Ibn Al-Haitham Journal For Pure and Applied Sciences

The results of the present study showed that twenty-five samples were collected for the age group 35–40 years and four samples for the age group 65–70 years for both genders. The results showed that 48 (48%) of the samples were obtained from the hands, 16 (16%) from the legs, 12 (12%) from the abdominal area, and 10 (10%) from the chest area. The four (4%) samples were obtained from burns in the back and thighs area. The samples taken according to the cause of burns were 40 (40%) due to hot water, hot liquids, or hot steam, followed by 18 (18%) due to the use of hot tools, 15 (15%) due to fires, 12 (12%) due to electric currents, 10 (10%) due to chemicals such as strong acids, alkaline lye, paint thinner, or gasoline, and 5 (5%) due to sun ray burns. Sixty pathogenic bacteria were obtained from the burn samples. The number of bacteria isolated from burn wounds was 34 isolates from men and 26 isolates from women. The predominant were 15 (25%) Staphylococcus aureus, 12 (20%) Acinetobacter baumannii, 10 (16.7%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 8 (13.3%) Klebsiella pneumoniae, 7 (11.7%) Escherichia coli, 6 (10%) Proteus mirabilis, and 2 (3.3%) Burkholderia cepacia. The antibiotic sensitivity test using the Vitek2 Compact System showed that the resistance rate was recorded in Staphylococcus aureus against Amikacin by 13 isolates, with a rate of 86.6%, and in Acinetobacter baumannii, towards Ceftazidime and Piperacillin antibiotics by 12 isolates at a rate of 100%, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa towards Colistin and Tobramycin at a rate of 6 isolates at a rate of 60%, and Klebsiella pneumoniae towards Colistin and Tobramycin at a rate of 8 isolates at a rate of 100% and Escherichia coli against Amikacin, Colistin, and Imipenem with 7 isolates and 100%, and Proteus mirabilis against Colistin and Tobramycin with 6 isolates and 100%, and Burkholderia cepacia against 8 antibiotics with a rate of 100%. We conclude from the present study that the most susceptible age group to burns is the active age group and that the pathogenic bacteria from burn wounds are mostly resistant to antibiotics.

313 blood samples were collected from bacteremia patients, including 146 samples (30 from patients and 116 from outpatients) from Azadi teaching hospital, 36 samples from the dialysis unit at Kirkuk General Hospital, 126 samples (42 from inpatients and 84 from outpatients) from the Children's Hospital, and 5 samples from the Women's and Obstetrics Hospital in Kirkuk province, for the period from January 24, 2022, to September 10, 2022. The study, including the isolation and diagnosis of bacteria and the study of their resistance to antibiotics, The results show that 32 (17.87%) positive growth cultures were obtained from febrile patients, 3 (8.33%) from dialysis patients in the dialysis unit, and 15 (65.21%) from burn and wound patients. Fifty bacterial isolates were obtained, all of which were gram-positive.


Staphylococcus was the highest with 28 isolates, including [(11) S.homoinis, (4) S.epidermidis epidermidis, (2) isolates each of S.haemolyticus and S. Wagner, and (9) Staphylococcus spp.], while Enterococcus faecalis was one isolate. The gram-negative bacteria were [(11) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, (5) Escherichia coli, (2) isolates of Enterobacter cloacae, and followed by one isolate of Raoultella terrigena, Acinetobacter spp., and Klebsiella spp.). Staphylococcus spp. resistance to 20 antibiotics was studied, and the species S.homoinis showed 100% resistance to (Oxacillin, Benzylpenicillin, and Amoxicillin). Whereas S.epidermidis epidermidis was 100% antibiotic-resistant (Oxacillin, Benzylpenicillin, and Amoxicillin). S. hemolyticus was resistant to (erythromycin, benzylbeniclin, amosiclin, amikachin, gentamicin, torramichin, and tetracycline) by 100%. S. warneri was resistant to (oxacillin, benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin, and dusidic Acid) at a rate of one hundred percent.

Drought is a major abiotic stress, severely affecting the physiological processes and growth of plants. The present investigation aimed to evaluate the impacts of drought stress with three periods for irrigation: every 3 days(control), every 6 days, and every 12 days and foliar spray with different concentrations of ascorbic acid (0, 75, 150, 225) mg.L-1 on the wheat plant. Pots experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with three replications in the green house, Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Science (Ibn Al- Haitham), University of Baghdad, during the growing season, 2018 – 2019. The results indicated that drought stress decreased plant growth and hastened the senescence of flag leaves, which is significantly associated with a decrease in the quality and quantity of grain yield. Foliar spray with ascorbic acid enhanced plant drought tolerance in terms of plant height, shoot dry weight, flag leaf traits (flag leaf area, flag leaf chlorophyll and the concentration of macronutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium) and some yield components (spike length, grain weight. pot-1 and protein percentage of grains). The results indicated the efficiency of ascorbic acid foliar spray on vegetative growth, flag leaf traits and some yield components of wheat plants affected by drought stress and the superiority to 150 mg.L-1 ascorbic acid in which plants can resist the unfavorable drought stress periods(12 days).

The current investigation concluded an anatomical study of the cultivated species Pelargonium graveolens L. 'Hér belong to the Geraniaceae family and which cultivated as an ornamental plant, fresh specimen were collected from different region in Baghdad ,the study vegetative parts (leaf, stem and petiole) in details ,the upper and lower epidermis of leaf and epidermis of stem also studied, ordinary epidermal cells and stomatal complexes studied in term of shapes and dimensions ,the result showed that stomatal in leaf and stem is anomocytic type, the cross sections of the vegetative parts prepared by microtome and free hand sectioning. The tissues of these parts include the number and the type of layers and thickness of each one , the result showed the presence of druses crystals in parenchyma cells of the petiole, stem and leaf. Vistur type of this organs also studied and it comprises of glandular and non-glandular trichomes which occur in different types and lengths.

From 50 stool samples collected from children with diarrhea of both sexes who visited various hospitals in Baghdad, 26 isolates of E.coli were found to belong to the phylogenetic group E. The findings revealed that the percentage of E.coli for thephylogenetic group E is (52%) , making it the dominant group among the other phylogenetic groups. The findings demonstrated that 100% of the E.coli isolates from phylogenetic group E are resistant to penicillin, and only 15% are resistant to imipenem. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was found to be 15%, while XDR reached 85%. The results of thephylogenetic group for the remaining species of isolates in this study were group A (2/50 and by 4%), group B2 (1/50 and by 2% ),group C (12/50 and by 24%), group D (6/50 and by 12%), group F (3/50 and by 6%), group B1 by 0%, and group Clade 1 by (0%).

The results of the current study showed that the thyroid gland in an adult domestic cat (Felis catus) is located in the neck area on both sides of the trachea at rings 1–5. The gland consists of two lobes (right and left), and it is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue consisting of two outer and inner layers, and a layer of fatty tissue overlaps with the outer layer of the capsule. In addition, the results of this study found that the histological structure of the thyroid gland is composed of several follicles that appear in different sizes and shapes. The follicles are lined with simple cuboidal epithelial tissue and sometimes appear lined with high and low simple cuboidal epithelial tissue. The gland is histologically composed of two types of cells: epithelial cells and parafollicular cells, or calcitonin cells (C-cells), the latter being few in number compared to the epithelial cells and appearing as single cells or forming clusters in two locations: the first is between the follicular and the second is intrafollicular.

Effect of drought stress induced by mannitol on secondary products in callus of Golden Sunrise cherry tomatoes were studied in vitro. Seeds were irradiated with gamma at the doses (0, 20, or 40 Gy), and germinated on Murashige and Skoog, (MS) basal medium. Callus were initiated from cotyledon leaf explants using a combination of (2.0 kin + 2.0 IAA mg. l-1) then transferred into MS medium supplemented with mannitol at concentrations of (0, 40, and 60 g.l-1). Vitamin C(vit C), enzyme activity, Ascorbate peroxidase (Apx), and Amylase enzymes, Proline amino acid and β- carotene were quantified by high-performance Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Results revealed that, highest contents of (Apx) 128.16 µg. ml-1 and 132.6 µg. ml-1 for amylase at 60 g.l-1 of mannitol and 0 Gy of gamma, respectively. Furthermore, the content of VIT C (265.57 µg. ml-1 ) at 20 Gy and 60 g.l-1 of mannitol. The results also showed that a combination of 40 Gy and 60 g.l-1 of mannitol was optimum for the production of high proline amino acids (761.0 µg. ml-1 ) and (113.54 µg. ml-1 ) for β- carotene content in callus culture.

This study aimed to determine histological and functional effects of Galangin (Gal) conjugated with Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on the Kidneys male albino mice treated with CCL4. Gold nanoparticles were prepared chemically by Turkevich Method. Characterizing of the prepared AuNPs and AuNPs+Gal was carried out using UV Spectrophotometry, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and particle size,. For the in vivo study, 42 adult male albino mice were used and randomly distributed into seven groups and experiment extended for 14 days, first group (G1) was control group without any treatment, (G2) group injected intra-peritoneal (i.p) with CCl4 once a week to the end of experiments, (G3) injected with AuNPs, (G4 and G5) were injected with Gal at 10 and 20 mg/kg concentration respectively, (G6 and G7) were injected with AuNPs-Gal 10 mg/kg and AuNPs+Gal 20mg/kg respectively.


The results showed a spherical shape with average size at 61.6 nm, the absorption spectrum was 535 nm, and the crystalline nature of the conjugated solution using XRD was confirmed, where the spectrum appears at 45.4, 38, 32 and 24 C°. In vivo study results recorded different histopathological alteration in the kidney tissue of mice treated with CCL4, and treatment with AuNPs+Gal significantly improved the histology architecture in a dose depended manner. Additionally, the levels of urea and creatinine in blood serum were much higher in the CCL4 group, and they were significantly reduced to normal levels after treatment with Cal and conjugated AuNPs+Gal. These findings revealed that galangin loaded on gold nanoparticles positively improved the damage induced by CCL4, providing a potentially effective natural treatment following extensive appropriate developments.

The substrate's nature plays an important role in the characteristics of semiconductor films because of the thermal and lattice mismatching between the film and the substrate. In this study, tin sulfide (SnS) nanostructured thin films were grown on different substrates (polyester, glass, and silicon) using a simple and low-cost chemical bath deposition technique. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the grown thin films were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV-Vis-NIR) spectroscopy. The XRD and FESEM results of the prepared films revealed that each film is polycrystalline and exhibits both orthorhombic and cubic structure types. In addition, the deposited films on polyester and glass showed good absorption in the UV-Vis-NIR range.

In the current work, Punica granatum L. peel, Artemisia herba-alba Asso., Matricaria chamomilla L., and Camellia sinensis extracts were used to prepare manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanoparticles utilizing a green method. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, and Filed emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) analysis were used to evaluate the produced MnO2 NPs. FE-SEM pictures demonstrated how agglomerated nanoparticles formed. According to FE-SEM calculations, the particle size ranged from 18.7-91.5 nm. FTIR spectra show that pure Mn-O is formed, while EDX results show that Mn and O are present. The ability to suppress biofilm growth in the produced MnO2 NPs was examined. The outcomes showed that both bacterial and fungal biofilms were effectively inhibited by the MnO2 NPs produced.

The concentration of radon gas in the samples for drinking water and wells in the same place from selected homes in which wells were built in the Hay-al-Bayaa region of Baghdad was measured, by using a CR-39 nuclear track detector. It turns out that the maximum value of the concentration of radon in drinking water was 3.83 Bq/L, and the lowest was 2.30 Bq/L. As for the estimation of radon gas concentration in well water samples, the highest value was 5.6 Bq/L, while the lowest one was 3.1 Bq/L. In order to assess the committed effective dose received by the public due to the inhalation of radon gas. The highest value of the annual effective dose in drinking water was recorded in Al-Bayaa region, which is equal to 14.30 μSv/y, while the minimum was recorded at 8.40 μSv/y. As it turns out, the annual effective dose in well water samples was 20.4 μSv/y, while the lower one was 11.57 μSv/y. All values for the radon concentration and the annual effective dose in the drinking and well water samples were below the World Health Organization's recommended levels. The results showed that drinking water and wells were free of radioactive contamination in the studied area.

In this work, we have used the QCD dynamic scenario of the quark gluon interaction to investigate and study photon emission theoretically based on quantum theory. The QCD theory is implemented by deriving the photon emission rate equation of the state of ideal QGP at a chemical potential. The photon rate of the quark-gluon interaction has to be calculated for the anti up-gluon interaction in the g → γ system at the temperature of system with critical temperature ( 132.38, , and 198.57) MeV and photon energy ( GeV. We investigated a significant effect of critical temperature, strength coupling, and photon energy on the photon rate contribution. Here, the increased photon emission rate and decreased strength coupling of the quark-gluon reaction due to the decrease in temperature of the system from 360 MeV to 180 MeV are predicted. Photon energy in the range (1 to 10) GeV and the rate spectrum of four varieties of critical temperatures are presented.
The interesting point in our results is the minimum value of photon rate, especially in the photon energy E=10 GeV of flavor which reflects the poor coupling between quark and gluon in the the g → γ system which was already expected. The features of QCD results are achieved in the case of flavors for the photon energy E=1 to 10 GeV, the strength coupling and the photo meason rate are calculated theoretically. We can notice that the asymptotic behavior, which was characterized by a hadronic phase limit, will be satisfied.

The power and the size of the final spot of the laser beam reaching the target are very important requirements in most of the laser applications and fields such as medical, military, and scientific, so studying laser propagation in the atmosphere is a very important topic. The propagation of the laser beam through the atmosphere is subject to several attenuation processes that deplete the power and expand the beam. Through the simulation results of the free electron laser within the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum (400-700nm), it was found that the attenuation increases with decreasing wavelength. Laser propagation in the presence of rain and snow leads to a very large loss of power compared to propagation in normal weather conditions free of rain and snow. Atmosphere turbulence depends largely on changes in temperature, so the turbulence decreases with altitude from sea level, which makes laser work at high altitudes, such as the stratosphere, a good option with better results.

In the last few decades, growing interest has been shown in the development of new solar selective coatings based on transition metal nitride and/or oxinitride for solar absorbing applications. Solar thermal collectors are well thought out to be the most effective process of converting and harvesting solar radiation. In this investigation, Cu/TiON/CrO2 multilayered solar selective absorber coatings have been coated onto Al substrates using the dip-coating process followed by an annealing process at (400, 450, 500, 550, and 600 °C. The XRD analysis showed excellent crystalline quality for the prepared thin films along with enhanced surface features as proved by FESEM images, and the grains are in the range of (27–81) nm. The optical investigations revealed that the film annealed at 600 °C exhibits improved solar absorptance, thermal emittance, and solar selectivity of ~ (90.7 %), (5.8 %) and 15.6, respectively. Also, the highest values of hardness ~ (26.8 GPa) and Young’s modulus ~ (250 GPa) were assigned for the film annealed at the highest temperature. Calculated optical band gaps of fabricated thin multilayered Cu/TiON/CrO2 films were found to be in the range of (1.8 – 2.10) eV.

In this study, the effect of the annealing temperature on the material properties and the structural properties of cuprous oxide was studied in order to investigate how the annealing temperature affects the material properties, and the temperature varied between 200℃, 300℃, 400℃ and 500 ℃ and was unannealed. The physical properties of the cuprous oxide were measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD patterns showed that the Cu2O nanoparticles were highly pure, crystalline, and nano-sized. From the XRD results, we found the pure cuprite (Cu2O) phase. The values of crystal size were discovered and calculated by the Halder-Wagner and Size-Strain Plot (SSP) methods, respectively. The crystallite size increased as the annealing temperature increased. As a result, it was discovered that annealing temperature has a significant impact on structural and morphological aspects. In order to calculate physical and microstructural parameters such as internal strain, dislocation density, surface area, and consequently the number of unit cells, the sample was taken into consideration.

In this study, SnO2 nanoparticles were prepared from cost-low tin chloride (SnCl2.2H2O) and ethanol by adding ammonia solution by the sol-gel method, which is one of the lowest-cost and simplest techniques. The SnO2 nanoparticles were dried in a drying oven at a temperature of 70°C for 7 hours. After that, it burned in an oven at a temperature of 200°C for 24 hours. The structure, material, morphological, and optical properties of the synthesized SnO2 in nanoparticle sizes are studied utilizing X-ray diffraction. The Scherrer expression was used to compute nanoparticle sizes according to X-ray diffraction, and the results needed to be scrutinized more closely. The micro-strain indicates the broadening of diffraction peaks for nanoparticles that are not ideal crystals. The extra broadening of the diffraction peak may lead to a miscalculation of the nanoparticle size. We use the Williamson-Hall method to directly compute and discuss the particle size and micro-strain of SnO2 nanoparticles and compare them with results obtained using the Scherrer method. In conclusion, the straight line has been derived due to Williamson–Hall methods demonstrating the nanoparticles' uniformity.

Type I diabetes (T1DM) is a chronic immune system disease characterized by the devastation or injury of ß-cells in the Langerhans Island, resulting in insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia. This study determines the new marker F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7 (FBXW7). One hundred twenty type 1 diabetic patients from three different places (central child hospital, Alkindi center for diabetes and endocrinology, Children’s Education Hospital) in Iraq during the period from (20 December 2021 to 25 March 2022) an age ranges of (4-17) years. The patient group consisted of being derived to three groups: group one healthy patient group (33) wasincluded as healthy patient, group two (20) newly diagnosed T1DM and (67) type 1 diabetic with insulin treatment. The quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) biochemical parameters were used to quantify the protein FBXW-7 levels. FBG, Cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL, LDL, VLDL, HbA1c, GOT, GPT, Total Oxidant status, and Total Antioxidant status were measured through spectrophotometry. Serum FBXW-7 protein levels were considerably elevated noticeably (p-value = 0.00). In terms of FBXW7 protein, there was a significant variation between the new and therapy groups. There was no significant variation in protein levels between the new compared to healthy groups. Serum FBXW-7 protein was positively correlated with FBG, TG, cholesterol, GOT, GPT, LDL, and VLDL, and was negatively correlated with HDL in the patient group. According to ROC analysis, the cutoff value for FBXW-7 protein was (1.9) in the newly group and (2.1) in the treatment group.Levels of FBXW-7 protein are elevated in DM patients. FBXW-doi.org/10.30526/36.3.3030Article history: Received21 September 2022, Accepted 21 December 2022, Published in July 2023.Ibn Al-Haitham Journal for Pure and Applied SciencesJournal homepage: jih.uobaghdad.edu.iqRole of F-box WD Repeat Domain Containing 7 in Type 1 DiabetesSarah W. Mohammed*Department of Chemistry, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadriya, Baghdad 10001, Iraq.Sarah.wathib@gmail.comZainab M.QassamDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadriya, Baghdad 10001, Iraq.Zainab.moh589@gmail.comNameer M. SalihAlkindi center for diabetes and endocrinology, welfare teaching hospital/Baghdad city.nameermahdi@yahoo.comEkhlass M. TahaDepartment of Chemistry, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadriya, Baghdad 10001, Iraq.ikhlasmb_chem@csw.uobaghdad.edu.iq
IHJPAS. 36(3)20231687 protein was significantly different in the treatment group but not different in the newly group when compared with the healthy group.

In the current century,nanotechnologyhas gained great interest due to its ability to modify the size of metals to the nanoscale, which dramatically changes the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of metals relative to their bulk counterparts.The approaches used to create nanoparticles (NPs) are physical, وchemical and وbiological.The shortcomings in physical and chemical synthesis approaches,such as the generation of toxic by-products, and energy consume as they require high temperature, pressure, power and lethal chemicals, contributed to an increased interest in biological synthesis by plants. Scientists have created a new filedcalled as "green nanotechnology" by fusing the idea of sustainability with nanotechnology. By substituting plant-based materials, it aims to reduce the amount of chemicals usedin the manufacture of nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) attract the most attention due to their great stability and low chemical reactivity in comparison to other metals. The present review describesthe fabrication of nanoparticles (NPs) via chemical and physical methods, as well as the use of plants, bacteria, and fungi. The current review also discusses certain analytical methods used to examine AgNPs, including UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR, SEM, TEM, AFM, XRD, DLS, and zeta potential analysis.

Myrtle plant was washed, dried, and powdered after harvesting to produce a fine powder that was used in water treatment. created an alcoholic extract from the myrtle plant using ethanol, which was then analyzed using GC-Mass, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy to identify the active components. Zinc nanoparticles were created using alcoholic extract. We used FTIR, UV-Vis, SEM, EDX, and TEM to characterize zinc nanoparticles. Using a continuous processing procedure, zinc nanoparticles with myrtle extract and powder were employed to clean polluted water containing heavy metals.Firstlyused 2g with 20ml polluted water and the result was ( Fe 96.20%, Cr 84%, Pb 100%, Sb 93.70, Cd 100%, andCu 90.60%) Secondly, weused Zinc nanoparticles to treat water the result was (Fe 96.20%, Cr 84%, Sb 54%, 64.50%, Cu 64.80). When Comparing between results myrtle powder and zinc nanoparticle we found myrtle plant was prefer in treatment water.

Azo-ligand-(HL)([4-((2-hydroxyquinolin-3-yl)diazenyl) -N-(5-methylisoxazol-3yl) benzenesulfonamide]),(2-hydroxy quinolin derivative),reacts with the next metal ions (Cr (III), Fe (III),Co (II) and Cu(II)) forming stable complexes with unique geometries such as(tetrahedral for bothCo (II) and Cu (II), octahedral for both Cr (III) and Fe (III)). The creation of such complexes was detected by employing spectroscopic means involving ultraviolet-visible which proved the obtained geometries, Fourier transfer proved the involvement of coordinated water molecule in all complexes besides the pyrolysis (TGA & DSC) studies proved the coordination of water residues with metal ions inside the coordination sphere as well as chlorine atoms. Moreover element-micro-analysis and AAS that gave corresponding outcome with theoretically counting outcome. Magnetic quantification scan also indicates the unique geometries of complexes. The degradation of reactive oxygen entities for the compounds were estimated toward (DPPH-radical then matched to the standard-natural antioxidant, Gallic acid. The incomes display good radical degradations-activities.The lowerIC50value, the higher antioxidant activity. Depending on this conception, the order of our compounds besides Azo-species-HL is as follows: (G_A<[Co(L)(H2O)Cl]> [Cr(L)(H2O)Cl]> [Fe(L)(H2O)2Cl2]> [Cu(L)(H2O)Cl]).

Our recent work displays the successful preparation of Schiff_bases that carried out between hexane-2,5-dione and 2 moles of (Z)-3-hydrazineylideneindolin-2-one forming in Schiff-bases-(L), Which in turn allowed combining with each of the next metal ions: (M2+) = Ni, Mn, Zn, Cu and Co forming complexes_ in high stability. The formation of resulting Schiff_ bases (L) is detected spectrally using LC_Mss which gave approximately matching results with theoretical incomes, 1HNMR proves the founding of doublet signal of (2H) for 2NH, FTIR indicates the occurrence of two interfered imine bands and UV-VIS mean is alsoindecates the formation of ligand. On the other hand, complexes-based-Schiff were characterized using the same spectral means that relied Schiff-bases_(L). Those means gave satisfactory results and proved the distinguishable geometries that suggested. Finally, and according to the antibiotic feature of Schiff-bases and its metal ions we have also examined such character against (-Bacteria and +Bacteria) giving an acceptable inhibition efficiency.

The discharge of dyes into the water is a significant source of pollution, which is especially concerning given that textile mills are the primary contributor. Nanomaterial-based solutions to this issue have required extensive research and investigation due to their complex nature. In this research, novel nanoparticle were successfully synthesized using the leaves of the Eruca sativa plant. The nano was analyzed using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) and it was measurements particle size 28 nm by TEM, 31 nm by SEM and their crystal structure was determined using the X-ray diffraction technique (XRD).The pattern has large peaks at 27.09, 29.90, 39.81 and the crystal size has been calculated to appear around 41nm . The incorporation of NPs resulted in an increase in the uptake of the Cibacron red dye. At a contact time of 35 minutes, observed a faster adsorption onto ES. At a 0.15 gm mass of Erucasativa observed adsorption and remoal 51.7% of dye. In the process of describing the adsorption process, the Freundlich model and the pseudo-second-order model (R2 = 0.9884) were the most appropriate modelsto use. An investigation into thermodynamics was carried out in order to arrive at the following values for the parameters of ∆Gº, ∆Hº, and ∆Sº: 0.012 kJ/mol, 16.794 kJ/mol. and 56.05J/mol.K. In conclusion, the novel nano that was synthesized is a n excellent adsorbate surface for the Cibacron-red dye.

Graphene-carbon nitride can be synthesized from thiourea in a single step at a temperature of four hours at a rate of 2.3 ℃/min. Graphene-carbon nitride was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), scanning electron microscopy, and spectrophotometry (UV-VIS). Graphene-carbon nitride was found to consist of triazine and heptazine structures, carbon, and nitrogen. The weight percentage of carbon and the atomic percentage of carbon are 40.08%, and the weight percentage of nitrogen and the atomic percentage of nitrogen are 40.08%. Therefore, the ratio and the dimensions of the graphene-carbon nitride were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, and it was found that the radius was within the range of (2 µm-147.1 nm). In addition, it was found that it absorbed light in the visible field (VIS). The objective of the manufacture and characterization of graphene-carbon nitride for use in the manufacture of a selective electrode for an organic pollutant (currently used in the manufacture of a selective electrode for the analysis of organic dye).

Vitamins are a type of essential and important nutrient in the human body. It also plays an essential role in the health and protection of the human body. They share physiological functions with many chemicals, and their deficiency or increase endangers human health. Therefore, it is required to evolve and use modern methods to estimate the concentration of vitamins, even if their concentration is very low, and these include the vitamin E group tocopherols, tocotrienols, isomers, esters, and derivatives. They disagree not in their ability as anti-cancer agents but rather in their physiological as well as chemical relations, unlike vitamin A and vitamin D. The richest source of vitamin E is vegetable oil. Vitamin E, classified as a vitamin, dissolves in fat. It is pointed out in different types of foods involving vegetable oils, meat, eggs, cereals, and poultry, in addition to fruits. Some of the vital signs and symptoms of a vitamin E deficiency include neurological defects such as dysfunction of the brain, nerves, spinal cord, and muscles; muscle pain and weakness; muscle deterioration, including cardiomyopathy or weak heart muscle; low birth weight; difficulty moving the eyes up and down; poor vision at night; loss or lack of sense of vibration; and a feeling of numbness or tingling.

The focus of this article, reviewed a generalized of contraction mapping and nonexpansive maps and recall some theorems about the existence and uniqueness of common fixed point and coincidence fixed-point for such maps under some conditions. Moreover, some schemes of different types as one-step schemes ,two-step schemes and three step schemes (Mann scheme algorithm, Ishukawa scheme algorithm, noor scheme algorithm, .scheme algorithm, scheme algorithm Modified scheme algorithm arahan scheme algorithm and others. The convergence of these schemes has been studied .On the other hands, We also reviewed the convergence, valence and stability theories of different types of near-plots in convex metric space.

The aim of our study is to solve a nonlinear epidemic model, which is the COVID-19 epidemic model in Iraq, through the application of initial value problems in the current study. The model has been presented as a system of ordinary differential equations that has parameters that change with time. Two numerical simulation methods are proposed to solve this model as suitable methods for solving systems whose coefficients change over time. These methods are the Mean Monte Carlo Runge-Kutta method (MMC_RK) and the Mean Latin Hypercube Runge-Kutta method (MLH_RK). The results of numerical simulation methods are compared with the results of the numerical Runge-Kutta 4th order method (RK4) from 2021 to 2025 using the absolute error, which proves that the MLH_RK method is the best and closest to the expected values. The results have been discussed after being tabulated and represented graphically. Epidemic behavior for the next two years until 2025 has been projected using the proposed methods.

Let be a module over a commutative ring with identity. Before studying the concept of the Strongly Pseudo Nearly Semi-2-Absorbing submodule, we need to mention the ideal and the basics that you need to study the concept of the Strongly Pseudo Nearly Semi-2-Absorbing submodule. Also, we introduce several characteristics of the Strongly Pseudo Nearly Semi-2-Absorbing submodule in classes of multiplication modules and other types of modules. We also had no luck because the ideal is not a Strongly Pseudo Nearly Semi-2-Absorbing ideal. Also, it is noted that is the Strongly Pseudo Nearly Semi-2-Absorbing ideal under several conditions, which is this faithful module, projective module, Z-regular module and content module and non-singular module and content module. Also we introduce the characterization of the concept of the Strongly Pseudo Nearly Semi-2-Absorbing ideals by a special kind of submodule

Some nonlinear differential equations with fractional order are evaluated using a novel approach, the Sumudu and Adomian Decomposition Technique (STADM). To get the results of the given model, the Sumudu transformation and iterative technique are employed. The suggested method has an advantage over alternative strategies in that it does not require additional resources or calculations. This approach works well, is easy to use, and yields good results. Besides, the solution graphs are plotted using MATLAB software. Also, the true solution of the fractional Newell-Whitehead equation is shown together with the approximate solutions of STADM. The results showed our approach is a great, reliable, and easy method to deal with specific problems in a variety of applied sciences and engineering fields

The study of fixed points on the maps fulfilling certain contraction requirements has several applications and has been the focus of numerous research endeavors. On the other hand, as an extension of the idea of the best approximation, the best proximity point (ƁƤƤ) emerges. The best approximation theorem ensures the existence of an approximate solution; the best proximity point theorem is considered for addressing the problem in order to arrive at an optimum approximate solution. This paper introduces a new kind of proximal contraction mapping and establishes the best proximity point theorem for such mapping in fuzzy normed space ( space). In the beginning, the concept of the best proximity point was introduced. The concept of proximal contractive mapping in the context of fuzzy normed space is then presented. Following that, the best proximity point theory for this kind of mapping is established. In addition, we provide an example application of the results

We are used Bayes estimators for unknown scale parameter when shape Parameter is known of Erlang distribution. Assuming different informative priors for unknown scale parameter. We derived The posterior density with posterior mean and posterior variance using different informative priors for unknown scale parameter which are the inverse exponential distribution, the inverse chi-square distribution, the inverse Gamma distribution, and the standard Levy distribution as prior. And we derived Bayes estimators based on the general entropy loss function (GELF) is used the Simulation method to obtain the results. we generated different cases for the parameters of the Erlang model, for different sample sizes. The estimates have been compared in terms of their mean-squared error (MSE). We concluded that the best estimators of the scale parameterof the Erlang distribution, based on GELF for the shape parameter (c=1,2,3) under inverse gamma prior with for all samples sizes(n) where the true cases of the Erlang model are and according to the smallest values of MSE

A new technique to study the telegraph equation, mostly familiar as damped wave equation is introduced in this study. This phenomenon is mostly rising in electromagnetic influences and production of electric signals. The proposed technique called as He-Fractional Laplace technique with help of Homotopy perturbation is utilized to found the exact and nearly approximated results of differential model and numerical example of telegraph equation or damped wave equation in this article. The most unique term of this technique is that, there is no worry to find the next iteration by integration in recurrence relation. As fractional Laplace integral transformation has some limitations in non-linear terms, to get the result of nonlinear term in this differential mode, He polynomials via homotopy techniques of iteration is proposed to find the result of the computation assignment. The obtained result by this proposed technique directed that this technique is quite ease to apply and convergent rapidly to exact solutions. Numerous examples are described to determine the stability and accuracy of the proposed technique with the graphical explanation.

Let be a commutative ring with 1 and be left unitary . In this papers we introduced and studied concept P-small compressible (An is said to be P-small compressible if can be embedded in every of it is nonzero P-small submodule of . Equivalently, is P-small compressible if there exists a monomorphism , , is said to be P-small retractable if , for every non-zero P-small submodule of . Equivalently, is P-small retractable if there exists a homomorphism whenever as a generalization of compressible and retractable respectively and give some of their advantages characterizations and examples.

In previous our research, the concepts of visible submodules and fully visible modules were introduced, and then these two concepts were fuzzified to fuzzy visible submodules and fully fuzzy. The main goal of this paper is to study the relationships between fully fuzzy visible modules and some types of fuzzy modules such as semiprime, prime, quasi, divisible, F-regular, quasi injective, and duo fuzzy modules, where under certain conditions it has been proven that each fully fuzzy visible module is fuzzy duo. In addition, there are many various properties and important results obtained through this research, which have been illustrated. Also, fuzzy Artinian modules and fuzzy fully stable modules have been introduced, and we study the relationships between these kinds of modules and fully fuzzy visible modules. Many other intersecting results we found.

This work describes two efficient and useful methods for solving fractional pantograph delay equations (FPDEs) with initial and boundary conditions. These two methods depend mainly on orthogonal polynomials, which are the method of the operational matrix of fractional derivative that depends on Bernstein polynomials and the operational matrix of the fractional derivative with Shifted Legendre polynomials. The basic procedure of this method is to convert the pantograph delay equation to a system of linear equations and by using, the operational matrices we get rid of the integration and differentiation operations, which makes solving the problem easier. The concept of Caputo has been used to describe fractional derivatives. Finally, some numerical examples are identified to show the utility and capability of the two proposed approaches. Mathematica®12 program has been relied upon in the calculations.

The structure of this paper includes an introduction to the definition of the nano topological space, which was defined by M. L. Thivagar, who defined the lower approximation of G and the upper approximation of G, as well as defined the boundary region of G and some other important definitions that were mentioned in this paper with giving some theories on this subject. Some examples of defining nano perfect mappings are presented along with some basic theories. Also, some basic definitions were presented that form the focus of this paper, including the definition of nano pseudometrizable space, the definition of nano compactly generated space, and the definition of completely nano para-compact. In this paper, we presented images of nano perfect mappings with some definitions and important evidence related to them, then we presented inverse images of nano perfect mappings with related theories.

The set of all (n×n) non-singular matrices over the field F. And this set forms a group under the operation of matrix multiplication. This group is called the general linear group of dimension over the field F, denoted by . The determinant of these matrices is a homomorphism from into F* and the kernel of this homomorphism was the special linear group and denoted by Thus is the subgroup of which contains all matrices of determinant one.


The rationally valued characters of the rational representations are written as a linear combination of the induced characters for the groups discussed in this paper. We find the Artin indicator for this group after studying the rationally valued characters of the rational representations and the induced characters.

This paper sheds the light on the vital role that fractional ordinary differential equations(FrODEs) play in the mathematical modeling and in real life, particularly in the physical conditions. Furthermore, if the problem is handled directly by using numerical method, it is a far more powerful and efficient numerical method in terms of computational time, number of function evaluations, and precision. In this paper, we concentrate on the derivation of the direct numerical methods for solving fifth-order FrODEs in one, two, and three stages. Additionally, it is important to note that the RKM-numerical methods with two- and three-stages for solving fifth-order ODEs are convenient, for solving class's fifth-order FrODEs. Numerical examples have been analyzed to demonstrate the efficacy of the new methods in comparison to the analytical method. Therefore, the numerical compression is carried out to confirm the efficiency and precision of the modified numerical methods. Significantly, the study demonstrates that the numerical outcomes of the proposed derived and modified numerical applied methods proved to be brilliant. Finally, based on the findings of the study, it could be said that the numerical outcomes of the test-problems using proposed and modified methods agree well with the analytical solutions. Hence, we can conclude that the proposed numerical methods that are derived or modified in the analytic study of this paper are quite efficient.

The wavelets have many applications in engineering and the sciences, especially mathematics. Recently, in 2021, the wavelet Boubaker (WB) polynomials were used for the first time to study their properties and applications in detail. They were also utilized for solving the Lane-Emden equation. The aim of this paper is to show the truncated Wavelet Boubaker polynomials for solving variation problems. In this research, the direct method using wavelets Boubaker was presented for solving variational problems. The method reduces the problem into a set of linear algebraic equations. The fundamental idea of this method for solving variation problems is to convert the problem of a function into one that involves a finite number of variables. Different numerical examples were given to demonstrate the applicability and validity of this method using the Matlab program. Also, the results of this technique were compared with the exact solution, and graphs were added to these examples to test the convergence of Wavelet Boubaker polynomials using this method.

A new family of distribution named Double-Exponential-X family is proposed. The proposed family is generated from the double exponential distribution. The forms of the probability densities and hazard functions of two distinct subfamilies of the proposed family are examined and reported. Generalproperties such as moment, survival, order statistics, probability weighted moments and quartile functions of the models are investigated. A sub family of the developed family of double –Exponential-X family of the distribution known as double-Exponential-Pareto distribution was used to fit a real life data on the use of antiretroviral drugs. Molecular simulation of efficacy of antiretroviral drugs is conducted to evaluate the performance of the model. The models were tested using some models diagnostic tests and it was revealed that the proposed model was better than the ones proposed before it from the same family and also, stochastic dominance method was used to affirm the best antiretroviral drugs used in the study.

For many years, reading rate as word correct per minute (WCPM) has been investigated by many researchers as an indicator of learners’ level of oral reading speed, accuracy, and comprehension. The aim of the study is to predict the levels of WCPM using three machine learning algorithms which are Ensemble Classifier (EC), Decision Tree (DT), and K- Nearest Neighbor (KNN). The data of this study were collected from 100 Kurdish EFL students in the 2nd-year, English language department, at the University of Duhok in 2021. The outcomes showed that the ensemble classifier (EC) obtained the highest accuracy of testing results with a value of 94%. Also, EC recorded the highest precision, recall, and F1 scores with values of 0.92 for the three performance measures. The Receiver Operating Character curve (ROC curve) also got the highest results than other classification algorithms. Accordingly, it can be concluded that the ensemble classifier is the best and most accurate model for predicting reading rate (accuracy) WCPM.