Ibn Al-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Sciences

This study was conducted in 2018, at Technical College of Applied Sciences, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, and Kurdistan Region-Iraq. The aim of the study was to determinate nutritional compositions and some elemental contents in marketable white button mushroom
(Agaricus bisporus) that is collected in local markets of Kurdistan Region-Iraq. Five different samples (A: Penjwen product fresh, B: Sulaimani product fresh, C: American caned, D: Valencia Netherlandcaned and E: Erbil product fresh) were collected to be observed. The elements were analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry methods, and their chemical compassions were determined, too. The collected data were analyzed by One Way ANOVA. The highest fat, protein, fiber and dry matter were obtained from treatment B (3.93%, 43.693%, 15.8% and 10.611%) respectively, and the highest carbohydrate and moisture were found from
treatment D (49.267% and 95.053%). The maximum percentage of ash was taken from E (14.11%). Moreover, the highest metabolizable energy was taken from treatment D (296.105 kcal %) and the lowest was taken from parameter E (223.097 kcal %). The highest mineral contents (Zn:15, Mn:1.1, Cu:3.5, Ni:1, Ca:6.7 and Mg:90 ppm) from B, (Fe:15 ppm) from C,
(Si:350ppm) from A, and (Na:1080 ppm) from D were taken. However, the lowest elemental
contents (Fe:6, Mn:0.48, Ni:0.6, Na:180 and Ca:3.5 ppm) from E, (Zn:5, Cu:0.9 and Mg:35 ppm) from D and B (Si:120 ppm) were taken. Therefore, we recommend carrying out more studies on micronutrients for different marketable crops and consuming fresh mushroom instead of caned mushrooms.

In this work, the influence of the annealing temperature on the optical properties of the thin
films Cadmium Sulphide (CdS) has been studied. Thin films of Cadmium Sulphide (CdS) were
made using the Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) method. The optical properties of annealing
temperatures (as deposited, 200, 250, and 300℃ ) were scrupulous. The UV/VIS
spectrophotometer investigated optical parameters such as transmission, the coefficient of
absorption and energy gap of the films for the range (400-110 nm) as an assignment of the
annealing temperature. The optical properties were calculated as a function of annealed
temperature: absorption, transmission, reflection, band gap, coefficient of absorption, excitation
coefficient and index of refraction.

Estimations of specific activity concentrations in eight commercial porcelain tiles made in
different countries were performed by the use of HPGe detector. We have found that the
highest specific activity concentrations for 238U, 40K were equal to (21.120 Bq/kg) and
(283.862 Bq/kg) respectively, Iranian origin, while the highest specific activity concentration
for 232Th was found to be equal to (29.292 Bq/kg), Iraqi origin; all of which were less than
their corresponding recommended values given by (UNSCEAR, 2000). The radiation hazard
indices [Iɣ , Hin ,Hex , Raeq ,DƔ , (AEDE) in and (AEDE) out] were also studied and their values
were less than the allowed values determined by (UNSCEAR, 2000). Therefore, all the
studied tiles of commercial porcelain are safe when used, for example, in floor constructions

In the present study, the properties of the light elements, namely, H, He, Li, and Be, have
been reviewed. Specifically, the nuclear decay of these nuclei has been reviewed. The mystery
of the nuclear decay and potential is behind this work. The role of neutron has been investigated.
The N/Z ratio has also been investigated in the study to relate the nuclear decay with the ratio.
A new formula for nuclear potential has been suggested in the present study. This formula can
describe the binding energy potential and the decayed particle energy depending on the N/Z
ratio.

Ceftriaxone sodium were one of the widely antibacterial drugs used. Azo dye derivatization of
diazonium salt that formed via the reaction between ceftriaxone with hydrochloric acid and sodium
nitrite was developed for the on-research drug analysis then coupling with each one 2,5-
dimethylphenol (2,5-DMP) and 4-tertbutylphenol (4-TBP) respectively in the alkaline media. The
developed diazonium coupling methods include an optimization study. The results show a limit of
detection and limit of quantification 0.482, 0.284 μg/mL, and 1.607, 0.945 μg/mL using 2,5-DMP
and 4-TBP reagents respectively. Moreover, the recovery % obtained was 100.89%, and 103.37% at
linear concentration range 3.0 – 50, and 10 – 30 μg/mL, with molar absorptivity of 4.377×103,
7.446×103 L. mol-1. cm-1 using 2,5-DMP and 4-TBP reagents respectively. An acceptable accuracy
represented by the relative standard deviation (RSD%) was achieved of a 0.46 and 0.37 for 2,5-DMP
and 4-TBP respectively. The proposed method was successfully used for the determination of
ceftriaxone sodium in pure and in pharmaceuticals.

Saccharin is firstly synthesized in 1879. It is a very well-known as an inexpensive
substitute for sugar as it is a non-caloric sweetener. The article shows the properties, use,
metabolism and various synthesis and reactions of saccharine. Moreover, the toxicological
reports explain that saccharin is mostly responsible for the bladder tumors observed in the
male rats, the relationship between the consumption of saccharin and bladder cancer is
afforded by epidemiological studies. The benefit-risk evaluation for saccharin is hardly to
indicate. Saccharin is a sugar substitute, frequently used either in food industry, or in
pharmaceutical formulations and even in tobacco products. The chemistry of saccharin is
interesting because of it suspected carcinogenous character and the possible use as an antidote
for metal poisoning. It appears prudent to evaluate their main properties and applications
further.

An Alternating Directions Implicit method is presented to solve the homogeneous heat
diffusion equation when the governing equation is a bi-harmonic equation (X) based on
Alternative Direction Implicit (ADI). Numerical results are compared with other results
obtained by other numerical (explicit and implicit) methods. We apply these methods it two
examples (X): the first one, we apply explicit when the temperature

The objective of this paper is, firstly, we study a new concept noted by λ–algebra and
discuss the properties of this concept. Secondly, we introduce a new concept related to the
λ–algebra such as smallest λ–algebra. Thirdly, we introduce the notion of the restriction of
λ–algebra on a nonempty subset

Let ???? be a right module over a ring ???? with identity. The semisecond submodules are
studied in this paper. A nonzero submodule ???? of ???? is called semisecond if ???????? ൌ ????????ଶ for
each ????∈????. More information and characterizations about this concept is provided in our
work.

The notion of interval value fuzzy k-ideal of KU-semigroup was studied as a
generalization of afuzzy k-ideal of KU-semigroup. Some results of this idea under
homomorphism are discussed. Also, we presented some properties about the image (preimage)
for interval~ valued fuzzy~k-ideals of a KU-semigroup. Finally, the~ product of~ interval
valued fuzzyk-ideals is established.

In this paper, we proposed a new class of weighted Rayleigh distribution based on two
parameters, scale and shape parameters which are introduced in Rayleigh distribution. The
main properties of this class are investigated and derived.

In this paper we tend to describe the notions of intuitionistic fuzzy asly ideal of ring
indicated by (I. F.ASLY) ideal and, we will explore some properties and connections about
this concept.

The aim of this investigation is to present the idea of SAH – ideal, closed SAH – ideal and
closed SAH – ideal with respect to an element, ത
???????????? തതതതത – ideal and s- ???????????? തതതതതത – ideal of BH –
algebra.
We detail and show theorems which regulate the relationship between these ideas and
provide some examples in BH – algebra.

In this paper, Bayesian estimator for the parameter and reliability function of inverse
Rayleigh distribution (IRD) were obtained Under three types of loss function, namely, square
error loss function (SELF), Modified Square error loss function (MSELF) and Precautionary
loss function (PLF), taking into consideration the informative and non- informative prior. The
performance of such estimators was assessed on the basis of mean square error (MSE)
criterion by performing a Monte Carlo simulation technique.

In this paper, some estimators for the unknown shape parameter and reliability function of
Basic Gompertz distribution have been obtained, such as Maximum likelihood estimator and
Bayesian estimators under Precautionary loss function using Gamma prior and Jefferys prior.
Monte-Carlo simulation is conducted to compare mean squared errors (MSE) for all these
estimators for the shape parameter and integrated mean squared error (IMSE's) for comparing
the performance of the Reliability estimators. Finally, the discussion is provided to illustrate
the results that summarized in tables.

Let R be a commutative ring , the pseudo – von neuman regular graph of the ring R is define
as a graph whose vertex set consists of all elements of R and any two distinct vertices a and b are
adjacent if and only if ????ൌ????ଶ???? or ???? ൌ ????ଶ???? , this graph denoted by P-VG(R) , in this work we
got some new results a bout chromatic number of P-VG(R)

Financial fraud remains an ever-increasing problem in the financial industry with numerous
consequences. The detection of fraudulent online transactions via credit cards has always been
done using data mining (DM) techniques. However, fraud detection on credit card transactions
(CCTs), which on its own, is a DM problem, has become a serious challenge because of two
major reasons, (i) the frequent changes in the pattern of normal and fraudulent online activities,
and (ii) the skewed nature of credit card fraud datasets. The detection of fraudulent CCTs mainly
depends on the data sampling approach. This paper proposes a combined SVM- MPSOMMPSO
technique for credit card fraud detection. The dataset of CCTs which consists of
284,807 transactions performed by European cardholders in 2013 was used in this study. The
proposed technique was applied to both the raw dataset and the pre-processed dataset. The
performance of these techniques is evaluated based on accuracy, and the fastest time it takes to
detect fraud. This paper, proposed a technique that uses SVM, MPSO and MMPSO to form an
ensemble for the detection of credit card fraud