Kufa Journal of Arts

And Lake Sawa) and there are vast areas of marshes in southern Iraq, which is a station for more than 400 species of birds coming from Siberia and Europe towards Africa, and there are many mineral water springs and sulfur well water, especially mineral water springs.

There are also a number of dams, namely (Dokan Dam, Darbandikhan, Fallujah, Hindiyah, Mosul, Dohuk, Hamrin, Kut, Samarra, Al-Azim, Qazaniyah and Haditha Dam), in addition to a number of islands that add a natural component to environmental tourism, such as the islands (Alus, Jubbah, Umm Al-Khanazir, Umm Al-Rasas, Hijam, Umm Al-Babi and Sinbad), in addition to a number of tourist lakes, such as Lake (Sawa, Tharthar, Habbaniyah, Darbandikhan, Dokan and Al-Razzazah).

There is also the possibility of establishing reserves, as is the case in the Samawah desert bordering Saudi Arabia, and transforming it into a nature reserve. Some environmental areas have been identified by experts from Italy and the United States that are suitable to be nature reserves, including the marsh areas that have been nominated to be a global biodiversity area and an international center for environmental research, namely (Al-Dilmaj Marsh, then Maysan Marsh, Al-Hammar Marsh, Al-Hawizeh Marsh, Al-Chibayish Marsh, and Al-Qurna Marsh).

This research represents a study of the method of restriction by advancing and delaying as one of the famous methods that grammarians and rhetoricians agreed on the benefit of some of its forms of restriction, and they went to that it benefits restriction because it includes the meaning of (what, except). The study was divided into two sections preceded by an introduction. The first section was on advancing and delaying in the nominal sentence, and the second on the verbal sentence according to the concept agreed upon by grammarians: because each of them has a meaning that the other does not achieve. We touched on those meanings in a number of applied examples derived from Nahj al-Balagha in which advancing and delaying benefited restriction: including:

1- Restriction by advancing in the nominal sentence:

A- Advancing the predicate over the subject.

B- Advancing the subject in the verbal news.

2- Restriction by advancing in the verbal sentence:

A- Advancing the subject over the verb.

B- Advancing the subject over the verbal news after the negation letter.

C- Advancing the verb's objects over it.

Then we proved the results we reached through the study and ended with a list of sources and references.

Mr. Hibat al-Din Muhammad bin Ali bin Hussein al-Shahristani Mr. Mohsen al-Hussaini was born in the city of Samarra in the year (1301 AH / 1884 AD). Mr. Hibat al-Din had a clear political activity after the entry of the British occupation forces into Iraq (1914-1918) in (1334 AH / 1915 AD) he was assigned to lead the religious scholars association to support the volunteers struggling for freedom in Iraq. The Ottoman army in Kut in Qurna. In (1335 AH / 1916 AD) he participated in leading the freedom fighter to capture the Euphrates in a battle against the advance of the British Shu\'aib forces on it, and he also participated in the revolution of the twentieth alongside Sheikh Muhammad Taqi al-Shirazi (1256 AH / 1840-1339 AH / 1920 AD). Sayyid Hibat held the position of Minister of Languages ​​(1340 AH / 1920 AD) in the second Najiba Ministry, as the first minister of prominent scholars who carried out valuable reforms, but he resigned from the ministry in the year (1341 AH / 1922 AD). Sayyid al-Din al-Habbat died (26 Shawwal 1386 AH / 6 February 1967) after he was eighty-five years old and the funeral of an official and popular committee, then he was buried in the cultural center of Kadhimiya in his institution (Al-Jawadain Public Library). Sayyid Hibat al-Din al-Shahristani devoted a vital part of his intellectual efforts and diverse intellectual interests to research on history and contemplation. Imam Hussein, peace be upon him, had an important share in the heritage of Sayyid Hibat’s religion. He will shed light on the most important research products of Sayyid Hibat’s religion on Imam Hussein, which are: 1. The book “The Renaissance of Hussein” 2. The manuscript of the history of the Husseini condolence 3. The chapter of the manuscript for the individuals of Umm al-Mashhad in Ras al-Sharif 4. His sayings in the Ashura celebrations 5. In his words, the Husseini revolution

The armistice of World War I was concluded according to the Fourteen Points of American President Woodrow Wilson.

The armistice terms focused on the military aspects and the resulting occupation and destruction of a number of European countries - especially France, Belgium, Russia and Romania - in an attempt to restore the situation to what it was before the war in 1914.

With the start of the renewal of the armistice agreement, the Allied countries began to increase their terms according to what their interests and retaliatory goals dictated to them to control their economic capabilities, and their argument for this was to ensure Germany's implementation of the armistice terms after its failure due to its turbulent internal situation. With the approach of the conclusion of the general peace agreement with Germany, the Allied countries preferred to put these terms in a permanent armistice, which would take the place of the short armistice.

This research talks about the concept of inference (deduction) according to what those concerned with this science know, as the research dealt with the concept of inference in language and terminology, and the research also divided inference into two types of direct and indirect, as it focused on the topic of contradiction, which is considered part of the parts of direct inference, and the opposition is of four types, contradiction, opposition, what is under the contradiction, and interference, and the research focused on contradiction from a comparative analytical point of view according to what Ibn Sina saw. Ibn Sina excluded all different issues from being subject to the provisions of contradiction for reasons included in the research, and focused on the categorical issue only, which can be described as contradictory.

Children's theater works through the topics presented as a measure of intelligence, as the child's ability to deal with the symbols on the stage can be observed, as well as measuring his mathematical ability through the type of texts presented and knowing his ability to acquire, retrieve and observe vocabulary in following the instructions given through the theatrical texts, and he can deal through the following intelligences:

1- Abstract intelligence: It is represented in the ability to deal with abstract things such as meanings, symbols, ideas, concepts and mathematical relationships.

2- Mechanical intelligence: It is represented in the ability to deal with material things and perform tasks and motor skills.

3- Social intelligence: It is represented in the ability to communicate with others, and in social processes and forming relationships and friendships.

The three types are achieved through the child's persistence in watching theatrical works and reading theatrical texts, because it helps him well to deal with symbols and ideas and know educational and educational concepts, as well as gives him motor skills that make him communicate with society, and thus gives him the opportunity to find a way out of the introversion that he is.

This study aims to shed light on creativity and its role in encouraging the organizational learning process in the Algerian institution, based on the fact that organizational learning is considered a major step in the learning organization. To achieve this goal, we surveyed the opinions of workers in the "Mahbouba Pasta" institution, which operates in the industrial sector of the state of Annaba, based on a questionnaire that included questions on aspects of creativity that have a positive impact on the organizational learning process in the institution under study.

Wrong with the right thing, and wrong in leadership and wrong with the right has made a mistake ... and sins by sin or deliberately break it like the sister, and the mistake is unintentional, and his mistake is mistaken and the accumulation said that he made a mistake and my mistake makes mistakes sins by losing them, and the sin of rejecting a little of everything and my sister in religion and a mistake: he walked about a mistake intentionally or other intentionally or wrong. The mistake is not for everyone by chance a valid excuse in falling into the right of God if he obtained diligence and waived in the punishment so that the sinner is not criminalized and punished without punishment and no excuse in the right in the subjects until he does so. Make sure that the aggression is required blood money as if he threw who believes prey or war. If the Muslim or intended, he wounded a human being what happened as if he slept his course then turned on the man and killed him. The mistake is also a slip on the right unintentionally but determining the damage or D that is not a mistake. There are some linguistic errors in the singular, and this singular differs from its counterpart in the movements completely, such as: Khartoum and Khartoum, and the difference here is the opening that includes the letter ha’, including: matath and matah with a broken meem or opening the throat and closing the larynx.

Through the research topic (Burning of bookcases in Islamic history in the fifth and sixth centuries AH), we reached the following results: -

1- The first burning of books or what was written was the burning of the hadiths of the Prophet (7) by both caliphs Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq and Omar bin Al-Khattab for fear that there would be a difference between Muslims in the hadiths of the Prophet (7) or between the hadiths of the Prophet and the Holy Quran, and in this there is disregard for the actual value of these hadiths as the second source of Islamic legislation regarding the rulings on issues of what is permissible and what is forbidden.

2- Most of the libraries that were burned were in the fifth and sixth centuries AH, as a result of the policy followed by the Abbasid rulers to stir up strife between Sunnis and Shiites, in addition to their reliance on the power of the Seljuk Turks to rid them of their bad reality due to their weakness. The Seljuks are the ones who stirred up sectarian strife between Sunnis and Shiites and their inclination towards Sunnis rather than Shiites, which prompted them to burn the Shiite Al-Tusi Library.

3- The burning of books was not limited to the libraries of Baghdad, the seat of the Abbasid rule, but rather included the libraries of the Islamic world in Cordoba, the seat of the Umayyad rule in Andalusia, and the library of the Fatimid palace in Cairo, specifically the libraries of the Shiites because they contained works that criticized the poor political, economic and social conditions and called for awareness, thinking, awakening and getting rid of intellectual stagnation. Also, the sciences targeted by the burning were the sciences of philosophy, logic and astrology under the cover that these sciences conflict with the Islamic religion. 4- The burning of blogs and books was motivated by a political motive, which was the issue of the Caliphate, as the struggle over the position of the Caliphate and its preservation took different methods according to the ruling rulers. In the Rashidun era, the hadiths of the Prophet were burned in order to preserve the position of the Caliphate, and in the Umayyad era, the hadiths of the Prophet were banned, especially those that show the superiority and entitlement of Imam Ali (A) to the Caliphate. In the first Abbasid era, the issue of heresy and the ordeal of the Qur’an and other theological sciences were raised, as well as the introduction of philosophical sciences in order to distort the Islamic religion and thus preserve the Caliphate in their descendants and fight opponents of their confused policy. These methods were criticized by many researchers. 5- Freedom of opinion as a method of thinking and expression was not present under the Abbasid rule, but rather Muslim rulers followed the art of discrediting opinions and individuals, especially the class of scholars, jurists and hadith scholars, while the Islamic religion is one of the most heavenly religions that recognizes freedom of opinion, as a person is free to express his opinion even if it is contrary to what he believes in.

The research reached several results, the most important of which are:

The self-rule and religious and civil liberties enjoyed by the colonies could have inevitably led to independence sooner or later, and in the manner it wished, but the wrong British policy led to a gradual escalation, as it prompted the Second Congress, which convened on May 10, 1775, to declare a state of war with Britain and then declare independence on July 4, 1776.

Britain was the most capable in military calculations and political and economic capabilities to resolve the battle in its favor, especially its large naval fleet that imposed a blockade on the shores of the colonies to prevent communication with Europe. In the early stages of the war, the British forces were dominant, but with the passage of time, problems and difficulties began to increase for the British forces.

The division of British public opinion at home, opposition to the war with the colonies, and opposition to the war project by members of the House of Commons greatly contributed to weakening the king's position in preparing the necessary military forces, which made him rely on German mercenaries in the colonial war, which greatly damaged the reputation of Britain and its government in the colonies.

The prevailing belief of the British government at the beginning of the conflict with the colonies was based on the assumption that the dispute with Massachusetts and the process of disciplining it could not extend to all the colonies, and even if it extended to several colonies, the superiority of the British forces in all areas would resolve the conflict very quickly and eliminate the rebellion, and all these calculations were wrong.

At the beginning of the conflict and until the meeting of the Second Continental Congress, the colonies did not have a regular force that could form the nucleus of a continental army, and although there were many problems in the recruitment process and the use of militias, the American Congress was able to manage matters in a way that would enable it to confront the British forces with the small number and capabilities.

The defeat of the British in the Battle of Saratoga was a milestone in the course of events, as it increased the Americans' confidence in their forces and weakened the British position, which began to search for a settlement to the conflict and contributed to France's serious and official entry on the side of the Americans.

The French-American alliance was considered a great victory for American policy, through which it achieved recognition of independence from France, which is one of the most important European countries.

Although the French-American alliance did not result in changing events for the period (1778-1781), it was the decisive element in the Battle of Yorktown, which dashed British hopes after capturing more than 6,000 fighters, which made Britain retreat from its military operations in North America.

George Washington's leadership throughout the war was the main factor in American victories, and his wisdom in settling differences within his forces and his eloquent appeals to Congress to support the army with volunteers had a major impact in increasing the army's numbers and achieving what he was striving for in terms of achieving independence.

The American War of Independence (1776-1783) produced important results on the continental and global levels. The success achieved by the Americans was a major decline in the British Empire and its competition with important countries such as France on the global level. A strong state emerged that moved steadily towards the first practical practice of establishing the federal system and working on the principle of separation of powers. Its only concern was to preserve its political and economic interests.

Through research, I reached the following most important results:

1- America is the world\\'s first sponsor of the phenomenon of violence and terrorism, and the slogan of protecting human rights that it chants day and night is not a complete lie.

2- America\\'s history is steeped in blood and terrorism, as it is the owner of mass exterminations throughout history.

3- The American political role in creating extremist Islamic movements serves the American strategy and preserving its interests. These movements are the Taliban, then Al-Qaeda and ISIS, and under the pretext of terrorism, American forces were able to strike and occupy any country they wanted, as happened with Afghanistan and Iraq, and the matter is coming to Syria.

4- Fabricating violence in the Muslim East serves Israel\\'s interests, and this is the goal of it to occupy Muslims with the issue of terrorism and leave them to their main issue, Palestine.

5- America would not have succeeded in igniting the fuse of terrorism if the extremist Wahhabi thought had not prepared this climate, and the Wahhabi thought would not have spread if it had not been for the American political coverage, as each of them complements the other.

6- Wahhabism took Islam as its slogan and religion as a cover for its crimes, permitting bloodshed and violating honor under the name of monotheism and polytheism.

7- Wahhabism distorted the image of the great Islam, portraying to the world that the Islamic religion is a religion of violence, killing and bombing, and that Islam is innocent of them. This is a demolition of Islam from within and an erosion of its lofty pride.

8- It is known that Wahhabism expands the concept of polytheism and considers most people polytheists unless they join the movement, and thus their fate is to be killed by the real polytheist who usurped the land of Islam, the Jews, safe and secure.

9- In fact, Wahhabism did not represent a sect or religion, even if it spoke in the name of the Sunnis and the community, but rather it is a movement established by Muhammad Abdul Wahhab with the support of colonialism.

This paper deals with irony in electoral political speeches from a pragmatic point of view represented by two American candidates: Barack Obama and George W. Bush. It has set itself to deal with this issue in particular because it has not received due attention. It is divided into five sections; the first section is an introduction, the second section presents a literature review on irony, the third section is the development of a model for ironic analysis, the fourth section is about the analysis of data, and the fifth section summarizes the conclusions. The paper attempts to investigate ironic strategies and stages and the possibility of understanding irony from the speaker's power, and to explain the gradation of ironic insincerity where there is insufficient contextual evidence. To achieve these goals, a model for analyzing irony in electoral political speeches is developed. The results of the analysis confirm the hypotheses that the process of ironic stages and strategies and the hypocrisy of the ironic speaker are represented, and irony is an apparent speech act. On the contrary, it rejects the hypothesis that irony is not conveyed where there is insufficient contextual evidence.

This study aims to reveal some aspects of EFL learners’ manipulation of speech refusal act. The study is divided into four sections. The first section presents the problem, objectives, hypotheses, procedures, limitations and value of the study. The second section is devoted to the theoretical framework of speech refusal act. The third section deals with data collection and analysis, while the fourth section deals with the conclusions of this study. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher conducted a test in which 100 fourth-year students in the Department of English, College of Education, University of Babylon were asked to answer the study test. Their performance is compared with the performance of the control group (10NESs). Regarding the second objective of the study, which is to find out whether there is any evidence of practical transfer, the test was translated into Arabic and (10) native Arabic speakers participate in the test to compare their answers with those of Iraqi learners.

Petits Poèmes en prose or Le Spleen de Paris illustrated Baudelaire's project to make poetry represent modern life. This volume depicts the life and destiny of man in the multitude of physical life. It is something unique. It represents a miracle that combines prose and poetry. In "PetitsPoèmes en prose or Le Spleen de Paris", Baudelaire pays great attention to the metaphorical image and all kinds of metaphors that can reveal multiple meanings; hence, "PetitsPoèmes en prose" proposes its poetry. For Baudelaire, the image is charged with a symbolic load that invites the reader to make an effort to discover the possible secret and meaning behind the words. Baudelaire is keen on the suggestive magic in this new literary genre. He is therefore considered its first pioneer. He presents a different and new style in a special way. From the connections with the big cities and the countless interconnections, this form of urgent poetry began to be suitable for describing modern life, more abstract and free, to be musical without rhythm or rhyme, and smooth enough to correspond to the lyrical movements in the undulations of the soul, daydreams and uprisings of consciousness.

The concepts of "coreness and frequency" in English have become increasingly prominent issues in applied linguistics. Several studies have argued that neither concept is a new or controversial topic, since they are applicable to different analyses and definitions. Suggested criteria for a word to qualify as a core word in practical texts. Others (e.g., Nation, 2001; Schmitt, 2000; Schmitt & McCarthy, 2002) have categorized vocabulary and created word lists targeting different levels for testing, teaching, and pedagogical purposes.