compounds were characterized using flame atomic absorption, elemental Analysis, FT-IR and UV-Vis spectroscopic methods as well as magnetic susceptibility and conductivity measurements. From the obtained data the octahedral structure was suggested for Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) metal ion complexes with general formula [ML2Cl2].H2O and tetrahedral geometry for Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) metal ion complexes with general formula [MLCl2].H2O.

A series of five and six member rings has been synthesized from Sulfadiazine drug. In the present investigation sulfadiazine has been taken as initial material and treated with acetyl acetone to prepare new azo compound. then azo compound reacts with different aromatic aldehydes in absolute ethanol to prepare chalcone derivatives. then chalcone derivatives react with various compounds such as urea, thiourea, hydroxyl amine hydrochloride, 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine and hydrazine hydrate to prepare new heterocyclic compounds.

The thesis involves two parts :
The first partincluded synthesis eight new Azodyes , derived of Luminol L1 = 5- [(phthalyl hydrazide) azo]-6-amino indzole, L2 2- [(phthaly hydrazide) azo] phenylephrine, L3 = 3-[( phthalyihydrazide)azo]-2-Hydroxy indole. have been described by C.H.N. and Visible spectroscopic spectra , The functional groups were characterized by I.R. technique. Acid – Base properties were also studied spectrophotometrically , using buffer solutions of pH values of ( 0.67 – 12 ) in the visible region.
The second part of the study concern with the ability of azo dye ( L2) for forming complex with, Ni(II). From calibration curve of L2 complex : Sandell sensitivity (8.19x10-3) cm-2, Detection limit 0.0674µg ml-1, ,Standard devation 0.004432, Correlation coefficient 0.9965, molar absorbitivity 7169×10-4 L.mol-1.cm-1 , specific absorbtivity 0.1221 ml.g-1.cm-1 and obeyness of Beer's law region was determined for complex, ppm , and up to 0-14 ppm.

During the period from the beginning of December 2018 to the end of May 2019, 108 resident of Babylon were included to participate in the current study, were divided into two main groups: 81 patients with GIT diseases, their age ranged from 12-80 years; and the controls group (27 individuals) with the age 17-71 years old. Furthermore, the patient group was divided into two subgroups, the first involved 51patients with GIT tumors and the other with non-tumoral diseases of GIT (30 individuals suffered non tumoral GIT illness were enrolled as a pathological control group).
Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Nitric Oxide (NO), Oxidized Glutathione (GSSG), and Total Glutathione (T-GSH)) were evaluated in the sera samples of the study groups. The current study revealed statistical significant increase in the levels of SOD. Results of the present study illustrate that approximately 73% of malignant GIT tumors showed a statistically significant positive relationship (p < 0.05) when SOD and NO correlated together. On the other hand, a significant negative correlation (r = - 0.582 at p < 0.05, r = - 0.681 at p <0.05) when the levels of SOD with GSSG as well as T-GSH in the malignant GIT tumors patients were correlated, respectively. About 86% of patients with cancerous GIT tumors showed a negative correlation when the levels of NO and T-GSH were compared together (at p = 0.002).
SOD showed the highest (94%) single sensitivity among the assessed criteria. Moreover, the study exposed SOD as the most specific (78%) individual bio detector. The specificity% reached to 94% and 89%when T-GSH combined to SOD and NO; respectively.

Twenty to twenty five percentage of T2DM patients eventually develop nephropathy depending on genetic predisposition. It is the cause of death of 17% of these patients. The exact mechanisms which cause diabetic nephropathy are unknown, although probably multifactorial, the cause of nephropathy may be due to the accumulation of a reduced sugar product (sorbitol) or a tissue toxin that can affect the Na-K-ATP pump. However, in T2DM, mesangiallymphokine production is associated not only with hyperglycemia but also with insulin resistance and generalized vascular disease, thus albuminuria may occur even before hyperglycemia develops. Subjects: The current study included 88 people who were divided into two groups: the first included 50 patients suffering from kidney failure (18 females and 32 males), their ages range between (36-78 years) and they are subject to dialysis, while the second group included 38 individuals (11 females and 27 males) their ages range between (31-64 years), as a control group. Aim of The Study: The current study is designed to find out the levels of Osteoponetin, Glutathione Peroxidase, 1,25 Di hydroxyl vitamin D3 in the sera of study individuals. Conclusions: Kidney complications of type Π diabetes can develop in the patients regardless their gender or age. Osteoponetin is an excellent diagnostic tool for diagnosing kidney failure caused by the complications of diabetes and for predicting the kidney's efficiency to perform its vital functions. The capacity of cellular defense enzymes diminishes with increasing cellular oxidative stress as the renal damage from complications of type Π diabetes reaches the stage of renal failure requiring dialysis. Vitamin D levels are considered low among the people studied, whether they are diabetics undergoing dialysis or in good health.

Coronaviruses are a wide family of viruses that can infect birds and mammals, including humans, according to the World Health Organization. Corona viruses can cause severe inflammation of the lungs and damage the digestive tract and nervous system. Cytokines have been found that play major role in driving presence of these clinical features and are also at the center of the development of inflammation. Inflammatory cytokine storm coupled with an inflammatory cytokine storm characterized primarily by increased levels of IL-6.

In this study, the adsorption of EBT dye from aqueous solutions onto the pomegranate seeds (PS) powder surface was investigated. The experimental design methodology has been applied to adjust the parameters, such as PS dosage, contact time, dye concentration, the temperature, and pH. Adsorption equilibrium data were analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Elovich and Harkin–Jura equations. The experimental data showed that the Freundlich and Harkin–Jura isotherms were appropriate for the EBT dye adsorption. A comparison of kinetic models was evaluated for the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich and Intrapartical diffusion kinetic models. Pseudo-second-order was found to agree will the experimental data, which indicates that physcisorption is dominant. The percentage removal was found ≈ 53% at 298 K, pH =7 of EBT dye. The thermodynamics parameters such as ΔG, ΔH, ΔS and Ea have been calculated. The results have been showed the adsorption process onto the PS surface is endothermic and nonspontaneous. The obtained results imply that PS surface powder could be employed and have moderate affinity to remove EBT from aqueous solutions.

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer related death, when it is the second most common cancer in women after lung, when it constitutes 23% of all cancer cases in women, moreover it presents the first in global mortality (18.6%) of cancer According to the latest statistics, breast cancer ranks the first number (2,088,849 new cases) of recorded cases worldwide, annually. Breast cancer is a significant and common disease that has a negative effect on women health, and deaths, 626,679 cases). When an imbalance between free radical production and detoxification occurs, ROS production may overwhelm antioxidant defenses, leading to the generation of a noxious condition called Oxidative Stress and overall to the impairment of the cellular functions. Subjects: Seventy four females were included in the current study, they were classified into three groups depending on their health and the type of tumor suffered by patients. The first included 25 females with malignant breast tumors, the second group included 24 women who had benign breast tumors, and the last group included 25 women who appeared to be healthy. Results: All of NO and MDA showed significant statistical significant increase (p=0.000), in contrast to SOD which illustrated significant decrease (p=0.000) in patients with breast cancer when compared with benign tumor patients as well as healthy controls group. The current study recorded an increase in the level of MDA and SOD concentrations in all samples diagnosed as breast cancer patients, which make the sensitivity of this parameters up to 100%, while the sensitivity percentage of NO reached to 96% . When the levels of studied parameters were experiential during the chemotherapy stage, a gradual decrease of the NO was observed to be proportional to the number of doses received by the patients, from other side; all of MDA and SOD showed significant increase agreed with progression of chemotherapy stages.

Inhibition efficiency of carbon steel alloy type C1025 in 0.1 M HCl at 298 K by Graphene oxide (GO) and phosphorous acid Functionalized Graphene oxide (GOE) were synthesized and characterized by XRD, FT-IR, FESEM, Raman shift and EDX techniques afterward studied by two techniques Tafel plots and Impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results reveals that inhibition take place during adsorption of GO and GOE on metal surface. Tafel plots reveals that optimal concentration of GO is 100 ppm with inhibition efficiency about 77.4 %, while GOE has 86.8 % at 70 ppm. EIS technique was used to discuss mechanism of inhibition.

Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders represented by high levels of glucose in the blood as a result of a decrease or lack insulin secretion from β-cell in the pancreas or weakness in mechanical acting or both of them or defect in insulin receptors as a result of hereditary disturbance. Sometimes in another situation of diabetes disease, it is ascribed to increase the secretion of antibodies to insulin act or antibodies to pancreas gland and destroy β-cells that secrete insulin, which is due to the occurrence of disorder in carbohydrate metabolism glucose specially. Hyperglycemia is accompanied by a range of long-term diseases, dysfunction and failure of various organs, especially the heart, eyes, blood vessels, kidneys and nerves. Subjects: From the beginning of December 2018 to the end of May 2019, 158 individuals residents of Najaf and Karbala Governorates were included to participate in the current study. Method: Sandwich-ELISA technique was applied to estimate levels of CLEC4E. Results: The study showed that the largest percentage of people with diabetes who suffered from kidney failure as a result of a large and uncontrolled increase in blood sugar levels, which required the use of hemodialysis mechanism to help the kidney to perform its vital functions, although at the lowest levels were in the middle age groups (between 50 -70 years). The statistical analysis using the Student's t-test showed a significant difference (p=0.001) when comparing the two study groups (renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis and healthy individuals), where the recorded results showed an increase in the levels of measured lectin (CLEC4L) in the sera of the patients group comparison to the controls group. The present study found a statistically significant raise (p=0.000) of the measured lectin in sera samples of males with renal failure compared with their peers in the control group, this finding was consistent with what was observed when comparing the levels of lectin in infected female samples with those in the control group (p=0.000). Moreover, the present study found significant gender differences within the same group, it was observed that the levels of the measured lectin in males (in both studied groups) were higher than in females, (p=0.001 for comparison in the patients group, and p=0.043 for comparison in the controls group, respectively). In more detail, the highest level of lectin recorded in the present study (4.587 pg/ml)was found in a sample of a woman with renal failure and undergoing repeated hemodialysis for more than a year. This woman was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes 33 years ago. It was also found the lowest level of CLEC4L (0.026pg/ml) in a sample of a 57-year-old woman who was diabetic only 12 years and undergoing hemodialysis only two months. Results of the present study indicate a positive correlation in more than three-quarters (78.23% at p<0.005) of renal failure samples, when it had been recorded a simultaneous rise in the new lectin (CLEC4L) levels assessed in the current work with the age of patients