Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Humanities Sciences

Corresponding with the new wave of interdisciplinary studies, literary research tries its hand at experimenting with the instruments and findings of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to stir novel questions and issues in the territorially-oriented literary works. Hence, a recent kind of literary GIS has emerged as a methodology of mapping literature. The maps and geo-data which are produced in the aftermath prove that there are still dark spots/aporias which have not yet been clarified in the oldest classics, Biblical literature, and literary works of all times and all kinds. Of course, not all literary works can be mapped, however GIS can recommend the proximity of visualizing literary texts and inspire new research questions. The GIS-map, which turns to be a substitutive text built on the original written or spoken text, a Derridean 'detour' from the origin which is gradually lost, might be feasible to see if GIS can be incorporated as an integral part of the original text so that no information will remain undiscovered, or it becomes a highly demanding supplement to the original text that both should be studied carefully in the light of each other in order to implement a meaning. Hence, the GIS-map would naturally be a 'writerly' text for the active

The study of the spatial analysis of groundwater in Al-Moatassim area aims at clarifying the effect of natural and human factors in the distribution of groundwater. In addition to studying the apparent variation in the distribution of groundwater aquifers in the region and explaining the effect of soil on the quality of this water, In the region, a model has been developed to illustrate the spatial distribution of the groundwater aquifer, based on satellite imagery, data collected from the competent authorities, and the final image using geographic information systems, s).
The study reached several results, the most important of which are:
1. The clear role of the modern techniques of Arc Gis program to facilitate access to the most accurate results and clearer and faster to achieve the objectives of the research.
2. The obvious effect of geological formations in the distribution of groundwater aquifers and their quality and abundance.
3. The climate fluctuation has a clearly defined role in the variation of groundwater abundance from one area to another within the limits of the study area.
4. Clear variation in the salinity ratio in groundwater according to the impact of the rocks contained in it and the natural and human conditions.
5. Focus on studying geology and geology and identifying the most abundant groundwater as the optimal alternative to the apparent decrease in surface water

The article attempts to give a clear vision about oil production in Iraq , In addition to discuss the perfect way to manage the financial returns of oil based on the experience of Norwegian and the United Arab Emirates to invest the oil money.
It is clear that oil production is influenced, negatively or positively by political and economic conditions and the relationship between these two variables is direct. Whenever the country’s political and economic status is improved, will lead to increased oil production, and development includes all oil sectors. Moreover, production increase leads to more capitals and investments which contribute effectively to the economic development. On the contrary, any political, economic or martial deterioration or tension will lead to production fluctuation and stop. Therefore, all essential sectors will be paralysed including oil sector. Oil production means extracting the oil of its reservoir to the point of delivery, whether the consumer is a foreigner or a refinery.

The residence is considered the closest and most influential environment on man's health and his psychological, social and economic life. This is due to the fact that the appropriate dwelling has an effect on developing the mutual relationships amongst its dwellers. The good quality of the housing unit's design and construction, in terms of area, building material and other architectural features, have subsequent effects on dwellers. Moreover, the nature of the social interaction and family relationships are affected by the degree of residential environment suitability. In case of weak constructional and design features of the housing unit, the dwelling of such has a negative impact on the behavior of its individuals. On the basis of the researcher's study of the residential characteristics of Al Zubair City, it has been found out that the physical and planning variables of the housing unit in addition to the economic and social statuses of residents have very important effects on the residence patterns. These effects, in addition to other factors, help classify the residential quarters into major and minor regions, each having its own distinctive features and characteristics.
The study aims to divide the city into residential regions divided the housing reality to the Poor Houses (weakness region), Propensity Region (Housing units of Medium Quality) and Aspiration Region (High Class Houses), according to physical, social, and economic standards, contribute to supplement the institutions concerned to provide municipal services and infrastructure in the city.

The present study focuses on applying GIS techniques to find out the reality of geographical distribution of civil defense centers in Al-Diwaniyah city in addition to identify the shortage of providing services of these centers to the population. Moreover, it helps to set up plans for future expectations to build up civil defense centers to meet the needs of the city and fulfill the highest level of safety and protection for people, and minimize casualties and property losses to the minimum level. The study results show that there is difference of distributing the areas of civil defense services on the city quarters where Al-Diwaniyah civil defense center comes first by (%51.9) of total city area, Ramadhan civil defense center and Emergency column come second and third by (%36,7) and (%11,4) respectively. The study reveals that (%12) of total population density is located outside the ideal service pool, it means that these areas are deprived of this service. As far as the correlation between population density and fire accidents are concerned, the percentage is between high and medium percentage where it has (%75.5) of total area of city. This affects negatively the time of response in case of more than two accidents or fire transferred rapidly to another building. The study reveals that (%18,6) of total city area falls within the zone of slow service in which estimated time of response is more than four minutes within the real service radius of (2.5 km) while (%18.4) falls within definite time response.

Hydrology Modeling is a commonly used tool for estimating hydrological basin response to surface runoff due to precipitation. The SCS-CN model is one of the most important water modeling developed by the US Soil Conservation Service and is designed to simulate runoff of river basin systems. The SCS-CN method was used to estimate the volume of runoff in the Wadi Al-Jabbab basin using ArcGIS 10.3 and ERDAS 2014. The value of CN for the Jabbab basin was reached at 16 values. The weighted CN is of 98 in the category of mountainous rock land - 63% of the land cover area of in the basin and the second highest value of CN is the value of 76 and accounted for 17.57% of the basin area and the rest of the values have been distributed differently. The total surface runoff rate of the Wadi Al Jibab Basin was 81.37 million m3 and it took 11 hours to reach the basin outlet. At the sub-basins, the average surface runoff during the 14 years of the sub-basins No. (1,2,3,4,5) was 9.63, 4.67 , 10.51, 2.07, 56.18 million m3 / s respectively. The sub-basins 1,2,3 took one hour, basin No. 4 took 6 hours and basin number 5 was similar to the total basin. The depth of surface runoff for the highest rainfall in 14 years shows that the highest depth of surface runoff is for sub-basin 1, where it reached 73.16 mm, sub-basin No. 5 and the whole basin was 55.94 mm, and basin No. 2, 3, 4 were (59.15، 57.33، 33.63) respectively. The total drainage peak or peak discharge of the whole basin was 1340.36 m3/s at while according to the sub-basins (1,2,3,4,5) were (1126.17، 390.66، 863.65، 11.56، 925.64) m3/s.

The sand communities west of the city of Najaf are part of the wind deposits that covered large parts of Iraq, as they contributed to the formation of many natural factors such as the quality of rocks and the nature of the surface and climate, water resources and soil and its role in geomorphic processes of erosion, transport and sediment, which led to major changes in the distribution pattern During the period between 1972 and 2017. The aim of the research is to reveal the extent of the changes that occurred in the sand communities west of the city of Najaf through the analysis of satellite images of the American satellite land sat for the years 1972 and 2017 of using the program (Erdas Imagine 8.4) and then exported to Arq Gis program for analysis and calculation of the areas distributed by the sand communities and to show the size of the change during the period mentioned and show the results through the analysis of the visuals It has been shown that the water of the Sea of Najaf has a positive role in reducing and reducing the movement of sand communities towards the city of Najaf during the current time, but at the same time moved towards some cities such as Al-Hira, Qadisiyah, Mashkhab and some cities of Muthanna From the border between the two provinces and approached a distance of more than 10 km from those cities.
Thus, these communities have a significant negative impact through the march towards civil, agricultural and industrial activities in the region.

The study aims to evaluate the efficiency of paved roads in Qadisiyah Governorate based on modern scientific methods represented by Geographic Information systems (G.I.s.), which serves as an analytical technical tool that contributes to the Promotion and consolidation of research and geographical studies in various modern directions, through the establishment of paved roads and the best paths and spatial relations and this Bone of the main Partners of development and development Planning, as well as the adoption of the most important statistical methods (quantitative) whose results necessarily lead to realistic results of the phenomenon studied. The research has reached a number of conclusions was the most important match the distribution of the standard transport methods with the pattern of Proliferation and distribution of administrative units (contract) in the Province.

The planning of services in the city is a goal and a means to make services accessible to the population and to meet their various needs, especially that the city or region is a system of interrelated and interrelated activities such as (housing - trade - industry - entertainment - education tourism and others), where GIS provides, Integrated information systems and solutions for the development of educational services, such as: distribution of schools in an appropriate manner based on population density, population needs of these schools, providing detailed information for each of these schools, by sex and age groups, as well as development plans for the future . The increase in the number of students in the city of Hilla has led to an increase in the number of students and the number of students. There are several problems in public schools as a result of the situation in the country. Therefore, the study dealt with the study of the distribution of the civil education services in the city and the extent of their conformity with the standards of the Ministry of Education and Planning and the degree of satisfaction with the service provided.

The research has concluded that many problems were diagnosed and appropriate treatments developed In order to increase the rigor of scientific research by raising the level of accuracy of national maps because of its importance in planning and building the state, the research has discussed anomalies and magnification of photoreceptors due to malfunction or temporary interruptions in satellite sensors, It has also concerned with the problem of on-site projection due to the horizontal crawling of the stations of the weather stations because of the mismatch of the coordinates with the actual location of the station on the earth's surface resulting in free spaces of the extension of the phenomenon of climate between the stations, which increase the area between them (75) km 2. The research has addressed the problems of linear representation of the mechanism of representation of equal lines in the experimental way and the convergence of the values of the data of a component of climatic factors, which lose the significance of determining the direction of change in value increase or decrease. As well as the lack of passage of some lines equal to the weather station to adopt statistical mechanisms, including the provision of a numerical matrix between the values, it also has addressed the problems of spatial representation represented by the problem of the absence of fixed criteria that can be used to represent the variation between the spatial categories when the adoption of the control stations, which creates a large discrepancy between the values recorded by virtue of the difference in latitude and topographical, that the problem of categorizing data that is done in a statistical way may not be consistent with reality.

The ruins in the province of Diwaniyah suffer from multiple problems while deterioration and disappearance are the most important of these problems and the incomplete completion of excavations in archaeological sites and the long stretches of time exposed sites to destruction since most of the ruins are clay.
In this research, we try to assess the level of danger resulting from natural and human environmental factors using 3D modeling in GIS technology on the beginning of the locally known archaeological region of Ishan Khalid, located between the longitudes 44.34.00 and 44.43.50 East and the two sections of the langitudes 31.57.20 and 31.57.30 North.This is located in the city of Shamia which is one of the cities of Diwaniya province.
The tripartite representation data is obtained through the field survey using a Garmin GPS device. The field survey showed variation in elevation between the parts of the archaeological area, between 21-26.5 meters above sea level, while the level of open and previously excavated archaeological buildings at 24 meters above sea level.
This difference is used to determine the possible depth of the depth of the buried archaeological buildings. The depth level is between 0.2-2.5 meters. Other parts of the site are 2.5-1.5 times lower than the previously excavated area and are in fact areas that were degraded by natural and human factors.It is also through the three-dimensional representation to determine the direction of inclination or slope for the purpose of identifying the parts most vulnerable to erosion. Thus, a map is drawn to identify the most likely parts of the risks of natural and human environmental factors.

This research aims at studying the change of land cover in Qadisiyah district that belongs to Al-Manathirah territory in Najaf province during the years 2000/2018 throughout field survey, aerial photos and the use of geographic information systems in putting a classification aspects for the land cover by the way of making Iso cluster unsupervised classification for the aerial photos , where the first photo was taken in 10/9/2000 from the US satellite Land Sat 7 by ETM and a spacial resolution of 30 meters, while the second photo was taken in 10/9/2018 from Land Sat 8 satellite, which is connected to the TIRS with a spatial resolution of 15 meters. Six main categories of spatial phenomena were found in the studied areas .We find a change in the ratios where in the year 2000 the agricultural areas were 45.35% of the total area, while it was 37.19% for the year 2018. The second category the abandoned agricultural areas has a ratio of 16.85% in the year 2018 where it was about 13.97 year 2000 , The number of residential and construction areas increased to 7.81% where it was 1.77% in 2000, and the general coverage of water and rivers areas was almost stable , as for the valleys which was decreased in 2018 to 10.14% where it was about 16.32%, and finally the desert land, which rose to 25.49% in 2018 where it was 20.08% in 2000. This change was then represented for the land cover of the study area by digital maps showing that change.

The method of assessing the spatial relevance of the ability to recognize the degree of success of production projects and services, including industrial projects in their existing positions, because this method depends on the quantitative method and the use of satellite images and databases and analysis of automated measurement of the spatial value of projects in the light of the set of standards that include the elements of production Input and discharge of outputs) and avoid the effects and negative effects, and thus can be compared between a range of productive and service projects or between the use of another within a geographical area or one or two different regions, also helps this method Knowing the appropriateness of the places for the future projects by assessing their ability to provide the requirements of the project and its continuation and development based on its current characteristics and then the ability of these characteristics to contribute to spatial development alongside the uses prevailing in that place. Planners to be able to develop plans for investment and development in each region according to the degree of success and what requires each of them to rise and grow.
The research to highlight the concepts related to spatial relevance and spatial development, and then to delve into the suitability of the geographical location of each power station in the province of Qadisiya based on the ownership of each location of spatial characteristics reflect the degree of suitability to use in the end of stations, To establish a power station next to the refinery of Diwaniyah oil based on the characteristics of spatial components, and adopted a set of criteria in measuring the degree of relevance to each of the sites of the current stations and the proposed location using geographic information systems and field study, The research through thinking and reasoning to a series of results, the most important: The power plants in the province of Qadisiya have varied in the degree of spatial relevance of each of them as the two diesel stations (51) degrees of one hundred each, and gas station has got (67) While the site registered the candidate (92) degree.

The aim of the study is to study the spatial distribution of electric power stations within the governorates of Iraq, except for (Kurdistan Region stations for lack of data), to reach the goal of the research was based on a set of statistical equations and quantitative maps as well as the use of statistical SPSS program in order to support maps from the statistical side to reach the accuracy The largest in the representation of maps, as well as the data of the Electricity Authority of the stations and by the Iraqi provinces, and will be highlighted the practical side to demonstrate the extent of the flexibility of information systems software and its characterization in the representation of geographical phenomena and spatial analysis.
The geographical distribution of the electric power stations in the study area showed that 50% of the total electric power stations are spread within one standard distance, at a distance of 237,000 km 2 and 100% of the total stations are spread within two standard distances, which confirms the phenomenon's concentration and non-propagation, The distribution of the phenomenon is that the direction of the distribution of the phenomenon is in the direction of the north - west - south - east, ie with the direction of the flow of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, which explains the spread of stations on the banks of those rivers as well as the need for water of those rivers for cooling operations .

The study aims to demonstrate the importance of GIS programs in creating the knowledge economy by reviewing the modeling of phenomena according to the outputs of the GIS programs according to the orientations of some contemporary geographical schools, which include: modeling spatial analysis of the phenomenon, modeling spatial interaction within the framework of the region And to model the human relationship to the environment) to achieve a base of alternatives for the planning decision maker in relation to the nature of the problems that hinder the achievement of development on the one hand, and the promotion of development frameworks in its comprehensive sense on the other.
It is concluded that the outputs of the GIS programs are consided as a fundamental pillar of the knowledge economy, depending on the role of those outputs in supporting the decision maker, in order to embody the philosophy that geography is the pillar of planning, achieving the goals of development in its comprehensive and sustainable sense

The world heading to use all means technologies that of which reduce waste water is working to increase the efficiency of optimize using and investment of water resource available to Especially the orientation to technology harvest to face the status of drought in particular, the Iraq is located within the region arid and semi- arid to face with increasing need to irrigate agricultural land to provision necessary food production to the growing population quickly and provide the drinking water the required by other sectors ,which is a water the backbone for their. The Technology harvest water very important step to enhancement of water resources in Iraq for continuity and access rainfall through arrival to the earth surface , and aggregation it on the laws areas to re using in others fields.

The importance of the study of ponds valleys, which provides an important water resource for all human uses, especially since many human activities are concentrated in the river basins, the Wadi Mazal basin administratively south of the city of Najaf, about 30 km in the eastern part of the southern plateau of Iraq, Its area is 150,65 km2.
Computer modeling is an effective tool in decision support, especially in the field of water resources and environmental management in its various fields, and provides the best solution to environmental problems.
The problem of the research is that the basin suffers from a lack of water resources because it is located within the dry region fluctuating rain, which is one of the environments that repel any human use, despite the appropriate geomorphological and hydrological potential.
While the research hypothesis (there is in the basin large quantities of water wasted without exploitation in various fields due to the availability of geomorphic and hydrological potential), the aim of the research to estimate the quantities of water in the basin and use in all respects.
The study has reached the possibility of developing the basin in all aspects through water harvesting by means of the establishment of small-scale land payment or industrial injection process, as well as the development of agricultural activity and natural plants and the development of human settlements and recreational and tourism aspects and development of transport routes and exploitation of natural resources in the basin.

Most of the Iraqi cities in general and the Shafei area suffer in particular from the problems and challenges in the secondary education services represented by the poor spatial distribution of these services and their inadequacy with the standards of the Iraqi Ministry of Planning in its distribution and respect for population growth. Shafi'i using the GIS technique).
The objective of the research was to identify the reality of the spatial distribution of secondary education services and determine their efficiency based on educational criteria, as well as to determine the characteristics of the spatial distribution of secondary education services using GIS technology. There was a clear shortage in the distribution of educational services. Take local planning standards into account.
The researchers found a number of conclusions and recommendations, including the possibility of using GIS software to analyze spatial distribution characteristics of secondary education services, providing spatial information that helps decision makers diagnose problems and provide alternatives to address them.

The use of geographic information systems GIS in the areas of natural geography has been varied since, it is relied on in the preparation of maps of research and studies that dealt with the study of elements of climate, water resources, geomorphological studies and land cover. The focus of this research will be on a specific number of phenomena, along with the steps and method of preparing each map.
This study aims to the possibility of using geographic information systems in the preparation of maps of some natural phenomena in Al Qadisiyah Governorate in 2018, relying on the Visible Satellite (Landsat) at 30 meters for the years 2015 and 2018, the digital elevation model for 2014 and (ARC GIS 10.5) in the preparation of contour line , surface levels and land cover maps using both vector and non-vector classification methods.
The study reached some of results, including the possibility of the adoption of geographic information systems in the establishment of a geographical database of the phenomena studied and the possibility of modification and addition. Moreover the study found that there is a difference in the methods of classification concerning ground cover. The study also found a marked decrease in the amount of water in Hor Al dalmech or Hor Aldelmj of 2018 compared with 2015.

The research aims to use remote sensing techniques in the study of the manifestations of desertification for the period 2000 - 2013 in the (Nineveh Governorateُs Island as a model ) . A map of the earth cover (2000) and (2013) is designed, classified and analyzed using contemporary geo-technology , As the land cover is classified for the year 2000 to five categories: (Vegetation, arid land, wind deposits, sand dunes, saline areas) The total area of each category was got to (4830,26, 5804,29, 9885.52, 5506.82, 500.11) km2 respectively (17.86, 21.46, 36.55, 20.36 and 1.85%) respectively, While the area and proportions of manifestations of desertification increased in 2013, which led to its spread in the study area, The areas (vegetation cover, barren land, wind deposits, sand dunes, saline areas) constituted (2023,24, 6343.52, 10253.53, 7398.41, 800.20 )2 km respectively (7,48, 7,48, 37.91, 27.35, 2.96%), respectively, of the total land cover ratios for 2013 . The results revealed that there were clear changes in the prevalence of desertification in the study area, The study also found the establishment of geological layers and their design and construction using geographic information systems through which a map of the degrees of desertification risk was designed based on the spatial analysis model to reach several conclusions and recommendations to address the worsening manifestations of desertification in the study area .

The research presents a comprehensive study on the real health services in Salahuddin governorate based on available data and relevant maps. In order to evaluate the efficiency of these health services , a comparison is made between the numbers of hospitals , medical beds, public health centers, physicians presently available in the governorate and their corresponding numbers given by the local and international standards.
Geographic Information System (GIS) is used for carrying out the analysis and to evaluate the spatial distribution of health centers through a field of spatial distributions in Arc Gis. In these analyses , standard distance , average nearest neighbour distance, mean center and central feature are used to establish the buffer and service accessibility.
Results of analysis indicate low health service efficiency in the governorate. To meet the required international health standards, the necessary numbers of hospitals, medical beds, public health centers and physicians in Salahuddin governorate are pointed out. Furthermore , the future need for such numbers for the target years 2015, 2020 and 2030 are also calculated based on a public growth criterion.
Important conclusions are drawn from this investigation, and recommendations are given to help raising the efficiency of the health services in Salahuddin governorate.

The importance and role of geographic information systems has emerged as an advanced means of dealing with data in the various scientific fields, the most important of which are geographical studies, in view of the great potential offered by geographic information systems, which help to find the most appropriate solutions and to make the best decisions, as well as the availability of precise mechanical methods in analyzing spatial data and linking them to descriptive data. Which helps us to study the morphometric characteristics of the drainage network of a group of large valleys that spread on the surface of the desert of Muthanna and these valleys represent an important place for surface water as a result of the rains in the winter And are collected in flaps or depressions which can be invested for various purposes.
The surface of the study area, based on satellite and topographic maps, was divided into a group of main valleys the Arc GIS10.3 program was used to derive and draw the main dune network and its channels through the DEM space telescope of the US satellite Landsat- 8, and the topographic maps of the region on a scale of 1: 100,000, and it turned out that there are (23) main valley basin that descends from the southwest to the northeast and some of them are located outside the study area. The research enables mapping and longitudinal sections of the basins of the main valleys and the length, Good It describes the task of the sites in which they can invest in water through dams in the hope that this modest effort has made some contributions in the study of water resources, especially since the study area is located within the dry region.

The phenomenon of random housing is one of the most negative phenomena experienced by most cities in developing countries and many major cities and major in the world because of the burden of economic, social, demographic, environmental, security, etc., as well as distortion of the visual appearance of cities because of the lack of aesthetic values in design and engineering Buildings, roads, services and neighboring areas. The causes and consequences of the emergence of these gatherings, their forms, their results and their treatments differ from country to country according to the reality and the level of each.
The aim of this study is to employ remote sensing techniques (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) to determine random housing complexes in the city of Nasiriyah and to know the dimensions and levels of this phenomenon by matching the updated basic design of the city with the reference data of high resolution satellite satellite Landsat 7 For the year 2018, and to achieve the purpose of the study was the use of some hardware and software such as ERDAS IMAGINE. And Arc Map 10.5. GPS and GPS coordinates. Global Positioning System.
The study revealed that the number of random gatherings in the city of Nasiriyah reached (35) clusters, (12028) random dwellings, distributed in the industrial housing neighborhoods and Al-Sadr and Mansouriya, which attracted the largest random gatherings, due to the great extension of these neighborhoods as well as the occurrence of the edges of the design The number of informal housing units in the industrial housing sector reached 1264, while the random housing in al-Sadr neighborhood reached 1,488, while the housing units in al-Mansouriya area reached 1150. This neighborhood is located west of the city of Nasiriyah, The other neighborhoods that witnessed a large increase in the number of random housing are the neighborhood of Aridu and Rafidain, whose dwellings reached 1324 homes, where these neighborhoods have open areas and large gaps Has been overtaken